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bh Isdfhb{fw bih.Oill}hbw bm & Hfw bih
GBPMS_BWR
ttt(Gbpmsbwr,Ki}shfn(oil
KI]SHFNW E M B H W M S H F W B I H F N
i`
Pin}lm 61. H}lcms =
Ercsbgb{bhd Ebq,eiq bh Gbfqisf; Ri}hd Csbwbe_i}we Fbfh Lmh Hmdiwbfwbhd Cnfoj,bh`nmowmg
Bgmhwbwbm
Gfpbg Gsbmn
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WEM BHWMSHFWBIHFN KI]SHFN I@ GBPMS_BWR BH ISDFHB_FWBIH_.OILL]HBWBM_ FHG HFWBIH_ewwq;))ttt(Gbpmsbwr,Ki}shfn(oil
@bsw q}cnbemg bh 3166 bh Oeflqfbdh. Bnnbhib. ]_F cr Oillih Dsi}hg Q}cnbebhd NNOttt(OillihDsi}hgQ}cnbebhd(oil(
3166 %bhgbpbg}fn qfqms". wem f}weis%" 3166 %mnmowbih fhg mgbwisbfn lfwwms" Oillih Dsi}hg
F}weis fsm smqihbcnm is wem foo}sfor i` obwfwbih. v}iwfwbih. gbfdsfl. wfcnm fhglfq(
Fnn sbdew smmspmg( Fqfsw sil fbs }m is wem q}sqim i` w}gr. smmfsoe. osbwbobl issmpbmt f qmslbwwmg }hgms wem Oiqrsbdew Fow %F}wsfnbf". hi qfsw i` web tisj lfr cmsmqsig}omg tbwei}w tsbwwmh qmslbbih sil wem q}cnbems( @is qmslbbih fhg iwemsbhv}bsbm. qnmfm oihwfow>od,}qqiswAoillihdsi}hgq}cnbebhd(oil8(
B__H; 6774,2=?3Q}cnbems _bwm; ewwq;))ttt(Gbpmsbwr,Ki}shfn(oil
WEM BHWMSHFWBIHFN KI]SHFN I@ GBPMS_BWR BH ISDFHB_FWBIH_.OILL]HBWBM_ FHG HFWBIH_ b qmms,smpbmtmg. }qqiswmg cr sbdisi} qsiomm i`osbwmsbih,sm`msmhomg fswbonm sfhjbhd fhg v}fnbwfwbpm oillmhwfsr. mh}sbhd wefw ihnrbhwmnnmow}fn tisj i` wem dsmfwmw }cwfhom fhg ebdemw bdhb`bofhom b q}cnbemg(
Wrqmmw bh Oillih Dsi}hg Lfsj}q Nfhd}fdm }bhd ODOsmfwis l}nwboefhhmnwrqmmwwbhd rwmlewwq;))ttt(oillihdsi}hgq}cnbebhd(oil)i`wtfsm)
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Ercsbgb{bhd Ebq,eiq bh Gbfqisf; Ri}hd Csbwbe _i}we
Fbfh Lmh Hmdiwbfwbhd Cnfoj,bh`nmowmg Bgmhwbwbm
Gfpbg Gsbmn. Bitf Omhwsfn Oill}hbwr Oinnmdm. BF. ]_F
Fcwsfow; Web qfqms wemisb{m wefw ebq,eiq ef cmoilm f jmr `fowis bh wem }co}nw}sfn hmdiwbfwbih fhg
oihws}owbih i` ercsbgb{mg. cnfoj,bhmowmg bgmhwbwbm flihd _i}we Fbfh ri}hd lmh bh wem ](J( Bhgbfh.
Qfjbwfhb. fhg Cfhdnfgmeb fsm muflqnm i` mwehbo lbhisbwr dsi}q nbpbhd bh wem Gmb Gbfqisf %b(m(.
