India
What I knowAbout India
What I Learned About India
What I Want to Learn About India
India
IndiaGeography
TTYN: How does geography help shape civilizations?
Small Group Activity
Work cooperatively, identify key geographical locations on the
map located in your notes packet. Refer to your textbook.
Physical
Political
IndiaGeography
IndiaGeography
India
IndiaGeography
IndiaGeography
Well-watered northern plains, the dry Deccan plateau, and the coastal plains on either side of the Deccan
The Indian subcontinent is divided into three major zones
IndiaGeography
India is considered a
“subcontinent” because of its
size.
It is a part of Asia. In the
north are high mountains, the
Himalayas and Hindu Kush. In
the center - the Deccan Plateau.
IndiaGeography
Northern plain lies south of the
mountain
Fertile land
Receives water from the Indus,
Ganges, and the Brahmaputra Rivers
IndiaGeography
TTYN: Identify different weather events that could have an affect on a people and a nation
The Deccan lacks water resources
Much of the region is arid, unproductive, and sparsely populated
Coastal plains, similar to the northern plain, receive a sufficient
amount of water, plus have the added benefit of the coast for trade and
fishing.
IndiaGeography
Small Group Activity
What is the message within this poem?
“The summer sun, who robbed the
pleasant nights.
And plundered all the water of the
rivers.
And burned the earth, and scorched
the forest-trees
Is now hiding; and the rain-clouds,
Spread thick across the sky to track him
down.
Hunt for the criminal with lightning
flashes.”
India
Geography
Monsoon – a seasonal wind
Winter – blows from the NE, bringing with it hot, dry air that
withers crops
May-June – the wet summer monsoon blows from the SW. Packed
with moisture from the Indian Ocean.
The monsoon has shaped Indian life.
Rain for cops; If later, famine and starvation may occur
GeographyOf India
India
India
The First Indian Civilization: Indus Valley Civilization
Emerged in the Indus River Valley (present-day Pakistan)
2500 B.C.E.
After 1,000 years of prosperity, it vanished without a trace
Only in this century have archeologists unearthed the remains
of the Indus River Valley
No names of kings, tax records, literature, or accounts of
famous victories.
India
India
The First Indian Civilization: Indus Valley Civilization
The people of the Indus Valley were mostly peaceful farmers.
Built large cities with ordered streets and bricks made all the
same size.
This indicates they had a strong central government.
Had running water and sewer systems.
Built walls around their cities, which indicated that they might
have had to defend themselves
IndiaThe First Indian Civilization: Indus Valley Civilization
Based on some of the many artifacts uncovered, it is believed
that the people of the Indus Valley were polytheistic.
The bull was also apparently worshiped, which scholars believe
influenced later Indian beliefs
Led to the veneration or special regard for cattle.
IndiaThe First Indian Civilization: Indus Valley Civilization
Decline???
Ecological disasters??
Volcanic eruption which blocked the flow of the Indus??
Earthquake??
Many scholars speculate that around 1500 B.C.E., nomads
(The Aryans) from the north arrived.
IndiaThe Vedic Age 1500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E.
The Aryans
Built no cities and left no statues
Vedas – collection of prayers, hymn, and other religious
teachings
IndiaThe Vedic Age 1500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E.
What the Vedas tell us:
Aryans were warriors
Fought with chariots, bows and arrows
Valued cattle
Divided people by occupation; three basic groups – Brahmins (priests),
Kshatriyas (warriors), and the Vaisyas (herders, farmers, artisans, and
merchants)
Religion – polytheistic – gods or goddesses that embodied the sun, storm,
and fire.
The Vedic Age 1500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E.
What I knowAbout India
What I Learned About India
What I Want to Learn About India
India
IndiaWhat’s up next – Religions and Belief Systems
Bring your Beliefs Systems Notes Packet to class!!!
***This particular section of our discovery of India will allow you to either confirm,
correct, or further your understanding of the Belief Systems that dominate India.
