University of SulaimaniaSchool of ScienceDepartment of Biology2nd Class Year
24th Lab. Pterygotes - Neopteran Insects:
Order Hymenoptera
Lecturer: Farhad A. Khudhur
Objectives: - This lecture gives knowledge about the medically and
ecologically important insect group (order Hymenoptera), Ant, Wasp and Bees. Their classifications and identification keys.
- Focusing on the most common and important families of Apocrita.
Scientific content: Order Hymenoptera - General descriptions- Classification:
Suborder: ApocritaFamily: VaspidaeFamily: FormicidaeFamily: Apidae
Order: Hymenoptera
• Two pairs of membranous wings• Forewings larger• Wing coupling apparatus (Hamuli)• Social and Solitary• Caterpillar like or vermiform larvae• Exarate Pupae• Two Suborders:
– Symphyta (Sawflies)– Apocrita (Wasp, Ant & Bees)
Suborder: Apocrita
• Narrow waisted wasp• Wasp, Ant and Bees.• The propodeum is the first abdominal
segment in Apocrita.• Geniculate Antennae.
• Family: FORMICIDAE (ants)Aphaenogaster kurdica
• Family: VESPIDAE (true wasps) Vespula vulgaris (Paper wasp); Vespa orientalis (Hornet)
• Family: SPHECIDAE (Thread-waisted wasps)• Family: APIDAE (Bees)
Apis mellifera (Honey bee)Bumbus sp. (Bumble bee)
Aphaenogaster kurdica
Parasitoid gall wasp
References:
• David, B. V. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (2004). General and Applied Entomology. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. India. 1184 p.
• Elzinga, Richard J. (1997). Fundamentals of Entomology. 4th ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 475 pp.
• Gillot, Cedric. (2005). Entomology. 3rd ed. Springer, Dordrecht. The Netherlands. 831 pp.
• Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects, edited by Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison.
• Markle, Sandra. (2008). Mosquitoes: tiny insect troublemakers. Minneapolis, USA. Lerner Publications Company. 48 p.
• Resh, Vincent H. & Cardé, Ring T. (2003). Encyclopedia of Insects. USA. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 1266 pp.
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