Index

Where there is more than one entry under a given heading, the main or defining entry for the term is shown inbold-face type. An x following the page number indicates a reference to a Figure.

AAccordion, 256x, 257, 280x,

284-88button keyboard, 285-87

maximum stretches, 286chromatic, 286combined systems, 287electric, 304free-bass, 286registers, 287-88Stradella system, 285, 288

A clarinet, 43Acoustic bass. See ContrabassAcoustic guitar, 325-27

amplified, 342Acoustics, 4-7, 9, 80

boobams, 119, 168brasses, 63-65, 69, 80contrabassoon, 61difference tones, 23drums, 118-20, 140-41, 147cavity resonance, 167

ear, 5electronic waveforms, 372flue pipe (organ), 292mallet instruments, 238multiphonics, 20percussion, 118-21privileged frequencies, 80stopped pipe, 14-16string, 5, 311-12string instruments, 311-12timpani, 119-20, 144voices, 102-9, 114whistling, 115woodwinds, 13-16, 18

Action, 265, 338Acuta (stop), 296ADC, 380As, clarinet, 40-48

special effects, 47-48African thumb piano. See

Kalimba; SansasAfuche. See Cabasa

Agbe. See ShekereAgogo bells, 207x, 213-14

musical examples, 137Alla corda, 359Almglocken, 207x, 211-13

musical examples, 138Al tallone, 360Alto. See Alto voiceAlto bugle. See Alto hornAlto clarinet, 40-48

special effects, 47-48student range, 480

Alto flügelhorn. See Alto hornAlto flute, 3, 24-33

glissando, 30-31harmonics, 29-30microtones, 30special effects, 31-32

Alto horn, 91-95doubling, 67mutes, 94student range, 480

Alto kalimba, 217Altonium. See Alto hornAlto recorder, 396-401

student range, 482Alto sackbutt, 432-34Alto saxhorn. See Alto hornAlto saxophone, 19, 49-54Alto shawm, 405-8Alto viol, 463-65Alto voice, 110Amplifier, 373, 384Analog-to-digital converter, 380Antique cymbals. See CrotalesAnvils, 193x, 194-95

musical examples, 136, 139Arab drums. See Dumbegs;

Kettledrums, smallArabic tablas. See DumbegsArchlute, 455Arp String Ensemble, 307Artificial harmonics, 314

guitar, 334violin family, 365-66

Artificial timbres, 9Attenuator, 373Audubon birdcall. See Friction

birdcallAutocoil, 189x, 191-92Availability of instruments, 3

early instruments, 390percussion, 135

BBach, J. S., 363Chaconne from D-minor violin

partita, 270Backward sounds, 383Bagpipes, 409-10Baldwin (pianos), 271Bamboo chimes. See WindchimesBandora, 393, 457x, 460-61Band-pass filter, 373-74Band-reject filter, 373Banjo, 326x, 337-39Banya, 148nBariolage, 363Baritone horn, xiv, 91-95

doubling, 67, 93-94mutes, 94student range, 480

Baritone saxophone, xiii, 49-54Baroque mute (brasses), 431,

434x

Barraqué, JeanChant après chant, 177, 209

Barre, 329-30Bartók pizzicato, 362

guitar, 333Baryton, 466-68

page position, 394Basket rattle. See Soft rattleBass. See Bass voice; Contrabass;

Electric bass guitar;Tuba

Bassanelli, 408Bass clarinet, 40-48

special effects, 47-48student range, 480

Bass drum, 153x, 156-57in early music, 435mallet, 130, 131x, 273musical examples, 136-39

Basset shawm, 405Bassett clarinet, 43Bassett horn, 43Bassett keys, 43Bass fiddle. See ContrabassBass flute, 23, 24-33

glissando, 30-31harmonics, 29-30microtones, 30-31special effects, 31-32

Bass harmonica, 280x, 281x, 283,288

Bass horn, 430Bass marimba, 238-44

bowing, 244harmonics, 243-44

Bass metallophone, 244-48bowing, 247-48

Bass oboe. See Tenor oboeBasso continuo, 393Bassoon, 16, 55-62

continuo, 393doubling, 20harpsichord stop, 440multiphonics, 21, 61muting, 61organ stop, 298page position, 2reed, 15xRussian, 430special effects, 62student range, 480See also Curtal

Basso seguente, 392

Bass recorder, 396-98, 400-401student range, 482

Bass sackbutt, 432-34Bass saxhorn. See Bass tubaBass saxophone, 49-54Bass shawm, 405-8Bass trombone, 88Bass trumpet, 76-85, 89

doubling, 67mutes, 85

Bass tuba, 91-96mutes, 94

Bass viol. See Contrabass; Violada gamba

Bass voice, 109, 110Beams. See Softwood planksBeating reed, 279Beatles

“Because,” 277“Here Comes the Sun,” 333“Lucy in the Sky with

Diamonds,” 277Bebung, 442Beethoven, Ludwig van

Symphony No. 4, 22Symphony No. 9, 61

Bell clarinet (stop), 297Bell mallet, 129, 130xBell plates, 230x, 232-33Bells, 207x, 209-15

acoustics, 119, 209, 211agogo, 207x, 213-14buzz tone, 211clay. See Flowerpotscow. See Almglocken;

Cencerroscup, 207x, 209-10in early music, 390-91, 436electric, 207x, 214-15glass, 207x, 211herd. See Almglockenmusical examples, 136-39orchestra. See Glockenspielpellet (jingle, sleigh), 178, 179sticks for, 211strike tone, 211tubular. See Chimes

Bell tree, 184x, 186-87musical examples, 139vital statistics, 185x

Berg, AlbanThree Pieces for Orchestra, 133

INDEX

Berio, LucianoFolk Songs, 192

Berlioz, HectorSymphonie fantastique, 430

Birdcall, 249-51musical example, 139See also Crow; Water whistle

Bird whistle. See Water whistleBlockflöte (stop), 296Boards. See Slabs; Softwood

planksBocal, 35, 55, 56Body percussion, 196

musical example, 138Bombard. See ShawmsBombarde (stop), 297Bongos, 162-66

finger-style playing, 164-66musical examples, 136-38vital statistics, 164

Boobams, 163x, 168-69acoustics, 119, 168musical example, 138

Bore, 14-16, 66Bösendorfer (pianos), 267Bottlenecking, 334-35, 345Bottles, 207x, 213-14

See also Shatter glassBoulez, Pierre

Pli selon pli, 233Bourdon (stop), 296Bowed strings, 351-67

bowing, 356-61, 362-63articulation, 356-60bariolage, 363special effects, 360-61timbre, 360

early, 462-73fingering, 355-56

maximum stretches, 357xnotation, 363

glissando, 366in natural harmonics, 365

harmonics, 363, 364-66artificial, 365-66glissando, 365

multiple stops, 362-63mutes, 364page position, 2pizzicato, 361-62

Bowing, 356-61, 362-63alla corda, 359al tallone, 360

bells, 210, 211col legno, 360crotales, 234détaché, 359flautando, 360guitar, 335jeté, 359louré, 359martellato, 359off the string, 359percussion, 134piano, 273portato, 358-59saltando, 359special effects, 360-61spiccato, 359sulla punta d'arco, 360sul ponticello, 360sul tasto (sulla tastiera), 360tremolo, 358vibraphone family, 247-48xylophone family, 244

