Università degli studi di PerugiaDipartimento di Ingegneria
IEEE Internet of Things (IoT) Vertical and Topical Summit @RWW2021
Recent Advances and Future Directions in Industrial IoT
Paolo [email protected]
16/01/2021 1/28
IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) VERTICAL AND TOPICAL SUMMIT
IoT
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Present Challenges
Connectivity Sensing
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The additional challenges of tomorrow
Manufacturing processcompatibility
Recyclability
Autonomy
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Synergetic approach
• Reduced complexity
• Application oriented• Alternative sources
(RF, solar…)
• Low-power circuits
• Low-cost
• Fast
• High resolution
• Less Polluting
• Flexible
MaterialsManufacturing
Methods
System Architecture
Autonomous
Power Supply
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IoT, CPS,IIoT, and Industry 4.0
IoT IIoT CPS
Ind
ust
ry 4
.0IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) VERTICAL AND TOPICAL SUMMIT16/01/2021 6/28
E. Sisinni et al., «Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions», IEEE transaction on Industrial Informatics, vol.14 n.11, Nov. 2018
IoT Vs IIoT
Consumer IoT Industrial IoT
Impact Revolution Evolution
Service Model Human-centered Machine-oriented
Current Status New devices and standards Existing devices and standards
Connectivity Ad-Hoc (infrastructure is not tolerated; nodes can be mobile)
Structured (nodes are fixed; centralized network management)
Criticality Non stringent (excluding medical applications)
Mission critical (timing, reliability, security, privacy)
Data Volume Medium to High High to Very High
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IIoT Connectivity
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Standardization of IIoT
• The standardization process has to face several challenges
• Currently, there is a plethora of competing standardization bodies and consortia initiatives at every layer of the IIoT
• The actual fragmentation is effectively highlighted by the ETSI technical report ETSI TR 103375
• Focusing on industrial applications, the most significant and important efforts are those carried out by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
• It is worth noting that, regarding the connectivity issues, IEC62541 is the only standard originated in the industrial vertical context
• Standardization activities for 5G targeting IIoT and critical communication is ongoing in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and falls under the umbrella of Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) with the aim of providing 1 ms latency
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IIoT Opportunities and Challenges
• Energy Efficiency
• Real-Time performance
• Coexistence and Interoperability
• Security and Privacy
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Examples of custom IIoT Sensors
• Leaf-Compatible Autonomous RFID-based Wireless TemperatureSensor for Precision Agriculture
• Dual-Frequency RFID Tag for supply chain traceability
• Harmonic-based Crack-Sensor
• Dual Polarization Harmonic Tag
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Leaf-Compatible Autonomous RFID-based Wireless TemperatureSensor for Precision Agriculture
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Leaf-Compatible Autonomous RFID-based Wireless TemperatureSensor for Precision Agriculture
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Leaf-Compatible Autonomous RFID-based Wireless TemperatureSensor for Precision Agriculture
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Leaf-Compatible Autonomous RFID-based Wireless TemperatureSensor for Precision Agriculture
Pumpkin plants divided into two groups:
▪Plants under drought stress (Tleaf-Tair=-0.33°C)
▪Plants on the verge of requiring new irrigation (Tleaf-Tair=-1.25°C)
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Dual-Frequency RFID Tag for supply chain traceability
• Dual-frequency RFID Transponder :
o 13.56 MHz (NFC)
o 866 MHz (EPC Gen2)
• Identified single chip with two ports:EM4423 model of the EMMicroelectronic
• Tag integrated into the garment
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Dual-Frequency RFID Tag for supply chain traceability
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Dual-Frequency RFID Tag for supply chain traceability
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Harmonic-based Crack-Sensor
Crack sensors for:
Structural health monitoring
Electronic sealing
Supply chain monitoring
Crack sensor
𝑃𝑅𝑋 =1
4
𝑃𝑇𝑋𝐺1𝑟𝐺1
𝑡𝐺2𝑡𝐺2
𝑟
𝐶𝑙𝑥
𝜆04𝜋𝑑
4
where 𝑥 = 𝑖 in intact condition
𝑥 = 𝑐 in cracked condition
2
/4 @ f0
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑠𝑓0
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑2𝑓0
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V. Palazzi, F. Alimenti, P. Mezzanotte, G. Orecchini, L. Roselli, “Zero-power, long-range, ultra low-cost harmonic wireless sensors for massively distributed monitoring of cracked walls”, 2017 IEEE MTT-SInternational Microwave Symposium (IMS), 4-9 June 2017, pp.1-4.
