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1414Illicit Drugs:Illicit Drugs:
Use, Misuse, and Use, Misuse, and AbuseAbuse
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Objectives
• Discuss the six categories of drugs, and explain their routes of administration.
• Discuss patterns of illicit drug use, including who uses them, and why.
• Discuss the use and abuse of controlled substances.
• Profile illegal drug use in the United States, including frequency, financial impact, arrests for drug offenses, and impact on the workplace.
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Drug Dynamics
• Drugs work by physically resembling chemicals produced naturally in the body
• Receptor site theory – drugs bind to specific receptor sites in the body
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Type of Drugs
• Prescription
• Over-the-counter (OTC)
• Recreational
• Herbal
• Illicit
• Commercial
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Routes of Administration of Drugs
• Oral ingestion
• Injection:
• Intravenous
• Intramuscular
• Subcutaneous
• Inhalation
• Inunction
• Suppositories
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Figure 14.1 How the Body Metabolizes Drugs
Figure 14.1
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Using, Misusing, and Abusing Drugs
• Drug misuse – the use of a drug for a purpose for which it is not intended
• Drug abuse – excessive use of drugs
• Addiction – the habitual reliance on a substance or behavior to produce a desired mood
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Table 14.2 Selected Drugs and Risk of Dependence
Table 14.2
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Illicit Drugs
• Illicit drugs – drugs that are illegal to possess, produce, or sell
• Estimated that 9.4% of full-time employees in the United States is under the influence of illicit substances or alcohol
• 2003 – estimated 19.2 million Americans were illicit drug users
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Who Uses Illicit Drugs?
• 2003 – 52% of college students had tried any drug
• 30.7% of college students have tried marijuana vs. 9% of all Americans
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Table 14.1 Prevalence of Use for Various Types of Drugs, 2002
Table 14.1
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Controlled Substances
• Controlled Substances Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-513) – created categories for both prescription and illegal substances
• Schedule I drugs – highest potential for abuse, with no medicinal purpose
• Schedule II, III, IV, and V – have known and accepted medical purposes, but many present a serious threat to health when misused or abused
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Table 14.3 How Drugs Are Scheduled
Table 14.3
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Stimulants
• Cocaine:
• Methods of cocaine use:
• “Snorting”
• Smoking (freebasing)
• Injection
• Physical effects:
• Euphoric
• Increased heart rate and blood pressure
• Loss of appetite
• Convulsions
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Figure 14.3 Ups and Downs of a Typical Dose of Cocaine
Figure 14.3
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Stimulants (continued)
• Amphetamines:
• Sold under a variety of names: bennies, dex, meth, speed, cross tops, uppers
• Methamphetamine – powerfully addicting, easily made using over-the-counter drugs
• Ice – a potent methamphetamine, usually imported from Asia that is purer and more crystalline than U.S. version
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Marijuana
• Physical effects – dilation of blood vessels in the eyes, dry mouth, increased appetite, lowered blood pressure, mild muscular weakness
• Users may experience severe anxiety, panic, paranoia, and psychosis
• Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) – psychoactive substance in marijuana
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Opiates
• Also called narcotics
• Derived from opium, the dark, resinous substance made from the juice of the opium poppy
• Powerful depressant of the central nervous system
• Derivatives include morphine, codeine
• Synthetic opiates: Percodan, Demerol, and Dilaudid
• Oxycontin, another powerful opiate
• Heroin – highly addictive
• Endorphins are manufactured in the body and have many receptor sites
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Treatment for Heroin Addiction
• Most heroin addiction programs are not very successful
• Distinct pattern of withdrawal:
• Crave another dose 4–6 hours after initial dose
• 12 hours after initial dose – sleep disturbance, irritability, muscle tremors
• 24–72 hours – nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea
• Methadone – synthetic narcotic that blocks the effects of opiate withdrawal
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Hallucinogens
• Psychedelics – mind manifesting
• Reticular formation – located in the brain stem; when hallucinogen reaches this site “messages” become scrambled
• Synesthesia – sensory messages are mixed (smell colors, or hear tastes)
• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
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Figure 14.4 The Reticular Formation
Figure 14.4
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Hallucinogens
• Mescaline – derived from peyote cactus
• Psilocybin – derived from a group of mushrooms
• Phencyclidine (PCP) – synthetic substance originally developed as a “dissociative anesthetic”
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Designer Drugs
• Collectively known as club drugs:
• Ecstasy
• GHB
• Special K
• Rohypnol
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Inhalants
• Chemicals which produce vapors capable of causing hallucinations and create intoxicating and euphoric effects
• Some agents are organic solvent by-products of the distillation of petroleum products:
• Rubber cement, model glue, paint thinner, lighter fluid, varnish, wax, and gasoline
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Steroids
• Anabolic steroids – artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone
• Ergogenic drugs – substance that enhances athletic performance
• Two forms:• Injectable solutions
• Pills
• Variety of adverse effects: mood swings, acne, liver tumors, elevated cholesterol levels, hypertension, kidney disease
• Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990 – Schedule III drug
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Illegal Drug Use in the United States
• Costs of illegal drug use in the U.S. is $160 billion
• Estimate includes costs associated with substance abuse treatment and prevention, health care, reduced job productivity and lost earnings, and social consequences such as crime and welfare
• Roughly half of the expenditures goes toward combating crime related to illegal drugs
• Drugs in the workplace – highest rates of illicit drug use by industry: construction, food preparation, restaurant, transportation, and material-moving industries
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Solutions to the Problem
• Educating young people
• Stricter border surveillance
• Longer prison sentences
• Increased government spending on prevention
• Enforcing anti-drug laws
• More research
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