Equally important, our time during this section will help prepare you for the unit
exam.
HinduismTimeli
ne
Geography
Founder
Widely considered the world’s oldest religion. Many people suggest that Hinduism in not a religion, much like Christianity or Judaism, but more of a way of life. Hinduism evolved around 1500 BCE
None. Hinduism derives from the word "India” and refers to traditions and philosophies that have evolved over thousands of years
Sacred Text
Vedas and Upinshads
HinduismBasic Tenants of Hinduism
Universal Spirit or Brahman
Hindu thinkers came to believe that everything in the universe was part of the unchanging, all-powerful spiritual force called brahman.
In other words, brahman is too complex an idea for most people to comprehend, so they worships gods that give a concrete form to brahman.
“Brahman or the Supreme Self is beyond time and space, causation. He is limitless. He is tranquil. He shines with equal effulgence in all bodies. He cannot be any particular thing. He is Chaitanya or pure consciousness. He is Vastu, Atman or Brahman or the Supreme Self is the hidden treasure. It is the jewel of jewels. It is gem of gems. It is the imperishable, inexhaustible supreme wealth, which no dacoit can rob. It is Chintamani of Chintamanis that will give man whatever he wishes.”
According to Swami Sivananda, one of the great Yoga masters of the 20th century
Hinduism
To Hindus, every person has an essential self, or atman. Atman is just another name for brahman. For Hindus, the ultimate goal of existence is to achieve moksha (MAHK SHUH), or union with brahman. To accomplish this – you must free yourself from selfish desires. Because Hindus believe that this goal cannot be completed in just one lifetime, they believe in reincarnation. Thus, through reincarnation, you are able to continue working towards moksha.
Karma
All actions of a person’s life that affect their next life
Dharma
Religious and moral duties. These duties vary according to class, occupation, gender, or age. By obeying one’s dharma, a person acquires merit for the next life.
Basic Tenants of Hinduism
Hinduism provides direction to the daily lives of Hindus. It teaches that people should remain in their social group or caste
Caste System
Hinduism
Caste System - rigid class structure based on Hinduism which is
found in India.
Believed that if one leads a good life, following good karma and
dharma, they will be rewarded by being reincarnated as a person
belonging to the next highest level in the Caste System.
If one is wicked during their life, they will be demoted, and possibly
even removed from the Caste System altogether.
Caste System
Hinduism
Outcasts, or Untouchables, are members of Hindu society thought
to have been removed from the Caste System, with no hope of
returning to it, due to their misdeeds in previous lives.
Work that is deemed unclean for all other Hindus is reserved for
these Outcasts.
Central to Hinduism is the belief in reincarnation.
Hindus believe that after a person dies, they will be re-born as
some other creature or thing.
What you are re-born as depends on your “Karma” or the deeds
you did in your previous life. If you did good deeds, you will
reborn into a higher, better life. If you had bad Karma, you may
be re-born as an insect or even a tree.
Hinduism
Caste System
Hinduism
Hinduism
Caste SystemThe caste system is an important part of Hinduism. Caste are social groups into which people are born and out of which they cannot move during a lifetime.
In Next LifeIn This Life
A PersonIs born into
a caste
If good and obeys caste rules
If bad and breaks caste rules
Higher Caste
Lower Caste
Hinduism
Hinduism
TTYN – complete the graphic organizer with important facts about Hinduism
Sacred Texts Vedas and
Upinshads
Timeline
Geography
Founder
Siaddhartha Gautama or Buddha
Sacred Text
Tripitaka or “Three Baskets of Wisdom”
Buddhism
Buddhism currently has about 376 million followers and is generally listed as the world's fourth largest religion. Buddhism shares many of the core concepts of Hinduism. Buddha or the “Enlightened One” was born a Hindu in 500 B.C.
Buddhism
Teachings ,Beliefs, and Origins
Siddhartha was born into the Brahmin caste,
And by all accounts, led a luxurious lifestyle. However,
he was troubled by the human misery that he saw around him
everyday. While meditating under a sacred tree, he found the answer
to his question, and he was thereafter referred to as Buddha. Upon
reflection, he deduced that desire was the root cause of all suffering.