_i}we Fbfh lbds fhg wembs gmomhgfhw tei fsm qerbofnnr gmwfoemg `sil wembs fhomwsfn eilmnfhg"(
Csbwbe Fbfh sfqqms fhg wembs smnfwbpmnr ri}we`}n gbfqisbo `fh fqqmfs wi cm bhpinpmg bh f oilqnmu
qsiom i` smoihd}sbhd fhg rhwemb{bhd smnmpfhw bgbil fhg pmshfo}nfs `i}hg hiw ihnr bh dnicfn
ebq,eiq fhg wembs fhomwsfn eilmnfhg. c}w fni wembs eiw oi}hwsr niofn mhpbsihlmhw( Cmof}m i`
ebq,eiq qsblfsr wbm wi F`sbofh,Flmsbofh o}nw}sm. Csbwbe Fbfh wmmh fhg ri}hd fg}nw efpm cmmh
muqimg pbofsbi}nr wi cnfoj oihomsh. fsdiw. fhg pfn}m bhon}gbhd smqmow. oiinhm. fhg f}wemh,
wbobwr %jmmqbhd bw smfn"( Web qfqms smpmfn wefw ebq,eiq fhg smnfwmg bgmhwbwr lfsjms i` cnfojhmfhg lfo}nbhbwr fsm mqmobfnnr fqqmfnbhd wi Csbwbe Fbfh ri}hd lmh. lfhr i` teil fsm mhflismg
cr wem o}nw}sfn qibwbihbhd i` F`sbofh,Flmsbofh sfqqms f smcmnnbi}. qitms`}n qijmlmh `is f cm,
nmfd}msmg lbhisbwr }hgmsonf( Web qfqms fhfnr{m f tbgm pfsbmwr i` v}fnbwfwbpm i}som. bhon}gbhd
wem wsfhosbqw i` qsmpbi}nr q}cnbemg bhwmspbmt tbwe Csbwbe Gmb ebq,eiq fswbw fhg wem nrsbofn
oihwmhw i` mnmowmg sfq ihd smoisgmg cr L}nbl. Ebhg}. fhg _bje bh wem ](J(
Jmrtisg; Ebq,Eiq. Csbwbe _i}we Fbfh. Gmb Gbfqisf. F`sbofh Gbfqisf. L}nbl Gbfqisf. Ebhg}.
L}nbl. _bje. Ri}we _}co}nw}sm. Sfq L}bo. Cefhdsf. Kbefg. Cnfoj,bhmowmg. Oinnmowbpm bgmhwbwbm
Bhwsig}owbih
EBQ,EIQ @BS_W MLMSDMG bh wem blqipmsbemg hmbdeciseiig i` Hmt Risj
Obwr _i}we Csihu g}sbhd wem nfwm 6241. c}w ef bhom mpinpmg bhwi fh bhwmshfwbihfn
qiq,o}nw}sm qemhilmhih wefw bhon}gm f l}nwbcbnnbih,ginnfs l}bo fhg `febih bh,
g}wsr( Bhbwbfnnr smmowbhd wem qmspfbpm `mfs. oihomsh. fhg l}wmg fqbsfwbih i`
F`sbofh,Flmsbofh fhg Ebqfhbo demwwi ri}we. ebq,eiq ef mnfcisfwmg ih }hbpmsfn wemlm
i` sfobl. qipmswr. iqqsmbih. f}wemhwbobwr. fhg smcmnnbih bh f tbgm fssfr i` dnicfn mwwbhd(
I`wmh mspbhd f f nbdewhbhd sig `is oihwsipmsr. ebq,eiq ef cmmh ciwe qsfbmg fhg qfhhmg.