Bowls. See BellsBrake drums, 235x, 237-38

musical examples, 137Brasses, 8, 63-71

acoustics, 63-65, 69, 80articulation, 67bore, 66breathing, 67-68cuivré effect, 68, 74, 82doubling, 67dynamics, 68early, 431fingering, 65-66, 69

German cavalry, 80-81half-valve technique, 69-70,

75large groups, 96lip gliss, 75mouthpieces, 66-67multiphonics, 70, 71open notes, 65-66page position, 1-2pitch placement, 68special effects, 69-71synthesizer. See EVItransposing, 66valves, 64-66, 87, 93vibrato, 68

Bridge, 311Bronx cheer. See RazzerBuchla (synthesizers), 374n

Bucket mute, 82x, 84, 94Buffalo Springfield

“For What It's Worth,” 340Buff stop (harpsichord), 439, 440Bugle, 91

alto. See Alto hornvalved. See Flügelhorn

Bullhorn, 114-15Busoni, Ferruccio

transcription of Bachchaconne, 270

Button keyboard, 285-87, 374nBuzzer, 215

party. See RazzerBuzz mute, 82x, 84

CCabasa, 172, 173x, 176-77Caccini, Francesca

Il Liberazione di Ruggiero, 472Cage, John

First Construction in Metal, 225Campana (stop), 293nCans, 199-200Capo, 333

banjo, 339Carroll Sound, Inc., 219Carter, Elliott

Eight Pieces for Four Timpani, 146Cartridge (phonograph), 385Castanets, 187-88

in early music, 435-36musical examples, 136, 139as organ stop, 298

Celesta, 256x, 262-64, 265student range, 481

Celesting stops, 296-97, 298Cello, 351-67

bowing, 356-61, 362-63articulation, 356-60bariolage, 363special effects, 360-61timbre, 360

continuo, 393fingering, 355-56

maximum stretches, 357xnotation, 363

glissando, 366in natural harmonics, 365

harmonics, 363, 364-66artificial, 365-66glissando, 365

Cello (continued)multiple stops, 362-63mutes, 364pizzicato, 361-62student range, 482thumb positions, 356

Cencerros, 207x, 213-14musical examples, 136-38

Ceterone, 457x, 460Chains, 173x, 179

musical examples, 138-39Chamber organ, 443Chansons, 391-92Chanterelle, 452, 474Chapman stick, 341x, 349-51Chavez, Carlos

Sinfonia de Antigona, 3Sinfonia India, 204Tambuco, 189, 204

Chest register (vocal), 105-8,109, 110

Chiff, 292Chimes, 234-36

mallet, 131, 132xmusical examples, 136, 138,

139as organ stop, 298stone. See Lithophonesstudent range, 481

Chime tree. See Mark treeChinese blocks. See Temple

blocks; WoodblocksChinese cymbals, 223-25

musical examples, 136-37Chinese opera gong, xivChinese tomtom, 158Chitarrone, 453-56

musical example, 458Chocolo, 175Chorus, 107, 117

in early music, 390-93electronic effect, 386

Ciconia, Johannes, 391Cimbalom, 315-17Circular breathing. See Cyclic

breathingCitole, 457-59Cittern, 392, 457-61

page position, 394Clapping hands, 196

musical example, 138Clarinet, 16, 18, 19, 23, 40-49

in A, 43chalumeau register, 46

clarion register, 46-47doubling, 20mouthpiece, 15xorgan stop, 297, 298page position, 2played into timpano, 147special effects, 47-48student range, 480throat tones, 46

Claves, 193-94Musical examples, 136-39notation, 124-25

Clavichord, 277-78, 438x, 441-42electric. See Clavinetfretted, 442page position, 394tangents, 278

Clavicytherium, 440Clavinet, 256x, 276-79Clay drums. See Dumbegs;

Kettledrums, smallClock coil, 189x, 192-93Cog rattle. See RatchetsCoils, 189x, 191-92Colascione, 458Col legno, 360Coloratura soprano, 109, 110xComb filter, 377Combination tones, 20Combining instruments, 7-9Compound stop, 295, 296Computer sound synthesis,

378-80Congas, 162-66

finger-style playing, 164-66musical examples, 138vital statistics, 164

Consonants, 98-99performed by brass player, 83phonetic notation, 100-102

Contact mike, 385Continuo, 393Continuo lutes, 393, 453-56

musical examples, 458Contra-alto clarinet, 40-48

special effects, 47-48student range, 480

Contrabass, 351-67bowing, 356-61, 362-63

articulation, 356-60bariolage, 363special effects, 360-61timbre, 360

bow types, 356

continuo, 393fingering, 355-56

maximum stretches, 357xnotation, 363

five-string, 353glissando, 366

in natural harmonics, 365harmonics, 363, 364-66

artificial, 365-66glissando, 365

low C extension, 353-54multiple stops, 362-63mutes, 364pizzicato, 361-62student range, 482thumb positions, 356

Contrabass clarinet, 40-49special effects, 47-48student range, 480

Contrabassoon, 23, 55-62special effects, 62

Contra bassoon (stop), 297Contrabass recorder, 396-98,

399n, 400Contrabass saxhorn. See

Contrabass tubaContrabass saxophone, xiiiContrabass trombone, xiv,

86, 88-90doubling, 67glissando, 89-90mutes, 89

Contrabass tuba, 91-96breathing, 68mutes, 94

Contra bombarde (stop), 297Contra diapason (stop), 293Contra saxophone (stop), 297nControl voltage, 369Copedant, 346-47Cornamuses, 411-12, 425Cornet, xiii, 93

organ stop, 296Cornett, 392, 426-31

mute, 429page position, 394straight, 428-29

Cornettino, 426-30Countertenor, 108, 109-10, 112Couplers, 291

harpsichord, 439Course, 315Cowbells. See Almglocken;

Cencerros

Crash cymbals, 224x, 226-27in early music, 436musical examples, 136, 138-39See also Sizzle cymbal

Crescendo pedal (organ), 292Cricket, 222Crossed hands (keyboard), 259Crotales, 230x, 233-34

in early music, 436musical examples, 138-39

Crow, 250-52musical examples, 138-39

Crowd, 450Crumb, George

Ancient Voices of Children, 221Black Angels, 211

Crumhorns, 16, 410-11, 412,413x, 414x, 425

musical examples, 412page position, 394vital statistics, 413x

Crwth, 450Cuica, 170-71Cuivré effect, 68, 74, 82Cup mute, 82x, 84Curtals, 392-93, 416-20, 425

page position, 394Curtis-Smith, Curtis

Rhapsodies, 273Cushion. See Practice padCyclic breathing, 24, 68, 111, 401Cymbal (organ stop), 296Cymbals, 223-29

antique. See CrotalesChinese, 223-25crash, 224x, 226-27, 436in early music, 436finger, 224x, 226-27, 233foot. See Hi-hatmusical examples, 136-39sizzle, 223-25suspended, 223-26Turkish, 223

Cymbalstern (stop), 298

DDAC, 378-79Damper pedal

piano, 268, 269-71vibraphone, 244

Darabuccas, 167Descant recorder. See Soprano

recorder

Détaché, 359Diapason chorus, 293-94Diapason strings, 455-56Diaphone, 290x, 297Difference tones, 23, 295, 296Digital synthesizer, 306-7, 380Digital-to-analog converter,