This idea has been recorded as the Four Noble Truths
Buddhism
Four Noble Truths
Siddhartha's philosophy of the nature of human suffering
and its relation to desire is articulated by these four
statements:
Life is full of pain and suffering.
Human desire causes this suffering.
By putting an end to desire, humans can end suffering.
Humans can end desire by following the Eightfold
Path
Eightfold Path
The Wheel of Life is one of the most important symbols of Buddhism,
as it represents the endless cycle of life through reincarnation and
because each of its eight spokes represents one of the teachings of the
Eightfold Path.
Buddhism
1. Know that suffering is caused by desire. 2. Be selfless and love all life. 3. Do not lie, or speak without cause. 4. Do not kill, steal, or commit other unrighteous
acts. 5. Do not do things which promote evil. 6. Take effort to promote righteousness. 7. Be aware of your physical actions, state of mind,
and emotions. 8. Learn to meditate.
Reincarnation
Buddhists believe in an endless cycle of reincarnation, or samsara, which is similar to beliefs of Hinduism. However, Buddhists do not believe that deities are responsible for the phenomenon. In addition, the Caste System is rejected by Buddhists who believe instead that one is reincarnated until they can achieve nirvana, best described as spiritual enlightenment.
The concept of reincarnation can best be illustrated using an infinity symbol:
Buddhism
Nirvana
spiritual enlightenment
TTYN: What Does Nirvana mean to you?
1. “It is better to conquer yourself than to win a thousand battles. Then the victory is yours. It cannot be taken from you, not by angels or by demons, heaven or hell.”
Buddhism
2. “All that man experiences springs out of his thoughts. If his thoughts are good, the words and deeds will also be good. The result of good thoughts, words and deeds will be happiness. This happiness never leaves the person whose thoughts are good. Happiness will always follow him like his shadow that never leaves him.”
Do Now and “Pair and Share”
In complete sentences, describe what Buddha might be suggesting with each of the following quite.
Buddhism
3. “Those who attempt to conquer hatred by hatred are like warriors who take weapons to overcome others who bear arms. This does not end hatred, but gives it room to grow. But, ancient wisdom has advocated a different timeless strategy to overcome hatred. This eternal wisdom is to meet hatred with non-hatred. The method of trying to conquer hatred through hatred never succeeds in overcoming hatred. But, the method of overcoming hatred through non-hatred is eternally effective. That is why that method is described as eternal wisdom.”
Do Now and then “Pair and Share”
In complete sentences, describe what Buddha might be suggesting with each of the following quote.
Buddhism
Buddhism
TTYN – complete the graphic organizer with some of the important facts regarding Buddhism
FounderSiddharth Gautama
AKA Buddha
Caste System (writing activity):
Imagine you have been reincarnated into an ancient Indian caste
(Choose one). Write a short essay describing how you feel being born
into this caste. Do you think the caste system is fair? Why or why not?
Explain your opinion. This letter must be at least two well-organized
paragraphs in length and as detailed as possible.
India
Small Group Activity
What I knowAbout India
What I Learned About India
What I Want to Learn About India
India
The Golden Ages
India
India
Empires of India
The Maurya Empire322 B.C.E – 185 B.C.E
TTYN – What is an empire?