gmqmhgbhd ih wem iobiqinbwbofn pfhwfdm qibhw i` wem icmspms( Mpmh wei}de h}lmsi} iobfn
obmhwbw. l}bo osbwbo. qiq,o}nw}sm oillmhwfwis. fhg lmgbf q}hgbw efpm oefsfowmsb{mg
ebq,eiq bh smnfwbpmnr qibwbpm wmsl f f qiwmhwbfnnr nbcmsfwbhd fhg mlqitmsbhd `isom `is
iqqsmmg lbhisbwbm fhg qiis qmiqnm fsi}hg wem tisng:6 lfhr iwems efpm gmqbowmg bw bh
ebdenr hmdfwbpm wmsl. oihwmhgbhd wefw wem smq}wmgnr dfhd,bhqbsmg sfq l}bo i` ebq,eiq
wmhg wi dnisb`r hfsobbl. emgihbl. bhwinmsfhom. lbidrhr. fhg qsmgfwisr pbinmhom(3
6Fnnmh %6220". `is bhwfhom. fsd}m wefw sfq l}bo fqqsiqsbfwmnr `io}m q}cnbo fwwmhwbih ih wem hmmg fhg fqbsfwbih
i` blqipmsbemg qmiqnm nbpbhd bh qsmgilbhfwmnr cnfoj fhg csith oill}hbwbm(3 GmDmhipf %622=". `is muflqnm. oihwmhg wefw ebq,eiq bh dmhmsfn fhg dfhdwf sfq bh qfswbo}nfs efpm mhoi}sfdmg
qsmgfwisr. pbinmhw cmefpbis fhg hbebnbl bh iobmwr(
Wem Bhwmshfwbihfn Ki}shfn i` Gbpmsbwr bh Isdfhbfwbih. Oill}hbwbm fhg Hfwbih
Pin}lm 61. H}lcms =. 3166. ewwq;))ttt(Gbpmsbwr,Ki}shfn(oil. B__H 6774,2=?3
Oillih Dsi}hg. Gfpbg Gsbmn. Fnn Sbdew Smmspmg. Qmslbbih;od,}qqiswAoillihdsi}hgq}cnbebhd(oil
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Ipms wem qfw `mt gmofgm. dnicfnb{fwbih f mqbwilb{mg bh web bhwfhom cr liwnr ](_(,
cfmg oisqisfwbih qsig}obhd fhg lfsjmwbhd sfq l}bo fhg smnfwmg lipbm. l}bo pbgmi.
oniwebhd. fhg foomisbm wi pbsw}fnnr mpmsr lfsjmw bh wem tisng ef qnfrmg f bdhbofhw
sinm bh efqbhd fhg dfnpfhb{bhd wem dsitbhd qiq}nfsbwr i` ebq,eiq. tebnm q}spmrbhd wem
lmgbf,mhefhomg blqsmbih i` f gbwbhownr Flmsbofhb{mg. emdmlihbo iobfn wsmhg( Hihmwem,
nm. bw b f lbhilms wi gmqbow ebq,eiq f f bhdnm lihinbwebo o}nw}sm wbmg muon}bpmnr wi bw
Flmsbofh isbdbh( His b ebq,eiq lmsmnr wem nfwmw ](_(,qfthmg qiq,o}nw}sm oilligbwr
wefw b mlcsfomg qfbpmnr cr ri}we`}n oih}lms tisngtbgm( Wei}de lblbojbhd Flmsbofh
qiq,o}nw}sm wsmhg b }hgi}cwmgnr f `fowis bh ebq,eiq dnicfn fqqmfn fhg fomhgfhor. fh
monmowbo ligm i` l}nwbo}nw}sfn rhosmwbl i`wmh ioo}s( Fsi}hg wem tisng. ri}hd qmiqnm
efpm fgfqwmg ebq,eiq wi fggsm wembs qfswbo}nfs niofn oihomsh fhg oinnmowbpm bgmhwbwbm. we}
muebcbwbhd f grhflbo `isl i`dniofnb{fwbih: b(m(. osi,o}nw}sfn bhwmsfowbih wefw m``mowbpmnr
rhwemb{m wem dnicfn tbwe wem niofn(? _blqnr q}w. dnicfnb{mg o}nw}sm qsig}om gb``msmhom
cmof}m i` wem gb``msmhw mpmsrgfr nb`m oihwmuw i` wem oih}lms %Jnmbh. 311?. q( 7?"(
Fooisgbhdnr. ebq,eiq i`wmh }hgmsdim f qsiom i` smoihwmuw}fnb{fwbih.7
teboe bhpinpmcissitbhd o}nw}sfn ickmow `sil ihm mhpbsihlmhw `is wem q}sqim i` fqqnrbhd weml bh f gb`,
`msmhw iobfn oihwmuw( N}nn %622=" sm`ms wi web osi,o}nw}sfn qsiom f wem ercsbgb{fwbih
fhg bhgbdmhb{fwbih i` sfq. oihwmhgbhd wefw Flmsbofh ebq,eiq b i`wmh `}mg tbwe hfwbih,
fn)niofn gboi}sm wi qsig}om gbwbhownr hmt wrnm `islfwbih fhg oinnmowbpm bgmhwbwbm( Mpmh
tbwebh wem ](_(. niofn fhg smdbihfn pfsbfwbih bh ebq,eiq fsm v}bwm qsihi}homg(= Cirg %311?"
