IAFS 1000 Sudanese Civil War and the Conflict in Darfur
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Sudan at a Glance Was 10 th largest state, largest in Africa
Red Sea coastline, Sahara desert, tropical south Confluence of Blue
Nile and White Nile Capital: Khartoum
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Sudanese Population Population: 41 million Concentrated in
Khartoum, Darfur, South Density: 42/sq. mile Urbanization: 43%
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The Distant Past Sudan was once home to Nubia, a great empire
of black Africans that rivaled the Egyptians. Nubia collapsed long
ago and black Africans were pushed south by Arabs. Important to
Southern claims to Sudan.
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Land of Islam Islam spread to the area of northern Sudan in the
seventh century. North Sudanese adopted Islam and reorganized
politics around Islam Proximate to Egypt, close relations with
Middle East
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Land of Islam Khartoum became an important trading hub Slave
traders were based in the north and went south on raids Ottomans
conquered the area in 1820s
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Land of War Muslim jihadists failed to spread Islam to the
south. South Sudan called Land of War. South raided for slaves, but
avoided occupation
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Mahdi and Northern Nationalism The Mahdi led a resistance
against the Ottomans in the late 19 th century. Used Islamic
propaganda to unify Sudan
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British Reconquest Britain helped Egypt defeat the Mahdiyah to
return Sudan to Egyptian rule. Colonial institutions established in
the north. Rule through local leaders and Christian missionaries in
the south.
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The Sudanese Civil War(s) Independence 1954: Britain and Egypt
sign accord that states a united Sudan will become independent in
1956. 1955: Anticipating independence, southern military leaders
mutiny, initiate conflict against north. 1956: Sudan becomes a
sovereign state, and joins Arab League same month.
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Rebel Leadership and In-Group Policing Many peace accords
failed because the rebels had no authentic leader. No leader could
maintain any peace agreement. It was not until 1969 that Joseph
Lagu was accepted as the authentic leader of the south.
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The First Sudanese Civil War 1955 1969: Early Northern leaders
pursued peace via Sudanization (Islamization). 1969: Military coup
led by Nimeiri, who pursues socialism rather than Islamization
1972: Nimeiri offers South regional autonomy, allies with the West
and Egypt. 500,000 killed (1955 1972).
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Inter-War Years (1972 1983) 1970s: Nimeiri survives multiple
attempted coups, enjoys support of southern leaders. 1978: Chevron
discovers oil in the south.
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Return to War The North responds to discovery of oil by
withdrawing autonomy granted to South and taking control of the oil
fields. Nimeiris most important ally, Egyptian leader Sadat dies
(1981). The regime weakens, Libya aids a coup that ousts Nimeiri in
1985.
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There Will Be Blood Oil fields (gray boxes) concentrated in
South. Oil separated from north by Nuba Mountains.
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Short-Lived Democracy Following the coup, an election brings
al-Mahdi (grandson of Mahdi) to power. No votes cast in the south.
1989: al-Bashir takes power in coup
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The SPLA The SPLA was formed by a group of military officers
led by John Garang. Educated in Iowa, personal friend of Ugandan
President Museveni. Child Soldiers
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1990s The SPLA held the south and international support for
SPLA grew to include the United States. Osama bin Laden and al
Qaeda relocate to Sudan in 1991. Sudan began exporting oil in
1999.
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Comprehensive Peace Agreement The CPA (2005)Causes of concern
Created democracy with elections every five years Grants
power-sharing al-Bashir made President Garang made Vice President
50/50 revenue-sharing South would vote to secede or remain in Sudan
in 2010/11. Islamic law discontinued in South. Garang dies in
helicopter crash two weeks after he is made VP. War in Darfur
complicates peace with South. Leaders have reneged on southern
autonomy in the past. SPLA allowed to maintain army until 2011
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The War in Darfur Darfur is the western region of Sudan. Dry
with arable land Extremely isolated
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LAND OF THE FUR
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DIVERSITY AND SALIENCE IN DARFUR The people of Darfur, both
Arab and non-Arab, are predominantly Muslim. The most important
difference between Arabs and non-Arabs in Darfur: Arabs:
Predominantly nomadic, use arable land for grazing Non-Arabs:
Predominantly farmers, live permanently on arable land.