India
Empires of India
The Maurya Empire
Maurya – MOW uhr yuh
Founder - Chandragupta Maurya ( First empire/emperor)
Gained control of the subcontinent through conquest and alliance
Area – From the Indus plain and Himalayas to the tip of the
peninsula
Divided empire into provinces
Delegated power to governors
IndiaThe Maurya Empire
Well-organized bureaucracy
Officials supervised the infrastructure (roads, buildings, harbors)
Officials collected taxes
Managed state-owned factories and shipyards
People justice in royal courts
Secret Police reported on corruption, crime, and dissent
Chandragupta’s rule was effective but hard
Women were trained as warriors
IndiaThe Maurya Empire
Asoka, grandson of Chandragupta; the most honored emperor
Mauryan reached its greatest glory
The Two Asoka’s -
Fought a long and bloody war to conquer the Deccan region
Horrified at the slaughter (over 100K) dead – turned his back on
further conquests
Converted to Buddhism- rejected violence; rules by a moral code
IndiaThe Maurya Empire
“All people are my children, and just as I desire for my children that
they should obtain welfare and happiness, both in this world and the
next, so do I desire the same for all people”
Took steps to help his “children”
building roads, rest houses for travelers, and hospitals.
Preached tolerance for other religions
India
Economy
India developed into a center of world trade
Textiles, gems, incense, and spices
Relationship with Rome and Alexander the Great
Most goods produced and shipped to Rome came from cities from
the Deccan Valley
India
India
Empires of India
The Gupta Dynasty350 C.E – 550 C.E
India
The Gupta Dynasty
The 2nd classical Golden Age
Controlled much of northern India
Northern plains
Ruled according to the Hindu-Buddhist doctrine of dharma
follow moral law
Golden Age of Gupta
Great cultural achievements: Advancements in learning
Literature
Arabic numerals-1,2,3….
Decimal system-.0123
Surgeons and vaccinations
Pioneered the use of herbs and other remedies to treat illness
Vaccinating people against smallpox – about a
thousands years before this practice
was used in Europe
Architecture – stone temples and stupas
Golden Age of Gupta
Daily Life in India
Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family raises crops
together
Families are patriarchal—headed by the eldest male
Farmers have to contribute work to government and pay heavy
taxes
Some Tamil families are matriarchal—led by mother rather
than father
India
Decline of Gupta
Weak rulers
Civil war
Foreign invaders
White Huns
Destroyed cities and trade
Split into many kingdoms
Rival princes battled for control of the northern plain
India brakes away into small, individual kingdoms
455 Invasions of Huns (ca. 455-528)
Successive invasions of Huns
Other Central Asian tribes help destroy the Gupta empire.
India
Decline of Gupta
Gupta
India
India
The Muslim Influence
Arab armies conquer the Indus Valley in 711
Around 1000 A.D., the Turks push forward
Sultan of Ghur conquers the Northern Plains; makes Delhi his
capital
The Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)
Changes to Indian gov’t and society
Introduced Muslim traditions of gov’t
Trade between India and the Muslim world increases
India
The Muslim Influence
34 different kings (sultans)
Power in the northern and central Inda
Expansion of Islam
India
The Muslim Influence
TTYN: What is a Sultanate?
Rule by a Sultan, an Islamic Sultan
India
The Muslim Influence
Early 700’s, Muslims Raiders conquer what is present day Pakistan
(Sind)
1200’s, most of Northern India is control by Muslims
Around the same time, Mongols invade India
New gov’t becomes Delhi of Sultanate
Tolerance - allowed traditions, cultures, and other religions to exist
1398, Delhi sacked by Tamerlane (Mongol Ruler)
India
The Muslim Effect
Who was Tamerlane?
TTYN: Interpret the following passage by Tamerlane or Timour
“As there is but one God in heaven,” “there ought to be but one ruler
on the earth.”
Goal – make himself master of all of Central Asia
Had an immense army
Raped and Pillaged Delhi
IndiaMughal Dynasty
1526-1760
1526, Turkish and Mongol invaders pour through the mountain
passes in India
Barbur – A Turkish-Mongol Prince; descendent of Genghiz
Khan and Tamerlane
IndiaMughal Dynasty
Akbar the Great (1556-1605) – grandson of Barbur
policy of toleration
opened gov’t to members of all castes
Built a military and economic power
modernized the army
Encouraged international trade
Introduced land reforms
Nur Jahan – wife of Akbar’s son, who ruled India
IndiaMughal Dynasty
Akbar the Great (1556-1605) – grandson of Barbur
Expanded territorial control
Very popular
toleration of other religions
employed many Hindus in his gov’t
IndiaMughal Dynasty
Akbar the Great – A “Renaissance Man”
magnificent palaces and mosques
Heal divisions between Muslim and Hindu
Abolished pilgrim tax on those visiting holy places
Religious backfire
TTYN: Why would his openness on religious issues backfire?