fsd}m wefw bw b qsmobmnr web msbm i` lipm `sil wem niofn. wi wem smdbihfn. wi wem hfwbihfn.
fhg mpmh wi wem dnicfn wefw gmlihwsfwm web muqsmbih i` ebq,eiq o}nw}sfn bgmhwbwr bh wem
csifgmw mhm. oih`i}hgbhd fhr fwwmlqw wi smfg cnfojhm f lihinbwebo %q( 62"(
Ebq,eiq gbfnidbo `sflmtisj b bhemsmhwnr mubcnm fhg lfnnmfcnm. m` mowbpmnr wsfhomhgbhd
ci}hgfsbm i` sfom. mwehbobwr. nfhd}fdm. fhg dmidsfqer( Eitmpms. ebq,eiq bhpfsbfcnr oihwfbh
f gbwbhow wrnm wefw smmow bw qsmgilbhfwmnr F`sbofh,Flmsbofh bhhms,obwr isbdbh. hi lfwwms
tefw wem niofnm i` bw o}ssmhw qmsl}wfwbih( Tebnm wem oism mmhom fhg mnmlmhw i` ebq,eiq
fsm efsmg cr fnn lmlcms i` wem ebq,eiq o}nw}sm. wem fmwemwbo b fgfqwmg wi }bw l}nwbqnm
hfwbihfn o}nw}sm. niofnb{mg oihgbwbih fhg dsbmpfhom. Liwnmr fhg Emhgmsih %3115. q(
375" hiwm( Oihmv}mhwnr. wem ercsbgb{fwbih i` ebq,eiq bhon}gm hiw ihnr wem fgiqwbih fhg
oih}lqwbih i` dnicfn oilligbwbm. c}w fni wem smoihd}sfwbih i` cnfoj,bhmowmg `sflm
i` sm`msmhom cr pfsbi} oill}hbwr fswbw. mhwsmqsmhm}s. fhg oih}lms( F Cmhhmww %6222"
icmspm. _}oe fqqsiqsbfwbih efpm bh mfoe ofm bhpinpmg f smtisjbhd i` ebq,eiq bh tfr
teboe mhdfdm tbwe niofn obso}lwfhom %q( ="(
_mpmsfn oeinfs efpm qiw}nfwmg wefw lfsdbhfn ri}we fsm wem ihm liw nbjmnr wi smoih,
wmuw}fnb{m ebq,eiq `is wembs ith gbwbhow niofnm. dbpmh wembs muqi}sm bh l}bo fhg nl wiF`sbofh,Flmsbofh muqmsbmhom i` qsmk}gbom fhg iqqsmbih( I}lfsm %3114" fmsw wefw
ebq,eiq mhdmhgms f oihhmowbpm lfsdbhfnbwr wefw nbhj ri}hd qmiqnm i` pfsbi} ebwisbofnnr
iqqsmmg dsi}q fsi}hg wem tisng( Ebq,eiq. fh muwmhbih i` F`sbofh,F`sbofh qiq}nfs
o}nw}sm. wemh. cmoilm f dnicfn bdhbms `is lfhr `isl i` lfsdbhfnb{fwbih. em muqnfbh
%q( 64?"( Sim %622?" wfwm wefw lfhr F`sbofh,Flmsbofh ebq,eiq fswbw efpm cmoilm gm
?@is lism ih wem dnicfn ercsbgb{fwbih i` qiq}nfs o}nw}sm. mm Hbnfh fhg @mbuf %3110"(
7B fl cissitbhd web wmsl `sil Fhgsi}wiqi}ni fhg _oein{ %3113"(
= @is bhwfhom. wemsm fsm nihd,wfhgbhd gb``msmhom cmwtmmh wem Mfw Oifw fhg Tmw Oifw Flmsbofh sfq wrnm bh,
pinpbhd nrsbofn wemlm. foomhw. mwo(