378-79Division viol, 465-66Dobro, 327nDolzaina. See Cornamuses;

DouçaineDome (of cymbals, gongs), 223,

229Doorbell. See Electric bellDouble bass. See ContrabassDouble bass harmonica, 280x,

281x, 283Double bassoon. See

ContrabassoonDouble beats, 145Double-headed drums, 152-53,

156, 157small, 156

musical example, 136Double horn, 73, 74Double stop. See Multiple stopsDouble-tonguing, 22, 67Doubling

banjo, 338bowed instruments, 351brasses, 67keyboards, 257mandolin, 336percussion, 124woodwinds, 19-20

Douçaine, 412Downbow, 356-58Drag, 155Dragon's mouths. See Mokugyos;

Temple blocksDrum machine. See RepetitionsDrums, 140-41

acoustics, 118-20, 140-41, 147,167, 168

brake, 235x, 237-38“cuica” effect, 171double-headed, 152-53, 156,

157finger-style playing, 164-66hand-damping, 141head, 118, 140

loading of, 147hoop, 140

muffling, 141rim, 140

playing on, 151-52shell, 118, 140sticks. See Malletstechnique, 145, 155wood. See Mokugyos; Slit

drums; Wood platedrums

See also Tenor drum;Tomtoms; Traps

Drum synthesizer, 306, 307Duck call. See CrowDulcians. See CurtalsDulcimer, 315, 446-47

page position, 394Dumbegs, 163x, 166-67Dynamics

brasses, 68clavichord, 441harp, 318harpsichord, 438-39keyboards, 257range of individual

instruments, 3recorder, 395

EEarly music, instrumentation of,

390-93E-bow, 343Echo, electronic, 383, 386

See also Reverb unitEs clarinet, 40-48

special effects, 47-48student range, 479

Es flute, 24Electric bass guitar, 341x, 343-44Electric bell, 207x, 214-15

musical example, 139Electric buzzer, 215Electric guitar, 340-44

double-neck, 344feedback, 342flat-pick effects, 343fuzz tone, 342right-hand fingering, 343twelve-string, 342, 344

Electric harpsichord, 277, 307Electric organ, 256x, 277, 301-4,

307synthesizer stop, 306

INDEX

Electric piano, 256x, 275-77, 279,307

student range, 481Electric sitar, 344Electromechanical instruments,

275Electronics, 275, 368-70

live, 384-86notation, 370page position, 1-2, 370waveforms, 372

Embouchure, 18English horn, 33-39

harmonics, 38multiphonics, 21-22, 38muting, 39special effects, 38, 39student range, 479

Envelope, 6-7backward sounds, 383follower, 377generator, 375percussion, 120-21

Erikson, RobertCardenitas, 249

Euphonium. See Baritone hornEVI, 306

FFalsetto, 106x, 107x, 108, 109,

110notation, 110

Feedback, 383, 384-85electric guitar, 342

Fiddle, 462, 469-71page position, 394

Field drum, 153-56musical example, 136

Filters, 373-74, 377Fingerboard, 312Finger cymbals, 224x, 226-27,

233musical example, 138

Fingerhole horns, 426Fingering

brass, 65-66German cavalry, 80-81

guitar, 313, 329-30electric, right hand, 343

harp, 321harmonics, 324

keyboards, 257-58, 259organ, 299-300

string instruments, 312-13violin family, 313, 355-56, 357xwoodwinds, 16-19

Finger picks, 328Fingers, snapping, 196Finger-style playing, 134-35

drums, 140, 164-66timpani, 146-47

Flam, 155nFlanger, 377nFlat pick, 328

special effects, electric guitar,343

used with violin family, 362Flautando, 360Flexatone, 220x, 221-22

musical example, 139Flowerpots, 207x, 211-13

musical example, 137Flue stops, 290x, 292Flügelhorn, xiii, 91-95

alto. See Alto horndoubling, 67, 94mutes, 94played into timpano, 147student range, 480

Flute, 24-33acoustics, 13-14Baroque, 403ndouble tonguing, 22doubling, 20in Es, 24glissando, 30-31harmonics, 29-30microtones, 30multiphonics, 31organ stops, 292, 293n, 296,

297, 298page position, 2Renaissance, 403-4special effects, 31-32student range, 479vessel, 253whistle tones, 30

Fluttertongue, 22-23, 67Folk guitar, 326-27, 328, 330,

333, 336amplified, 342

Fontanelle, 405Foot cymbals. See Hi-hatForks (harp), 319Formants, 102-4, 105x, 115, 374,

386

Foundations (organ), 292-95,296n, 297, 298

Fourniture (stop), 296Fox call. See CrowFrame drums, 158

See also Hand drumsFree reed, 279, 282xFree stroke (guitar), 327French bow (contrabass), 356French horn. See HornFrequency counter, 378Frequency follower, 377Frequency shifter, 377Fretted clavichord, 442Fricatives, 98Friction birdcall, 249-51Frog, 360Frottole, 392Fuzz box, 386

use with electric guitar, 342

GGabrieli, Andrea, 392Gambas. See ViolsGarbage cans, 199-200Garklein recorder, 396-97, 399Gedeckt (stop), 296Gemshorn, 401, 402x

organ stop, 297German bow (contrabass), 356German cavalry fingering,

80-81Gittern, 458

See also CitoleGlass chimes. See WindchimesGlissando, 31

clarinet, 47flute, 30-31harp, 322, 325

with tuning key, 323horn, 75keyboards, 262lip, 75mallet instruments, 243oboe, 38piano interior, 273recorder, 401saxophone, 51timpani, 144trombone, 89-90violin family, 366

natural harmonics, 365

INDEX

Glockenspiel, 238, 239x, 244-48bowing, 247-48keyboard, 256x, 262-64, 265multi-mallet technique, 248musical examples, 138, 139sticks, 129, 130x, 132student range, 481

Glottal fry. See Growl registerGoat bells. See CencerrosGoblet drums, 166Gongs, 229-32

acoustics, 119Chinese opera, xivmallet, 130-31musical examples, 136-38

Gothic harp, 448-50Gourd. See Cabasa; Güiro;

Maraca; Shekere; Watergourd

Grand piano, 266-67Great bass recorder, 396-98,

399n, 400See also Contrabass recorder

Great bass shawm, 405-7Gregorian chant, 390-91Gross tierce (stop), 293Growl register (vocal), 107x, 109Güiro, 184-86

musical examples, 136-39Guitar, 325-36

acoustic, 325-27amplified, 342

articulation, 331-32Baroque, 460-62barre, 329-30bottlenecking, 334-35, 345capo, 333classical, 325-26electric, 340-44

bass, 341x, 343-44fingering, 313, 329-30, 333, 343

maximum stretches, 329folk, 326-27, 328, 330, 333, 336harmonics, 333-34Hawaiian, 345interchangeable fingerboards,

335medieval. See Citolemicrotones, 334-35notation, 330-31page position, 2pedal steel, 341x, 345-49picks, 328

Renaissance, 460-62scordatura, 333special effects, 335steel, 345student range, 481tablature, 330-31, 453technique, 327-30, 331-33twelve-string, 326-27, 328, 330,