Harmonic-based Crack-SensorIntact tag
Cracked tag
• f0=2.45 GHz (ISM band)• weight: 3 grams
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Harmonic-based Crack-Sensor
• PT=25 dBm EIRP• Band-stop filter to suppress self-generated
2nd harmonic• G2,reader=14 dBi• Receiver sensitivity=-100 dBm• Tag in air• Tag-to-reader distance from 0.5 to 6 m
RX
TX and filter
Tag
Maximum read range (green) determined by receiversensitivity
Minimum read range (orange) determined by the leakage of the second harmonic
PT should be varied on the basis of the expected tag distance
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Dual Polarization Harmonic Tag
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✔f 0: received by an antenna insensitive to rotation
✔2 f 0: generated by a diode circuit and divided in two parts.
✔E h: directly re-transmitted in vertical polarization
✔E x: re-transmitted in horizontal polarization after a phase shifting
✔Phase shifting: determined by the sensor (contains information)
✔The two transmitted signals at 2 f 0 acts one as the reference for the other !
After F. Alimenti, L. Roselli, European Patent EP2660755, April 2013
Dual Polarization Harmonic Tag
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frequencydoubler
phaseshifter
powerdivider
voltagecontrol
dual polarizationoutput antennas
f 0
2 f 0
circular polarizationinput antenna
2 f 0 95 mm
95 mm
Eh
Ex
✔Physical demonstrator @ f 0 = 1.04 GHz
✔Voltage-controlled reflection type phase shifter (varactor diodes) ...
After F. Alimenti, L. Roselli, in Progress in Electromagnetic Research Journal, 2013
IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) VERTICAL AND TOPICAL SUMMIT
Dual Polarization Harmonic Tag
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RF generatorf 0 = 1.04 GHz
TXantenna
RXantennas
TAG
Spectrum Analyzer2 f 0 = 2.08 GHz
Varactorcontrol voltage
H-polE x
V-polE y
✔The phase D f “programmed” at TAG level can be retrievedmeasuring E x (H-pol.) and E y (V-pol.) with a Spectrum Analyzer ...
✔Polarization separation: > 30 dB @ 20 cm
Dual Polarization Harmonic Tag
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Scatter plot of experiments with P TX = 0 dBm
(deg.)
@ TAGrelated to thephase shifter
control voltage@ READER
retrieved byE x /E y meas.
Conclusions
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• We have provided an overview of the IIoT
• The main opportunities and Challenges have been addressed
• Several examples of low-cost, low power, eco-friendly sensors for IIoT applications have been proposed
The current HFE-Lab Team
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Prof. Luca Roselli Prof. Paolo Mezzanotte Prof. Federico Alimenti Eng. Valentina Palazzi(Assistant Professor)
Prof. Stefania Bonafoni Eng. Giordano Cicioni(PhD Student)
Eng. Guendalina Simoncini(PhD Student)
Eng. Raffaele Salvati(PhD Student)
References
• E. Sisinni et al., «Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions», IEEE transaction on Industrial Informatics, vol.14 n.11, Nov. 2018
• V. Palazzi, «Analysis of a multi-node system for crack monitoring based on zero-power wireless harmonic transponders on paper», IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), pp. 92-95, 2018
• V. Palazzi, «Leaf-Compatible Autonomous RFID-based Wireless TemperatureSensor for Precision Agriculture», IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), pp. 1-4, 2019
• F. Alimenti and al., «Theory of Zero-Power RFID Sensors Based on Harmonic Generation and Orthogonally Polarized Antennas», Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 134, 337-357, 2013.
• P. Mezzanotte and al., « Innovative RFID Sensors for Internet of Things Applications », IEEE Journal of Microwaves, vol.1 n.1, 2021.
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