In the name of God
Multilingualism
By Iman Kadkhodaei
Introduction
Origin
Causes
Individual vs. societal
Language choice
Language shift and death
Multilingualism in modern
world
Introduction :
Definition:
The ability of an individual speaker or community of speakers to use
multiple languages .
A person being able to speak multiple
languages is called multilingual or polyglot .
Around 5000 to 7000 live languages and just 200 nations
Being a normal necessity for world population
Grosjean: half the world population are bilingual
One society - two languages - not having the same function
Origin :
Curse of Babel (Babylon) :
4000 years ago in Mesopotamia- after the global flood- God told people to spread out and populate the earth, they united and built The Tower of Babel. God decided to punish them by confusing their languages.In the upper room people came together to pray, God decided to reverse the curse and gave them the gift of tongue, since then, they could understand each others.
Causes of Multilingualism
1. War2. Trade3. Religion4. Globalization5. Education6. Tourism7. Media8. Migration
Individual vs. Societal multilingualism
Individual:A psychological state of an individual who has access to two language codes to serve communicative purposes
Societal:A society that has two or more than two official languages.
Examples : 1. Canada with two official languages; French
& English 2. Switzerland with four official
languages; German, French, Italian and Romansch
Language Choice
Definition : It is considered as an act of choosing one language by an individual in multilingual communities
Not arbitrary Example: Hyderabad; Telegu at home
Sanskrit at the temple
English at the university Urdu in business
Other aspects of language choice
Domain of Use
Diglossia
Code-switching
Domain of Use
is an abstraction which refers to a sphere of activity representing a combination of specific time, settings and role relationship
Existence of FIVE domains
1. Family2. Friendship3. Religion4. Employment5. Education
According to different domains you try to choose different
languagesCongruent domains = Consistent use of languages Example: new York, Spanish & English
Diglossia
Definition: A situation in which each language or variety in a multilingual community serves a special function and is used for particular purposesTwo varieties of the same language: 1. HIGH 2. LOWExample: Egypt; local Arabic (L) & standard form (H)Different languages as different varieties : 1.
HIGH
2. LOWExample: Paraguay; Spanish (H) Guarani (L)
Differences of HIGH and LOW varieties
1.Grammar2.Phonology3.Vocabulary
Other factors :
1.Function2.Prestige3.Literary heritage4.Acquisition5.Standardization6.Stability
Further examples of high and low function :
Religious service
H
University lectures
H
Conversation with family
L
New broadcast
H
Instruction to servants
L
Code switching
The practice of moving back and forth between two languages or between two dialects or registers of the same language
Example:
1. Conversation between people in new York Spanish & English 2. Conversation between people in Ahwaz Arabic & Farsi
Types of Code-
switching
Inter-sententia
l
Intra-sentential
Inter-sentential:
Por eso cada, you know it’s nothing to be proud of, porque yo no estoy, as a matter of fact I hate it, pero viene Vierne y Sabado yo estoy… Intra-sentential: (code-mixing)
This morning I hantar my baby tu dekat babysitter tu lah.“This morning I took my baby to the babysitter.”
Causes of code-switching
1. Hide fluency or memory problem in second language
2. From informal to formal
3. Exert control (parent & children)
4. To show a member of a specific
group
5. To show specific identity
Language shift and language death
Language death :
It is common when a monolingual becomes bilingual as a result of contact with another usually socially more powerful group and it’s become transitionally bilingual in the new language until their own language is given up altogether
Language shift :
It is common when a person because of some reasons has to change his language to the language of a society for better or effective communication
Types of an individual exposure to the new language:
Immersion
Submersion
Immersion: (positive)
When you expose to another language in a different context and you try to add that new language to your ability.
Submersion : (negative)
When you are in different context and a result your native language is ignored and have to sink in a completely different environment.
Causes of language (shift and death)
1. Forced or voluntary immigration
2. Religious and educational background
3. Homeland
4. Attitudes of majority and minority
5. Extend of exogamous marriage
6. Government policies (language &
education)
Multilingualism in the modern world
Increasing in bilingualism in metropolitan language, particularly English and minor languages are dying out as a result
Increasing linguistic and cultural diversity in parts of Europe and the USA through new waves of immigration
Thank you