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HISTORY OF DARFUR Independent Darfur Sultanate until Egyptian
invasion in 1870s. Multi-ethnic feudal state. Major power in
Sahara, dominated trade Joined Mahdi movement against Egypt in
1880s.
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ANGLO-EGYPTIAN RULE After the Mahdi regime was defeated by the
British and Egyptians (1890s), the British decided Darfur was too
isolated to be part of Sudan. The British decided to include Darfur
in Sudan in 1916. Like South Sudan, Darfur was ruled locally.
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DARFUR AND INDEPENDENT SUDAN Darfur was a strong region for the
Mahdi party that favored isolationism and Islamist rule. Darfur
distrusted Egypt and the Arabs running the country in Khartoum.
Impartial in South Sudanese civil war. Leaders from Darfur disliked
both sides.
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DARFUR AND NIMEIRI Nimeiri came to power in 1969, turned away
from Islamization Darfur offered cross border sanctuary for
Islamists in Chad. Qaddafi supported an Islamist movement against
Nimeiri in Darfur.
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FAMINE AND FAILURE FamineRegime Failure Famine, desertification
increase tension between Arab herders and non-Arab farmers.
Janjaweed form, attack farmers to claim land for herders al-Bashir,
an Islamist, comes to power in 1989. As government support for
janjaweed increases, rebel groups form to defend farmers.
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JEM & SLM Justice and Equality Movement Sudan Liberation
Movement Created by non-Arab Islamists purged from al- Bashirs
regime. Founded by author of Black Book, which used government
statistics to show relative deprivation. Created by local Zaghawa
and Fur leaders in Darfur. Divided into three major factions along
ethnic lines.
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The War Begins (2003) JEM/SLA attack government Government
responds by giving janjaweed weapons, air support. 300K to 500k
killed, most Darfuri civilians 2.7 million refugees; 1/3 of
Darfuris displaced
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INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE China continues to support the
al-Bashir regime with investment, arms trades, and support in the
UN Security Council. Genocide Bush Administration al-Bashir charged
with war crimes by ICC in 2009.
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Countdown to Independence for South Sudan The worlds newest
nation July 2009 Both parties agree to allow The Hague to determine
border demarcation. April 2010 First elections since CPA, Garangs
death January 2011 The South votes to secede from Sudan Oil now
accounts for 70% of Sudans export revenue Infrastructure remains
undeveloped away from Khartoum, Port Sudan
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Independent South Sudan 2011 98.85 of citizens approved
independence by referendum Salva Kiir Mayardit, a Dinka, the first
President of South Sudan.
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Civil WarAgain 2014 Vice President and now opposition Leader,
Dr. Riek Machar, a Nuer
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Lenses for Understanding these Conflicts The Resource Curse
Used by Political Scientists, Economists, and Geographers minerals
and fuels less economic growth and worse development outcomes What
the ? Decline in the competitiveness of other sectors Volatility
associated with market swings Government mismanagement of resources
Weak/unstable political/economic institutions
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Public Goods Distribution Used by Political Scientists and
Economists
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Exporting Colonial Institutions Used by Political Scientists,
Geographers and Economists Should I stay or should I go? Colonizers
werent fans of malaria Exoticism of culture Colonial Legacy
Extractive institutions Integrated institutions
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Social Psychology Theories Intergroup Contact Theory Casual,
impersonal contacts encourage hostile stereotyping Prolonged,
personal contacts lessen discrimination Social Identity Theory
Ingroup outgroup comparisons Positive social distinctiveness for
ingroup