IllusionA false representation of the environment
Perception
•Selection
•Organization
•Interpretation
Perception
Illusory Contours
Perceived edges that do not physically exist
Visual system fills in the gaps
Inspired Gestalt School:
•Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)•Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967)•Kurt Koffka (1886-1941)
•Gestalt Grouping Rules
Perception: Selection
Selective attention“Cocktail party effect”The process whereby the brain sorts out, and only attends to, the important messages from the senses.
Feature detectorsSpecialized cells in the brain that respond only to certain sensory information. Based on experience.
HabituationThe tendency of the brain to ignore environmental factors that remain constant.
Perception: Organization
•Form
•Constancy
•Color
•Depth
Organization: Form
Gestalt
ability to perceive the whole stimulus rather than perceiving its discrete part as separate entities
good continuation
Organization: Form
Figure and Ground
see a main object relative to ground
Organization: Form
Proximity
items near each other are grouped together
Organization: Form
Continuity
perceive smooth as continuous patterns
Organization: Form
Closure
fill in the gaps
Organization: Form
Similarity
image chunks that are similar to each other will be grouped together
Violations of Perceptual Organization by Form: Ambiguous Figure
Violations of Perceptual Organization by Form: Ambiguous Figure
Violations of Perceptual Organization by Form: Impossible Figure
Violations of Perceptual Organization by Form: Impossible Figure
Violations of Perceptual Organization by Form: Impossible Figure
Organization by ConstancyPerceptual Constancy:
the tendency for the environment to be perceived as remaining the same even with changes in sensory input
Size
Shape
Color
Brightness
Organization by Color
Trichromatic Theory:color perception results from mixing three distinct color systems - red, green, and blue
Opponent-Process Theory:color perception is based on three systems of color opposites - blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white
Organization by Depth
Depth Perception:the ability to see three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are in two dimensions
Binocular Cues
Monocular Cues
Depth Perception
Binocular Cues: Retinal Disparity
Binocular Cues: Retinal Disparity
Monocular Cue:
Relative Size
assuming same size can discriminate distance
Monocular Cue:
Interposition
blocked objects will appear closer
Monocular Cue:
Relative Clarity
hazy objects are perceived to be further away
Monocular Cue:
Texture Gradient
coarse objects are perceived as being closer
Monocular Cue:
Relative Height
higher objects are perceived to be farther away
Monocular Cue:
Relative Motion
nearer things are perceived to move faster
Monocular Cue:
Linear Perspectives
more line convergence gives the perception of greater distance
Monocular Cue:Relative Brightness
dimmer is perceived to be farther away
Perception: Interpretation
Perceptual Adaptation we adapt to changes in perceptions
Perceptual Setprevious experiences affect our perceptions
Individual Motivationpersonal interests affect our perceptions
Frame of Referenceperceptions change as context changes
Object Recognition• Naïve Template Theory
– Visual object would have to match existing template to be perceived
• Structural Description Theories– Visual object is recognized by its specific parts and the relationships
between its parts.
• Multiple Recognition Committees– Visual objects are recognized by multiple means simultaneously
• Grandmother Cell Theory– Single cells are responsible for recognizing specific objects
Naïve Template Theory
Structural Description Theories
Multiple Recognition Committees
Grandmother Cell Theory
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