IndiaMughal Dynasty
Decline (Late 1600s)
Harsh rulers
Corrupt admin.; wasteful spending; expensive military
campaigns
Persecution of Hindus
Economic hardship increased under heavy taxes
Revolts against Mughal rule
Europe set to pounce
India
Migration of Indian beliefs and ideas
Indian merchants and Hindu priests filtered into SE Asia – spreading what?
Sanskrit writing, Indian Law, Gov’t, Art, Architecture,
Farming, and Religion
Indians settled in port cities
Married into influential families
Indian beliefs and ideas won widespread acceptance; influence
reached its peak between 500 and 1000 A.D.
IndiaCultural What?
D i f f u s i o n
India
Age of Exploration
Prior to 1700, India had yet to capture Europe’s attention
Mughal Dynasty falling apart
French and English traders scramble for power and influence in
India
Building Alliances and Destroying the Weak
India
Age of Exploration
British strength takes hold
1600 - British East India Company established trading rights
with the Mughals
B.E.I.C. - its own private army
The British became the dominant economic and unofficial
political power in India
India
Age of Exploration
Creation of Sepoys (Indian troops organized by the Brits and French)
Sepoys kept order in areas ruled by the companies
By the late 1700s, the British East India Company was in-charge;
would spread its influence and power into other parts of India
IndiaTopic
Age of Exploration
India
Imperialism & Colonization
TTYN: What is imperialism?
India
Imperialism & Colonization
TTYN: How were the Brits able to conquer such a vast territory?
Keep in mind, India was home to many people and cultures
Cultural Diffusion is to blame. After the Mughal Dynasty collapsed,
India fragmented. Different languages and different traditions, Indians
were unable to unite against a common enemy.
The Brits played one sect against the other
When diplomacy didn’t work, their superior weapons would
India
Who’s the Boss: Britain
TTYN: What is the primary goal of a company
to make money …. And the East India Company was no different
TTYN: What purpose would India serve Britain? What’s to gain?
- Utilize the following organizer to record your answers
India
The British Raj (Rule) (1760-1947)
Imperialism grew from economic contact to direct
political control
Plassey, 1757, British victory over French and India
India
Conversion of the Indian People
By 1800, Britain began a conversion process of the Indian people
Education
Legal procedures
Missionaries sent to convert Indians to Christianity
India
Conversion of the Indian People
Social Change: End slavery and the Caste system
Improve the position of women within the family
for example, outlawed the practice of Sati, which called
for Hindu women to join their husband in death by
throwing herself on his funeral fire.
Imperialism
India
India
Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
Causes
Threats to their institutions and beliefs
New ideas of education
Economic discrimination
IndiaSepoy Rebellion
Causes
Military deployment – for some, this was against their religion
(travel overseas)
Sepoys were to use greased cartridges for their weapons, which
were rumored to be greased with cow or hog fat – prohibited by
Hindu and Muslim religions
India
From unequal partner to colonial rule
1858 - Colonial Rule
Brits held top positions; Indians cooperated and filled the other jobs
India becomes the “brightest jewel” in the crown of their empire
India viewed as a market and as a source of raw materials
Westernize and Modernize
Railroad system
Communication System (telegraph)
India
G.B. floods India with inexpensive machine-made goods, ruining
India's once prosperous hand-weaving industry = economic hardship
Demand for Cash Crops such as cotton, which led to
deforestation
New farming methods + increased food production = population
growth
Which leads to?
Famine – strain on food supply - couldn’t keep up with
population
From unequal partner to colonial rule
India
Sepoy Rebellion
What happened in Meerut?