333, 336Guitar synthesizer, 306

HHalf-pedaling

piano, 270vibraphone, 244-45

Half-valve technique, 69-70Hambone. See Body percussionHammering on, 332, 362Hammerings, 161Hammers, 132-33, 197

See also SlabsHand drums, 160, 162

musical example, 137Handel, George Frederick

Music for the Royal Fireworks,430

Hand instruments, 121, 128, 134Hands, clapping, 196Harmonica, 257n, 279-83, 288

chromatic, 281-82diatonic, 281“marine band,” 281

Harmonics, 5-6artificial, 314banjo, 339brasses, 63-64, 69-70electric bass guitar, 344flute, 29-30guitar, 333-34harp, 323-24marimba, 243-44natural, 314oboe, 38pedal steel guitar, 348piano, 272-73strings, 313-14vibraphone, 248violin family, 363, 364-66

glissando, 365Harmonic series, 5-6Harmonium, 279nHarmon mute, 81-83, 94Harp, 311, 318-25

Baroque, 448continuo, 393fingering, 321

harmonics, 324maximum stretches, 321

glissando, 322, 325with tuning key, 323

Gothic, 448-50harmonics, 323-24Irish, 448-50medieval, 448-50notation, 319-21, 322, 324page position, 2pedals, 318-21played with fingernails, 322près de la table, 322sons étouffées, 322special effects, 322-25student range, 481tremolo, 323tuning, 318-19vital statistics, 320See also Harmonica;

VibraphoneHarpsichord, 256x, 389, 393,

437-40electric, 277page position, 394student range, 482

Harp stop (harpsichord), 439,440

Harrison, Lou, 236, 450Canticle No. 3, 253Fugue for Percussion, 193“Western Gamelan,” 247

Hat (mute), 84Hautbois de Poitou, 414Hawaiian guitar, 345Head (of a drum), 118

banjo, 337loading, 147tension, 140

Head voice. See FalsettoHeckelphone, 3, 33-39, 61

harmonics, 38muting, 39special effects, 38, 39

Heinrich, Anthony PhilipManitou Mysteries, 430-31

Henze, Hans WernerEl Cimarrón, 219The Raft of the Medusa, 430

Herd bells. See Almglocken

INDEX

High-pass filter, 373-74Hi-hat, 224x, 227-29

musical examples, 138-39Hohlflöte (stop), 296Hohner (clavinet), 277Honky-tonk piano, 274Horn, xiii, 64, 66, 67, 71-76

alto, 91-96baritone, xiv, 91-96doubling, 67, 92-94half-stopping, 75multiphonics, 70mutes, 74-75

stopping, 74-75page position, 2Paxman, 74stopping, 74

half-stopping, 75mute, 74-75

student range, 480tenor. See Horn, altovalves, 64

Hurdy-gurdy, 256x, 472-76page position, 394

IIdiophones, 118

acoustics, 118-20bowing, 134dipping in water, 210ndrum, 197-204keyboard, 262-65

See also Mallet instrumentsmallets, 129, 130, 132octave transpositions, 191timpano as auxiliary resonator,

147Indian drum, 153x, 157-58

musical examples, 136-37Input, 369Instrumentation of early music.

See Early music, instru-mentation of

Interference, acoustic, 9International Phonetic Alphabet,

99-102IPA. See International Phonetic

AlphabetIrish harp, 448-50

JJapanese temple bells, 210

musical examples, 137-38Jawbone, 183

musical examples, 137, 139Jaymar (toy pianos), 265Jazz, 23, 49, 84, 94

drum set. See TrapsJeté, 359Jingles, 172, 173-74

musical example, 137pellet bells, 178, 179

Joy stick, 378

KKalimba, 215-18

musical examples, 139Ka-me-so, 175Kazoo, 114Kettledrums, 141

small, 142x, 147-48musical example, 137

See also TimpaniKeyboard glockenspiel, 256x,

262-64, 265Keyboard idiophones, 262-65Keyboard instruments, 1, 255-62

action, 265crossed hands, 259in early music, 391-93electromechanical, 275electronic, 275, 374-75fingering, 257-58, 259

maximum stretches, 258glissando, 262non-touch-sensitive, 256-57notation, 258-62page position, 1-2tone clusters, 260-62touch-sensitive, 255-56

Keys, woodwind, 16-17swallowtail, 405

Kinura (stop), 301Knitting needles, 132Kortholts, 413, 415x, 416x, 425

page position, 394vital statistics, 416x

LLarigot (stop), 293Lassus, Roland de, 392Leslie, 303Liebesfuss, 33, 35, 38Ligeti, György, 9

Continuum, 437Linear controller, 375

ondes martenot, 308Lion's roar. See String drumLip gliss, 75Lip trill, 68Lira da braccio, 471-73

page position, 394Lira da gamba (lirone), 472-73

page position, 394Lithophones, 239x, 248-49Live electronics, 384-86Log drums. See Slit drumsLong drum, 153-56

musical example, 136Long-necked lute, 458Louré, 359Low-pass filter, 373-74Lujon, 216x, 219

musical example, 138Lute, 392-93, 452-58

Baroque, 453-56bass, 454-55long-necked, 458medieval, 457page position, 394tablature, 452-54, 456xtreble, 454-55

Lute stop (harpsichord), 439, 440Lyra viol, 465-66Lyre, 450-52

page position, 394Lyricon, 306Lysarden, 428

MMachaut, Guillaume de

Messe de Notre Dame, 391Magnetic pickup, 340, 385Major clarinet (stop), 297Mallet instruments, 119, 238-49

acoustics, 238glissando, 243mallets, 129-30musical examples, 137-39technique, 241

multi-mallet, 242-43Mallets, 121, 128-34

bass drum, 130, 131xbell, 129, 130xchimes, 131, 132x

INDEX

felt, 130-31gong, 130-31head of, 128marimba, 130xmulti-mallet technique

chimes, 235-36cimbalom, 316crotales, 234glockenspiel, 248metal tubes, 237vibraphone, 248

plastic, 130reversed, 131rubber, 129-30snare sticks, 131, 132xsuperball, 132x, 133-34timpani, 130-31

wooden, 131, 132xtriangle, 132x, 133used inside piano, 273-74vibraphone, 130xwound, 129, 130xxylophone, 130x

Mandolin, 326x, 336-37electric, 342maximum left-hand stretches,

357xMandora, 458Manuals (keyboard), 289-90

organ, 289-91, 299Maraca, 172, 173x, 174-75, 176

musical examples, 136-38Marimba, xiv, 238-44

bowing, 244harmonics, 243-44musical examples, 137-39sticks, 130xstudent range, 481

Marimbula, 215-19musical examples, 137-38

Mark tree, 180x, 182Martellato, 359Massed instruments, 8-9

electronic stimulation, 386Masses and mass movements,

391-93Mbira. See Kalimba; SansasMedicinale, 446x, 447Megaphone, 114-15Melodica, 280x, 283-84, 288Melotron, 256x, 302x, 304, 305

musical example, 307Membranophones, 118

acoustics, 118, 119x, 120xSee also Drums

Messiaen, OlivierCouleurs de la cité céleste, 9, 213Et exspecto resurrectionem

mortuorum, 93, 213Metal blocks. See Anvils;

CencerrosMetallophone, bass, 244-48Metal tubes, 235x, 236-37Mexican bean, 172, 173x, 175x,

