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Imperialism
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Imperialism Stronger nations take over weaker
nations The US will expand its borders=Manifest
Destiny New markets for trade Raw materials Need for military bases
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Desire for Military Strength Admiral Alfred
Mahan The Influence of Sea
Power Upon History Build up a strong
navy to compete with strong countries
The Great White Fleet
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Taking New Lands William Seward,
Secretary of State Purchased Alaska
from Russia in 1867 Called “Seward’s
Icebox” Alaska provided oil,
timber Becomes a state in
1959
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US takes Hawaii Hawaii was a stopping point for American
shippers heading to China for trade Hawaii had sugar plantations, and sold
mostly to the US-many owned by Americans
1875- the US agreed to import Hawaiian sugar tax free
Hawaiian sugar production increased drastically
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US Takes Hawaii part 3 In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani rises to power She changes Hawaiian constitution to allow
all citizens to vote (not just land owners-who where mostly American)
This angered the Americans on the island and they organized a revolution against the Queen
The queen was overthrown and the people of Hawaii requested the assistance of the US
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US takes Hawaii continued McKinley Tariff of 1890 raised tariffs on
Hawaiian sugar Hawaiian sugar planters now faced real
competition In the mean time, the US pressured the
Hawaiian government to allow us a military base at Pearl Harbor
Due to financial instability, the people of Hawaii begged for American assistance
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US takes Hawaii part 4 Sanford Dole established a government
in Hawaii (similar to that in the US) Hawaii becomes an American territory in
1898 Hawaii becomes a state in 1959
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Section 2
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Cubans Rebel Against Spain Spain controlled the Philippines, Guam,
Cuba, Puerto Rico The US was interested in purchasing
Cuba, but the Spanish refused to sell A Cuban rebel named Jose Marti was
tired of Spanish rule and led a revolution Americans began to support this
rebellion in hopes of gaining territory
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Spain sent Valeriano Weyler to Cuba in hopes of ending the rebellion
He imprisioned Cubans into concentration camps to keep them from fighting
American journalists heard about this and published articles in support of the Cubans
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Yellow Journalism and the rebellion Yellow Journalism was created
(exaggerated news to enrage readers) William Randolph Hearst and Joseph
Pulitzer competed for stories in their papers
These stories encouraged Americans to join in the Cuban rebel cause
“You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war” Hearst
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The De Lome Letter Enrique De Lome, Spanish minister to
the US, wrote a letter that was published in the NY Journal
It insulted President McKinley for not taking military action to aid Cuba
Americans were insulted by the Spanish for this man’s behavior
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The USS Maine sinks McKinley ordered for the
USS Maine to go to Cuba and bring home any American citizens who were there
On February 15, 1898, the Maine exploded in the Havana harbor
260 men killed As a result of this,
Americans will urge Congress to declare war
“Remember the Maine”
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The Spanish-American War McKinley asked Congress to declare war on
Spain (April 1898) George Dewey leads Americans to victory in
the Philippines (Manila Bay) Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo will fight with
American forces to overthrow Spanish rule William Sampson will lead Americans to
victory in the Caribbean Both regions prove US Naval strength
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The War in Cuba Troops not well prepared and were not
properly dressed (wore wool uniforms) Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt led a
volunteer Calvary unit called the Rough Riders
Defeated Spanish at Santiago (near Kettle Hill) and moved on to San Juan Hill
These victories allowed the US to lead infantry attacks, leading to Spanish surrender
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Treaty of Paris Signed by the US and Spain Spain freed Cuba Guam and Puerto Rico given to the US Spain sold the Philippines to the US for
$20 million
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Section 3
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US Rule in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico was under military rule
during the Spanish-American War Congress then passed the Foraker Act to
end military rule and established a civil government
Puerto Ricans were later granted citizenship and elect their own legislature
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Cuba and the US The US recognized the independence of
Cuba, yet American troops occupied Cuba after the war
Cuba writes a constitution declaring their independence but doesn’t recognize a relationship with the US
The US urged them to accept the Platt Amendment
US wouldn’t withdraw troops until Platt Amendment was accepted
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Platt Amendment US can intervene in Cuban affairs Cuba cannot make treaties that would
allow another nation to control them Cuba cannot go into debt that it cannot
pay US can buy/lease land in Cuba for
military bases (Guantanamo Bay) Cuba becomes an American protectorate
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Filipinos Rebel Emilio Aguinaldo, Philippine rebel,
wanted independence from US American troops had imprisoned Filipinos
into unsanitary camps (starvation and disease killed many)
Aguinaldo leads a revolt against American troops
US forces will put down rebellion after 3 years of fighting
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US sets up government similar to the one in Puerto Rico
William Taft was appointed as Governor, he worked to rebuild the region and advance it with education and religion
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Foreign Influence in China China would provide the US with new
markets Secretary of State John Hay wrote the
Open Door Policy requesting that all countries should share trade rights with the US
This allowed the US to trade freely with China
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The Boxer Rebellion While China was an independent country,
many Europeans filled the large cities Many Chinese wanted to rid the country of
“foreign devils” A secret group called the Boxers led a
rebellion against foreigners, missionaries, and Chinese who converted to Christianity
Troops from several countries (including US) joined together to put an end to this rebellion
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Opposition to Expansion While the US is expanding its territories,
not everyone approves The Anti-Imperialist League formed
stating it was wrong for the US to claim and rule lands without the people’s consent
Jane Addams, Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, Pres. Cleveland
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Section 4
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Teddy Roosevelt and the World Peacemaker: TR will negotiate the end
of the Russo-Japanese War. He wins a Nobel Peace Prize
Panama Canal: we needed a canal across Central American to better trade. TR purchased the canal for $10 million plus annual rent of $250,000
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Roosevelt Corollary Latin American nations borrowed millions
from European banks TR worried that if they didn’t repay loans,
that war could break out in the Western Hemisphere
TR reminded Europe about the Monroe Doctrine (Europe must stay out of Latin American affairs)
He added that the US would be the police force of Latin America
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Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy The US had the moral obligation to deny
recognition to any Latin American government that we viewed oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile
Wilson will pressure countries to establish democracies
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Mexican Revolution Mexico had been under military rule, yet
they were friendly with the US The dictator, Diaz, was overthrown by
Francisco Madero (who led peasants and workers). Sadly, Madero was murdered by General Victoriano Huerta who established an unfair government in Mexico
The US will intervene with troops and eventually Huerta will fall
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Victor Carranza rises to power and established a government that would be recognized by the US
However, rebels under the command of Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata will try and defeat Carranza and his government
The US would not aid the rebels, the rebels attacked a US city
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American forces led by John J. Pershing will search for Villa and his men
Carranza demanded the US troops to withdraw, Wilson refused
Both sides will come to a cease-fire a year later
Wilson must prepare for war in Europe while Carranza will rule oppressively for 3 more years
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