Inflammation and Course Themes

Nancy Long Sieber, Ph.D.

Sept. 14, 2009

http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/PTHL312abc/312a/02/Graphics/figure01.gif

Challenges and Adaptation

http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/images/CR007b.jpg

What is the significance of injury and toxicity?

• Tissues differ in their capacity for repair– Epithelial cells are continuously replaced– Nerve cells, in general, do not divide

• Organs also differ in their “safety factors”– All organs have some amount of excess

capacity– With aging and injury, the excess capacity is

lost, and this may lead to loss of function

http://www.wirednewyork.com/hotels/marriott_marquis/images/marriott_marquis_elevators.jpg

http://www.gkivdo.com/gkii/wire_3.jpg

Elevator cable for passenger elevators has a safety factor of about 11

Necrosis and Apoptosis

http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-3/image01.gif

Developing human hand before web apoptosis

http://www.i-am-pregnant.com/img/day48-hand.gif

Developing hand after web apoptosis

http://www.grg.org/breakingnews2001.htm

Modified from: http://www.chrononhotonthologos.com/inactive/strokedr/hbothera.htm

                                     

       

.

.Area of dead tissue(Ischemic core)

Ischemic penumbra where cells are irreversibly damaged.Cells in this region often undergo apoptosis in the hours after the stroke.

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/inflammation01a.jpg

Inflammation

Inflammation

Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 IL-6 TNF

LIVER

Positive acute phase reactants:

Fibrinogen

Serum amyloid A C-reactive Protein

C3

Haptoglobin

http://www.easterncarolinaent.com/Allergy-Triggers-copy.jpg

Common Allergens

http://www.euromeds.co.uk/allergy-treatment-information.htm

Allergen binds to IgE, which links to mast cells, triggering release of histamine.

                                                                                              

Autoimmune Disease

http://www.mctd.eu/images/AutoimmuneDisorder.jpg

http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/nucleicfunction/cancer/cancer.html

Cancer

http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/nucleicfunction/cancer/cancer.html

Stress Responses

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1985

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

www.cdc.gov

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/obesity

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1986

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1987

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1988

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1989

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1990

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1991

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1992

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1993

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1994

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1995

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1996

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1997

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1998

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1999

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2000

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2001

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2002

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2003

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2004

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2005

(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

http://www.lipidsonline.org/slides/slide01.cfm?q=abdominal+fat&pg=1

In this abdominal MRI scan, it is possible to see subcutaneous fat around the abdomen, surrounding abdominal muscles. Visceral fat is deeper inside the abdomen, surrounding internal organs.It is the visceral fat that secretes IL-6, strongly suggesting a mechanistic link to systemic inflammation.

http://mednews.wustl.edu/tips/page/normal/8947.html

The women in this study did not gain weight, but they did have an increase in abdominal fat

http://www.lipidsonline.org/slides/slide01.cfm?q=abdominal+fat&dpg=10