176musical examples, 137-38

Microphones, 384-85Military drum. See Field drum“Miniprino” recorder. See Gar-

klein recorderMixer, 369-70Mixtures (organ stops), 295-96,

298Mo ko, 208Mokubio, 209Mokugyos, 207-9

musical example, 137Moog (synthesizers), 370, 371xMotets, 391-93Mouthpiece

brass, 66-67, 71clarinet, 14-15, 48, 70-71cornett, 426saxophone, 14, 50, 70-71

Mouth siren, 250x, 254musical examples, 136, 138

Mozart, Wolfgang AmadeusAbduction from the Seraglio, 436

Multi-mallet technique, 242-43chimes, 235-36cimbalom, 316crotales, 234glockenspiel, 248metal tubes, 237vibraphone, 248

Multiphonics, 20-22, 70bassoon, 61brasses, 70clarinet, 47cornett family, 428flute, 31oboe, 38saxophone, 51vocal, 114

Multiple (electronic), 369Multiple stops, 356, 362-63

Musical glasses. See Bells, glassMusical saw, 219-21Musique concrète, 369nMussorgsky, Modest

Pictures at an Exhibition, 74,269

Mutations (organ stops), 294-95,296, 297

MuteBaroque, 431bassoon, 61bucket, 82x, 84buzz, 82x, 84cup, 82x, 84harmon, 81-83harpsichord, 439hat, 84horn, 74-75

stopping, 74-75oboe, 38-39piano, 272plunger, 82x, 83-84practice

trumpet, 81, 82x, 83violin family, 364

saxophone, 51, 53solotone, 81, 82x, 83straight, 74, 81, 82xtrombone, 89trumpet, 81-85violin family, 364wawa, 83Whispa, 83

Mute cornett, 429

NNakers, 435-36Nasard (stop), 293Natural harmonics, 314

guitar, 333violin family, 364-65

glissando, 365Nicolo shawm, 405Nightingale (stop), 298

See also Water whistleNon-sustaining instruments, 7, 8,

9, 119, 120keyboards, 256

Non-touch-sensitive keyboards,256-57

Nut, 312

INDEX

OOboe, 16, 33-39

doubling, 20harmonics, 38muting, 38-39organ stop, 298page position, 2played into timpano, 147special effects, 38, 39student range, 479

Oboe d'amore, 33Ocarina, 250x, 253Octave divider, 386Octave oboe (stop), 297Ondes martenot, 256x, 257,

306x, 307-10Ophicleide, 430Orchestra (musical examples),

367Orchestra bells. See GlockenspielOrchestral flute (organ stop), 296Orchestron, 304Orff, Carl

Antigonae, 249Organ, 256, 257, 279, 289-301

bombarde division, 297celestial, 291choir, 290-91console, 289couplers, 291divisions, 290-91, 297early, 390-93, 443-45echo, 291electric, 256x, 277, 301-4, 307fingering, 299-300full, 292great, 290, 293manuals, 289-91, 299notation, 299-301pedal division, 290-91, 293pedaling, 300-301pedals, 290

crescendo, 292swell, 290

pipes, 290x, 292, 296pistons, 292portative, 443-45positive, 443-45regal, 443-45registration, 293-94, 298, 299solo, 291special effects, 299

stops, 292-98acuta, 296basset horn, 297bassoon, 298bell clarinet, 297blockflöte, 296bombarde, 297bourdon, 296campana, 293ncastanets, 298célestes, 296-97, 298chimes, 298clarinet, 297, 298compound, 295, 296contra bassoon, 297contra bombarde, 297contra diapason, 293contra saxophone, 297ncontrols, 291-92cornet, 296cymbal, 296diapason chorus, 293-94diaphone, 290x, 297flue, 290x, 292flutes, 292, 293n, 296, 298foundations, 292-95, 296n,

297, 298fourniture, 296gedeckt, 296gemshorn, 297gross tierce, 293history of, 443hohlflöte, 296kinura, 301larigot, 293major clarinet, 297mixtures, 295-96, 298mutations, 294-95, 296, 297nasard, 293oboe, 298octave oboe, 297orchestral flute, 296percussions, 298piano, 298pitch of, 256, 291, 293-95plein jeu, 296prestant, 293principal, 293quint, 293-94quintadena, 296reeds, 290x, 297, 298regal, 443

resultant, 293, 295rohrflöte, 296, 298rohrnasat, 296rohrquint, 296salicional, 296saxophone, 297nseptième, 293, 294, 299sesquialtera, 296sifflöte, 293nsordune, 424spitzflöte, 296strings, 292, 296-97, 298subquint, 293superoctave, 293tenth, 293terz, 293tibia, 296tibia clausa, 301tierce, 293tuba, 297twenty-ninth, 293-94twenty-second, 293unda maris, 297voix céleste, 297vox angelica, 296vox humana, 297vox mystica, 297waldflöte, 296xylophone, 298

student range, 481swell, 290theater, 301tremulant, 298

Organistrum, 390-91, 473-76Organum, 391Orpharion, 457x, 460Oscillator, 371-73, 383Oscilloscope, 378Output, 369Overbowing, 361Overtones. See Harmonics

PPad. See Practice padPandora. See BandoraPane of glass, 197Panpipes, 390Parade drum. See Field drumPardessus de viole, 463-65Parlando singing, 114Partch, Harry, 126, 335

INDEX

Partials. See HarmonicsParty buzzer. See RazzerPatch (electronic), 371Paxman (horns), 74Peau de buffle (stop), 439, 440Pea whistle. See Referee's whistlePedaling

harp, 319organ, 300-301pedal steel guitar, 348piano, 269-71vibraphone, 244-46

Pedalsharp, 318-21harpsichord, 438, 440organ, 290

crescendo, 292swell, 290

pedal steel guitar, 345-46piano, 268-69

damper, 268, 269-71soft, 268, 271sostenuto, 268, 271

wawa, 386Pedal steel guitar, 341x, 345-49

harmonics, 348pedaling, 348

Pedal synthesizer, 306Pegboard, pegbox, 312Pellet bells, 178, 179Percussion, 118-39

acoustics, 118-21arrays, 121-22, 123, 127-128bowing, 134brushes, 132x, 133doubling by non-

percussionists, 124in early music, 391-92, 435-36finger-style playing, 134-35

notation, 165keyboard. See Mallet instru-

ments; Keyboardidiophones

mallets, 128-34reversed, 131

movement of players, 122-24multi-mallet technique, 242-43musical examples, 136-39notation, 124-28

bowing, 134damping, 141finger-style playing, 165roll, 125-26

rubbed sounds, 133thumb roll, 135

page position, 1-2pitch perception, 119range and status of

instruments, 135special effects, 134-35

Percussions (keyboard stops),298

Performance synthesizer, 256x,277, 302x, 304-7

digital, 306-7drum, 306, 307guitar, 306pedal, 306polyphonic, 306

Phaser (phase shifter), 377Phonemes, 98Phonetics, 97-102

alphabet, 99-102Phonograph cartridge, 385Physics. See AcousticsPiano, 256x, 265-75

action, 267articulation, 269-71bowing, 273dampers, 268electric, 256x, 275-77, 279grand, 267harmonics, 272-73interior, 271-74lid, 271, 272muting, 272as organ stop, 298pedals and pedaling, 268-71prepared, 274quarter-tone, 275spinet, 267stringing, 267student range, 481sympathetic resonance, 271tack, 274toy, 256x, 263-65transcription, 269-70upright, 267, 268