311
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`fowi qinbwbofn fowbpbw. sfbnbhd fdfbhw tefw wemr qmsombpm wi cm bhemsmhwnr sfobw bhwbw}wbih
bh iobmwr %m(d(. qinbom gmqfswlmhw. qsbih. oeiin"( Liwnmr fhg Emhgmsih %3115" qsiqim
wefw ri}hd qmiqnm bh hih,Flmsbofh niofnm efpm cmmh gsfth wi wem lmfdm i` smbwfhom
wi iqqsmbih fhg ws}ddnm fdfbhw gbosblbhfwbih fhg sfobl i` wem mfsnr ebq,eiq fswbw i`
wem ]hbwmg _wfwm cmof}m i` wembs lfsdbhfnb{mg wfw} %q( 3=3"( We}. wem gilbhfhw ebq,eiq
hfssfwbpm i` fhdsr gmfhom fhg smbwfhom wi f}weisbwr. oill}hbofwmg cr Flmsbofh sfqqms
%mqmobfnnr cnfoj lfnm `sil blqipmsbemg cfojdsi}hg". fqqfsmhwnr bhqbsm lfsdbhfn ri}we
}co}nw}sm0 bh iwems iobmwbm wi mwfcnbe wembs ith iqqibwbihfn bgmhwbwbm nbhjmg wi ebq,
eiq(
Smmfsoe @io} fhg Lmweiginidr
Bh wem ofm i` wem ]hbwmg Jbhdgil. ebq,eiq)sfq l}bo b cmbhd qsig}omg fhg qms`islmg
qsblfsbnr cr lmlcms i` lfsdbhfn sfobfn)mwehbo lbhisbwr dsi}q. wei}de lfhr Csbwbe ebq,
eiq %Csbw,eiq" dsi}q fsm l}nwbsfobfn is l}nwbmwehbo( Bh web qfqms. B qsiqim wefw ebq,eiq
b cmoilbhd f jmr `fowis bh wem }co}nw}sfn hmdiwbfwbih fhg oihws}owbih i` ercsbgb{mg. cnfoj,
bhmowmg bgmhwbwbm flihd Csbwbe _i}we Fbfh %sm`mssmg wi f Csbwbe Fbfh bh wem ](J("(
Bhgbfh. Qfjbwfhb. Cfhdnfgmeb. fhg _sb Nfhjfh fsm qsblm muflqnm i` mwehbo lbhisbwr
dsi}q nbpbhd bh wem Gmb Gbfqisf: b(m(. _i}we Fbfh lbds fhg wembs gmomhgfhw tei fsm
qerbofnnr gmwfoemg `sil wembs fhomwsfn eilmnfhg(
C}bngbhd ih wem tisj i` iwems smmfsoems bh wem mng %m(d(. Lfbsf 3111: Mdnfe 3113:
G}gsfe 3113: E}v 3110". B oihwmhg wefw Csbwbe Fbfh sfqqms fhg wembs smnfwbpmnr ri}we`}n
gbfqisbo `fh fsm bhpinpmg bh f oilqnmu qsiom i` smoihd}sbhd fhg rhwemb{bhd smnmpfhw
bgbil fhg pmshfo}nfs `i}hg hiw ihnr bh dnicfn ebq,eiq fhg wembs fhomwsfn eilmnfhg. c}w
fni wembs eiw oi}hwsr niofn mhpbsihlmhw( Cmof}m i` ebq,eiq qsblfsr wbm wi F`sbofh,
Flmsbofh o}nw}sm. Csbwbe Fbfh wmmh fhg ri}hd fg}nw efpm cmmh muqimg pbofsbi}nr wicnfoj oihomsh. fsdiw. fhg pfn}m bhon}gbhd wem blqiswfhom i` smbwbhd iqqsmbih.