The Sepoys broke and and killed
every European and Indian Christian they
could find, including all women and children. Violence would
spread to other cities.
India
Sepoy Rebellion
What happened in Meerut?
For 14 months, revolts would continue until overwhelming power
and force would put the rebellion down
Lacked leadership and unity
IndiaA Watershed Moment
Sepoy Mutiny began among native soldiers
Spread like fire within the others disaffected by the British rule
Came to known as the Great War of Independence.
The rebellion was the great watershed moment in the history of
British and India relations.
IndiaA Watershed Moment
The mutiny’s most immediate consequence was a military
reorganization: the mutiny also made the English realize the extent of
the Indians' dissatisfaction. in 1858, the government of India is
transferred from the East Indian Company to the British crown.
IndiaA Watershed Moment
In 1858, the Queen issued a proclamation saying that all were her
subjects
No more discrimination
Political appointments would be made on the basis of merit
No more interference regarding religious matters.
IndiaA Watershed Moment
The British government did not honor the Queen's promises in the
succeeding years.
After the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the nationalist movement
started to expand in the hearts and minds of more and more Indians.
India
On the bright side
British rule brings peace and order to the countryside
Revised legal system - promote justice for Indians regardless of
class
Upper Class Indians bought into Westernization
Educate sons in Britain.
Indian landlords who worked with Britain benefited financially by
exporting their cash crops.
Sepoy Rebellion
India
India
Nationalist Movement
Western-educated Indians emerge; lead the nationalist movement
schooled in western ideals such as democracy and equality
1855, Indian National Congress organized …The Congress Party
Professionals and Business leaders – believed in peaceful protest
Believed in western-style modernization
India
Nationalist Movement
1906, Muslim League created
feared that the Congress Party was becoming too strongly
dominated by Hindus
The Radical Side to Nationalism
Restore Indian languages and Hindu and Muslim cultures
By the early 1900s protests and resistance increased
Demanded not only self-rule but complete independence
India
Nationalist Movement
WWI – Indians participate in war along side G.B.
TTYN - Whose interests were they fighting for????
Began to realize that the terrible tragedies of war cast doubt on
British claim of superiority
1919, Amritsar Massacre
1935, Government of India Act
limited self-gov’t
India
Nationalist Movement
Mohandas Gandhi
Mahatma – “the great soul’
Organized boycotts
Nonviolent actions
Goal – Self Rule
Hunger Strikes
Civil Disobedience
India
Nationalist Movement
End of WWII
G.B. seeks a peaceful transition for Indian Independence
U.N. – Self-Determination
Hindu vs. Muslim
Nehru vs. Ali Jannah
Congress Party vs. Muslim League
Civil War????
India
Nationalist Movement
The Partition of India
Aug. 15, 1947 – Partition Plan
Creation of two independent nations
India and Pakistan
India
India
Indian Architecture
The Taj Mahal was built by an Indian emperor to honor his wife
Inside the Taj Mahal is the tomb of Memtaz Mehal for whom the
building was constructed
Most of the Taj Mahal is built out of a type of stone called marble
The Taj Mahal is considered one of the seven wonders of the world
The city of Mohenjo-Daro was built by the early Aryans
India
Indian Architecture
Mohenjo-Daro means ‘mound of the dead’
The city is approximately one mile square and is made almost
entirely of mud brick and wood bricks
The city contains large ritual baths that were used to bathe in before
religious ceremonies
Mohenjo-Daro is one of the earliest cities with an elaborate system
of roads and sewers
India
Nationalism
India
Concept Ladder
Topic:
India
India
Resources
Thematic Essay Question
The Industrial Revolution in Western Europe during the 19th century
led to shortages of much needed resources and raw materials. This
resulted in these nation imperializing nonindustrialiezed regions of the
world
Task:
Define “imperialism”
Using India as your “imperialized” region, give one specific
example showing how imperialism affected India
Assess whether imperialism was either positive or negative for India
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