Piccolo, 24-33glissando, 30-31harmonics, 29-30microtones, 30special effects, 31-32student range, 479

Piccolo clarinet, 40-48special effects, 47-48

Piccolo recorder. See Garkleinrecorder

Piccolo trumpet, 76-85mutes, 85

Piccolo woodblocks, 204-5Picks, 328

finger, 328flat, 328, 343, 362guitar, 328thumb, 328

Pickup, magnetic, 340, 385Pink-noise generator, 373Pipe organ. See OrganPirouette, 405Pistons (organ), 292Pitch

of keyboard stops, 256organ, 291, 293-95

names and notation, 4perception of, 5

in percussion instruments,119

range of individualinstruments, 2-3

of brasses, 68of early instruments, 390of percussion, 135students and amateurs,

479-82of voices, 106-7

Pizzicato, 361-62guitar, 332-33left hand, 361-62snapped (vertical, Bartók), 333,

362Plate (of wood, metal). See SlabsPlateau-model woodwinds, 24

clarinets, 46, 47flutes, 24, 30oboes, 36x, 37xsaxophones, 49

Plein jeu (stop), 296Plosives, 98Plunger mute, 82x, 83-84Pod rattle. See Mexican beanPolice whistle. See Referee's

whistle; Signal whistlePonticello. See Sul ponticelloPortamento, 31

on synthesizer, 374Portative organ, 443-45

INDEX

Portato, 358-59Positive organ, 443-45Potentiometer, 369

two-dimensional, 378three-dimensional, 378

Practice mutetrumpet, 81, 82x, 83violin family, 364

Practice pad, 193x, 196-97Prepared piano, 274Près de la table (harp), 322Prestant (stop), 293Principal (stop), 293Privileged frequencies, 80, 361,

411Provençal drum, 154

musical example, 136Psaltery, 446-48

page position, 394Pulling off, 332Pulse wave, 372Punta d'arco. See Sulla punta

d'arco

QQuadruple stop. See Multiple

stopsQuart bass. See Great bass

recorderQuijada, 183

musical examples, 137, 139Quint (stop), 293-94Quinta, 162Quintadena (stop), 296

RRacketts, 418, 420-23, 425

page position, 394Rain stick, xivRamp wave, 372Rank, 287Rasgueado, 328Rasps, 184-87

wood, glass, metal, 186musical example, 137vital statistics, 185x

Ratchets, 183, 184xmusical examples, 138-39vital statistics, 185x

Rattles, 172-79acoustics, 121basket. See Rattles, softcog. See Ratchets

glass, 175-76gourd. See Maracametal, 175-76musical examples, 136-39pod. See Mexican beansoft, 173x, 175x, 176string, 172, 178-79wooden, 175-76

Rauschpfeiffen, 392, 414-15, 417,425

page position, 394vital statistics, 417

Ravel, MauriceBolero, 9Pictures at an Exhibition (arr.),

74, 270Razzer, 250-52Rebecs, 392, 462, 469-70

page position, 394Recorders, 395-401

acoustics, 13-14medieval, 400page position, 394

Reco-reco, 186Reedcap, 410, 411, 414xReeds

beating, 279electric piano, 275free, 279, 282xorgan stops, 290x, 297woodwind, 14, 15x, 16, 35,

70-71Referee's whistle, 250-52

musical example, 139Regal, 393, 443-45Registers

accordion, 287-88keyboard, 257vocal, 104-10

chest, 105-8, 109, 110falsetto (head), 106x, 107x,

108, 109, 110growl, 107x, 109throat, 109whistle, 106x, 108-9, 110

woodwind, 18, 20Registration, 257

harpsichord, 440organ, 293-94, 298, 299

Renaissance flutes, 403-4Renaissance guitar, 460-62Renaissance triangle, 435-36Repetitions (in electronic

keyboards), 303Rest stroke (guitar), 327Resultant (stop), 293, 295Reverb unit, 370, 374

ondes martenot, 309Ride cymbal. See Suspended

cymbalsRiley, Terry

A Rainbow in Curved Air, 167,277

Rim (of a drum), 140playing on, 151-52

Rim shot, 151-52, 155Ring modulator, 376-77Rip, 31, 75

kalimba, 218lip gliss (brass), 75

River stones. See StonesRods, 189-90

musical example, 138Rohrflöte (stop), 296, 298Rohrnasat (stop), 296Rohrquint (stop), 296Roldán, Amadeo

Ritmicas Nos. 5 & 6, 219Roll, notation of, 125-26Rote, 448Rototoms, 159x, 160-62

musical example, 139Ruff, 155nRussian bassoon, 430

SSackbutts, 392-93, 431-34

mute, 431, 434xSalicional (stop), 296Saltando, 359Sandblocks, 184x, 186

musical example, 138vital statistics, 185x

Sansas, 215-19musical example, 139

Saw, musical, 219-21Sawtooth wave, 372Saxhorn. See TubaSaxophone, xiii, 16, 19, 49-54

doubling, 20, 49muting, 51, 53organ stop, 297npage position, 2special effects, 50-51, 53student range, 480top tones, 49-50

INDEX

Scale (dimension), of windinstruments, 33, 43, 63

Schoenberg, ArnoldHerzgewächse, 279n, 320Kol Nidre, 222Moses und Aron, 222Variations, Op. 31, 222

Schryari, 392, 414-15, 417, 425page position, 394vital statistics, 417

Scordatura, 312guitar, 333

Score layout, 1-2, 102early instruments, 394electronics, 370keyboards, 262percussion, 126-28

Scruggs pegs (banjo), 339Sea stones. See StonesSeeger, Pete

The Steel Drums of Kim LoyWong, 202-3

Sel sync, 382Septième (stop), 293, 294, 299Sequencer, 376Serpent, 393, 426-31

upright, 430Sesquialtera (stop), 296Shatter glass, 197Shawms, 392-93, 405-9, 425

page position, 394Sheep bells. See CencerrosSheet (of wood, metal). See Slabs;

ThundersheetShekere, 172, 173x, 176-77Shell (of a drum), 118

rim, 140Shell chimes. See WindchimesShort octave, 439nSide drum. See Snare drumsSifflöte (stop), 293nSignal whistle, 250-52Sine wave, 372Singing. See VoicesSiren, 250x, 253-54

mouth, 250x, 254musical examples, 136, 138

Sistrum, 172-74musical examples, 137-39

Sizzle cymbal, 223-25musical examples, 138-39

Slabs (of wood, metal), 196-97musical examples, 136, 138

Slapping body, 196Slapstick, 187x, 188-89

musical examples, 136Slap-tongue, 23Sledge hammer. See Hammers;

SlabsSleighbells, 173x, 177-78

musical examples, 136, 138-39Slide trumpet, 392, 431-34

mute, 431, 434xSlide whistle, 250x, 252

musical example, 139Slit drums, 204x, 206

Buddhist. See Mokugyosmusical examples, 137-39

Snapped pizzicato, 362guitar, 333

Snapping fingers, 196Snare drums, 152-56

in early music, 435musical examples, 136, 138,

139sticks, 131, 132xtechnique, 155

Snares, 153Soft pedal, 268, 271Soft rattle, 173x, 175x, 176

musical example, 137Softwood planks, 193x, 195-96

musical example, 137Solotone mute, 81, 82x, 83, 94Sons étouffées (harp), 322Sopranino clarinet. See Es clarinetSopranino recorder, 396-97,

400-401student range, 482

Sopranino saxophone, xiii, 49nSopranino shawm, 405-7Soprano. See Soprano voiceSoprano recorder, 396-97,

400-401student range, 482

Soprano sackbutt, 432-33Soprano saxhorn. See FlügelhornSoprano saxophone, 49-54

played into timpano, 147Soprano shawm, 405-8Soprano voice, 109, 110Sordunes, 424-25

page position, 394Sostenuto pedal, 268, 271Soundboard, 311

Sousaphone. See Contrabass tubaSpatial locator, 377Speaking, 113Spiccato, 359Spinet, 440

piano, 267Spinto, 110xSpitzflöte (stop), 296Sprechstimme, 114Spring coil. See Auto coilSquare wave, 372Squeak, 249-51

musical example, 139Stamping, 196Staple, 35Steel drums, 198x, 200-204

musical example, 138Steel guitar, 345Steinway (pianos), 266x, 271Stick. See Chapman stickSticks. See Mallets; RodsStockhausen, Karlheinz

Kontakte, 199Stimmung, 104

Stone chimes. See LithophonesStones, 193-94

musical examples, 138-39Stopped pipe, 14-16Stopping mute (horn), 74-75Stops, 256-57

harpsichord, 438-39bassoon, 440buff, 439, 440harp, 439, 440lute, 439, 440peau de buffle, 439, 440

organ, 256, 292-98, 443acuta, 296basset horn, 297bassoon, 298bell clarinet, 297blockflöte, 296bombarde, 297bourdon, 296campana, 293ncastanets, 298célestes, 296-97, 298chimes, 298clarinet, 297, 298compound, 295, 296contra bassoon, 297contra bombarde, 297contra diapason, 293

INDEX

Stops, organ (continued )contra saxophone, 297ncontrols, 291-92cornet, 296cymbal, 296diapason chorus, 293-94diaphone, 290x, 297flue, 290x, 292flutes, 292, 293n, 296, 298foundations, 292-95, 296n,

297, 298fourniture, 296gedeckt, 296gemshorn, 297gross tierce, 293history of, 443hohlflöte, 296kinura, 301larigot, 293major clarinet, 297mixtures, 295-96, 298mutations, 294-95, 296, 297nasard, 293oboe, 298octave oboe, 297orchestral flute, 296percussions, 298piano, 298pitch of, 256, 291, 293-95plein jeu, 296prestant, 293principal, 293quint, 293-94quintadena, 296reeds, 290x, 297, 298regal, 443resultant, 293, 295rohrflöte, 296, 298rohrnasat, 296rohrquint, 296salicional, 296saxophone, 297nseptième, 293, 294, 299sesquialtera, 296sifflöte, 293nsordune, 424spitzflöte, 296strings, 292, 296-97, 298subquint, 293superoctave, 293tenth, 293

terz, 293tibia, 296

tibia clausa, 301tierce, 293tremulant, 298tuba, 297twenty-ninth, 293-94twenty-second, 293unda maris, 297voix céleste, 297vox angelica, 296vox humana, 297vox mystica, 297waldflöte, 296xylophone, 298

See also Multiple stopsStraight mute, 74, 81, 94Strauss, Richard

wind sonatinas, 61Stravinsky, Igor

Le Sacre du printemps, 75, 94nString(s)

acoustics, 5, 311-12courses, 315harmonics, 313-14organ stops, 292, 296-97, 298piano, 267

direct manipulation of,272-73

stopping of, 312-13String bass. See ContrabassString drum, 169-70

musical examples, 136, 139String instruments, 8, 311-14

acoustics, 5, 311-12fingering, 312-13harmonics, 313-14page position, 1-2scordatura, 312shifts, 313structure, 312See also Bowed strings

String rattles, 172, 173x, 178-79musical example, 137

Strisciato, 227Studio synthesizer. See

SynthesizerSubquint (stop), 293Sulla punta d'arco, 360Sul ponticello, 333

violin family, 360Sul tasto, 333

violin family, 360Superball stick, 132x, 133-34Superoctave (stop), 293

Suspended cymbals, 223-26musical examples, 136-39sizzle cymbal, 223-25

Sustaining instruments, 7, 8, 9keyboards, 256

Swallowtail keys, 405Swanee-whistle. See Slide whistleSweet potato. See OcarinaSwell box/pedal/shoe, 290Switch, 132x, 133Symphonia, 473-76Synthesizer, 370-78

digital, 306-7, 380drum, 306, 307duophonic, 375guitar, 306keyboard range, 374pedal, 306performance-type, 256x, 277,

302x, 304-7polyphonic, 306For list of components see

Voltage control

TTabla, 142x, 148

Arabic. See Dumbegsmusical example, 137

Tablatureguitar, 330-31, 453lute, 452-54, 456x

Spanish, 453Tabor, 154, 436

musical example, 136Tabor pipe, 401-2Tack piano, 274Talking drum, xivTallone, al, 360Tambour, 335

on kalimba, 218Tambourine, 158-60

headless, 174musical examples, 136-39See also Timbrel

Tambourin provençal, 154in early music, 436musical example, 136

Tam-tams, 229-32as auxiliary resonator, 232musical examples, 136-39

Tangent, 278Tap-a-tap, 189Tape deck, 381-84

INDEX

Tape loop, 384Tape manipulation, 380, 382-84Tape music, 369n, 370, 381, 382,

384computer-generated, 380musical examples, 386

Tastiera, sulla. See Sul tastoTasto. See Sul tastoTemple bells, 210

musical examples, 137-38Temple blocks, 207-8

musical examples, 137-39Temple gongs, 210

musical examples, 137-38Tenor. See Tenor voiceTenor banjo. See BanjoTenor cornett, 426-31Tenor drum, 153x, 156, 157

in early music, 435musical examples, 136See also Field drum

Tenor horn. See Alto hornTenor oboe, 33Tenor recorder, 396-98, 400-401

student range, 482Tenor sackbutt, 432-34Tenor saxhorn. See Baritone hornTenor saxophone, 49-54Tenor shawm, 405-9Tenor trombone, 87-88Tenor trumpet, 76-85

mutes, 85Tenor tuba. See Baritone hornTenor viol, 463-66Tenor voice, 110Tenth (stop), 293Terz (stop), 293Text underlay, 102Theater organ, 301Theatrum Instrumentorum

(sordunes), 424x, 425Theorbo, 453-56

musical example, 458Theorboed lute, 453-56Throat mike, 385Throat register (vocal), 109Thumb piano. See Kalimba;

SansasThumb pick, 328Thumb positions, 356Thumb roll, 135, 159Thundersheet, 220x, 222-23

musical examples, 137-39

Tibetan prayer stones. See StonesTibia (stop), 296Tibia clausa (stop), 301Tierce (stop), 293Timbales, 149x, 152

musical examples, 137-38Timbrel, 435-36Timing pulse generator, 376Timpani, 141-47

acoustics, 119-20, 144chords, 145-46in early music, 435finger-style playing, 146-47glissando, 144mechanism, 142musical examples, 136-38special effects, 147sticks, 130-31, 146student range, 481technique, 144-46tuning, 142-44vital statistics, 143x

Tin cans, 199-200Tomtoms, 149-52

musical examples, 137-39rim shot, 151-52sticks, 151vital statistics, 150xwooden-headed, see

Wood plate drumsSee also Indian drums

Tone clusters, 260-62accordion left hand, 287harpsichord, 439organ pedals, 300

Touch-sensitive keyboards,255-56

Toy piano, 256x, 263-65Transcription, 255n, 269-70Transducer, 385Transposing instruments, 19, 66Traps, 122, 123x, 156, 157, 225,

227Treble kalimba, 217Treble recorder. See Alto recorderTreble viol, 463-66Tremolo arm. See Wiggle barTremulant, 298Triangle, 189x, 190-91

beater. 132x, 133musical examples, 136-39Renaissance, 435-36

Triangle wave, 372

Trigger (electronic), 374-75Triple horn, 74Triple stop. See Multiple stopsTromba marina, 390Trombone, 64, 85-90

doubling, 67, 78xglissando, 89-90mutes, 89page position, 2student range, 480valve trombone, 80See also Sackbutts

Trombonium, 80Trumpet, 64, 65, 66, 76-85

doubling, 67, 94German cavalry fingering,

80-81hand muffling, 81, 84mutes, 81-85, 431page position, 2pedal tones, 80, 82played into timpano, 147special effects, 81student ranges, 480valves, 64See also Slide trumpet

Tuba, 66, 91-96doubling, 67, 88mutes, 94organ stop, 297page position, 2student range, 481Wagner, 92-93

Tubaphone, 236Tuben, 93Tubes, metal, 235x, 236-37Tubular bells. See ChimesTudor, David

Rain Forest, 385Tumba, 162Tuning key glissando (harp), 323Turkish cymbals, 223Twelve-string guitar, 326-27, 328,

330, 333, 336electric, 342, 344

Twenty-ninth (stop), 293-94Twenty-second (stop), 293

UUkulele, 336nUna corda, 271Unda maris, 297Underbowing, 361

INDEX

Upbow, 356-58Upright piano, 267, 268

VValve flutter, 71Valves (brass instruments),

64-66, 87, 93Valve smear, 75Valve trombone, 80Varèse, Edgard

Déserts, 197, 209Intégrales, 90Ionisation, 254

VCA, 373VCO, 372-73Vertical pizzicato, 362

guitar, 333Vessel flutes, 253Vibraharp. See VibraphoneVibraphone, 239x, 244-48

bent tones, 248bowing, 247-48harmonics, 248motor, 246, 247xmulti-mallet technique, 248musical examples, 137-39pedaling, 244-46sticks, 130xstudent range, 481

Vibraslap, 182-83, 184xmusical examples, 137, 139

Vibratobassoon, 59brasses, 68clarinet, 46clavichord, 442electronic, 385flute, 26oboe, 38saxophone, 49vibraphone, 246vocal, 111-12whistling, 116

Vihuela, 460-62Viola, 351-67

bowing, 356-61, 362-63articulation, 356-60bariolage, 363special effects, 361timbre, 360doubling, 351fingering, 355-56

maximum stretches, 357x

notation, 363glissando, 366

in natural harmonics, 365harmonics, 363, 364-66

artificial, 365-66glissando, 365

multiple stops, 362-63mutes, 364pizzicato, 361-62student range, 482

Viola da gamba, 462-66Viola d'amore, 466-68

page position, 394Violin, 351-67

bowing, 356-61, 362-63articulation, 356-60bariolage, 363special effects, 361timbre, 360

doubling, 351fingering, 313, 355-56

maximum stretches, 357xnotation, 363

glissando, 366in natural harmonics, 365

harmonics, 363, 364-66artificial, 365-66glissando, 365

multiple stops, 362-63mutes, 364origins, 469, 472pizzicato, 361-62student range, 481

Violoncello. See CelloViolone da gamba, 462-66Viols, 392-93, 462-66

division, 465-66lyra, 465-66page position, 394

Virginal, 440Vitriphone, 248nVocoder, 377Voice box, 386Voices, 8, 97-115, 115-17

acoustics, 102-9, 114breaking, 108nchildren's, 103, 105-8, 111-12in early music, 390-93inhaled singing, 111, 114men's, 105-108, 109-10, 111multiphonics, 114notation, 102, 104xpage position, 2, 102

parlando, 114phonetics, 97-102pitch placement, 112-13registers, 104-10singing into snare drum, 156special effects, 114-15Sprechstimme, 114text underlay, 102trill, 111types, 109-10vibrato, 111-12women's, 103, 105-6, 108-10

Voix céleste (stop), 297Voltage control, 369

amplifier, 373envelope follower, 377envelope generator, 375filters, 373frequency follower, 377keyboard, 374-75linear controller, 375oscillator, 371-73, 383sequencer, 376tape deck, speed of, 383

Vowels, 98formants, 102-4, 105ximitated with plunger mute, 83nasal, 104phonetic notation of, 99-100,

103xVox angelica (stop), 296Vox humana (stop), 297Vox mystica (stop), 297

WWagner tuba, 92-93Waldflöte (stop), 296Waldteufel, 170

musical example, 139Washboard, 184x, 186

musical example, 139vital statistics, 185x

Wastepaper baskets, 199-200Water gong, 232

musical example, 137Water gourd, 198x, 204

musical example, 136Water whistle, 250-52Waveforms, electronic, 372

clipper, 377computer-generated, 379

Wawamute, 83Wawa pedal, 386

INDEX

Weill, KurtDreigroschenoper, 345

Whip. See SlapstickWhispa mute, 83Whistle register (vocal), 106x,

108-9notation, 110

Whistles, 250-52bird. See Whistles, watermusical examples, 136, 139pea. See Whistles, referee'spolice. See Whistles, referee's;

Whistles, signalreferee's, 250-52signal, 250-52slide, 250x, 252water, 250-52

Whistle tones (flute), 30Whistling, 115-17White-noise generator, 373Wiggle bar, 340Windchimes, 172, 179-82

acoustics, 121made of triangles, 191musical examples, 137-39

Wind machine, 249-51musical example, 136

Wire brush, 132x, 133Wobble-board, 222Wolff, Christian, 284Wood (sordunes), 424-25Woodblocks, 204-5

musical examples, 136-39See also Softwood planks

Wood chimes. See WindchimesWood drums. See Mokugyos;

Slit drums; Wood platedrums

Wooden fish. See MokugyosWood plate drums, 197-99Woodwinds, 8, 13-24

acoustics, 13-16, 18articulation, 22-23bore, 14-16double-tonguing, 22doubling, 19-20early, 395-96, 403, 425 fingering, 16-19, 389fluttertongue, 22-23humming into, 23keys, 16-17large groups, 62multiphonics, 20-22page position, 1-2

quarter-tones, 19reeds, 14, 15x, 16registers, 18, 20slap-tongue, 23special timbres, 20-22synthesizer. See Lyricontransposing, 19

XXenakis, Iannis

Akrata, 61Xylophone, 238-44

bowing, 244musical examples, 137-39as organ stop, 298sticks, 130xstudent range, 481

Xylorimba, 240-41musical example, 137

ZZappa, Frank

Uncle Meat, 386Zither family, 315, 447