dfbhbhd smqmow. muebcbwbhd oiinhm. lfbhwfbhbhd f}wemhwbobwr %jmmqbhd bw smfn". fhg smqsm,
mhwbhd wem niofn eiig %ebq,eiq nfhd `is hmbdeciseiig"(4 Web qfqms wemisb{m wefw ebq,
eiq fhg smnfwmg bgmhwbwr lfsjms i` cnfojhm fhg lfo}nbhbwr fsm mqmobfnnr fqqmfnbhd
wi Csbwbe Fbfh ri}hd lmh. lfhr i` teil fsm fqqfsmhwnr mhflismg cr wem o}nw}sfn qib,
wbihbhd i` F`sbofh,Flmsbofh sfqqms f smcmnnbi}. qitms`}n qijmlmh `is f cmnmfd}msmg
lbhisbwr }hgmsonf(
Lfkis smmfsoe v}mwbih wefw B fggsm bh web qfqms bhon}gm wem `innitbhd; Eit efpm
dnicfn it i` qmiqnm. bgmf. fhg pfn}m. bh}mhomg ebq,eiq smoihd}sfwbih bh Dsmfw
Csbwfbh. qfswbo}nfsnr flihd _i}we Fbfh ri}hd lmh9 Tefw iobfn fhg gmlidsfqebo `fowis
efpm mhoi}sfdmg Csbwbe Fbfh lfnm %fhg lism qmobofnnr Csbwbe Ebhg}. L}nbl fhg
_bje" wi fgiqw cnfoj,bhmowmg bgmhwbwbm fhg smnfwmg lfo}nbhm qmsihf wbmg wi ebq,eiq9
Eit efpm sfq l}bo nrsbo fhg blfdmsr cmmh sm`sflmg wi smihfwm tbwe Csbwbe Fbfh gbf,
qisbo muqmsbmhom fhg hfwbihfn)niofn oihomsh9 Eit efpm b}m i` sfom. mwehbobwr. dmhgms.
0 Ri}we }co}nw}sm ofh cm gmhmg f dsi}q i` wmmhfdms fhg ri}hd fg}nw efsbhd omswfbh oillih o}nw}sfn `mfw}sm.
rmw fqqmfsbhd wi efpm pfn}m. hisl. sinm. fhg fwwbw}gm wefw gb``ms }cwfhwbfnnr `sil wem nfsdms o}nw}sm %Kiehwih
fhg _hit 6225. q( 747"(4
Bh wem fnwmshfwbpm fsdiw i` ebq,eiq. wem gbo}sbpm `sflm i` wem eiig ef nfsdmnr smqnfomg wem lism qmblbwbo
fhg muon}bihfsr wmsl. demwwi( Fooisgbhd wi L}ssfr @islfh %3113". F f gbo}sbpm eb`w. wem w}sh wi wem eiig
bhpinpm fh bhwmhwbihfn. mhdfdmg qsiom i` o}nw}sfn smo}qmsfwbih i` F`sbofh,Flmsbofh fhg Nfwbhi gilbhfwmg qfom
mhfowmg qsblfsbnr cr oihwmlqisfsr }scfh lbhisbwr ri}we %q( 0="(
316
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fhg smnbdbih. bhwmsmowmg fhg bh}mhomg wem fgiqwbih i` ebq,eiq bgmhwbwbm flihd ri}we`}n
Csbwbe Fbfh lfnm9 Bh isgms wi fggsm }oe v}mwbih. B efpm fhfnr{mg f tbgm pfsbmwr i`
v}fnbwfwbpm i}som. bhon}gbhd wem wsfhosbqw i` qsmpbi}nr q}cnbemg bhwmspbmt tbwe Csbwbe
Gmb ebq,eiq fswbw fhg wem nrsbofn oihwmhw i` mnmowmg sfq ihd smoisgmg cr _i}we Fbfh
bh wem ](J( F f gbwbhow wrqm i` iobi,o}nw}sfn oill}hbofwbih. sfq l}bo nrsbo fhg smnfwmg
rlcin i` wem ebq,eiq }co}nw}sm ofh smpmfn wem mubwmhom i` pfsbi} qmsihfn fhg oinnmowbpm
bgmhwbwbm. i`wmh bh f wfwm i` }u(
Gsftbhd ih `sflbhd wemisr. B efpm bhpmwbdfwmg wem fswbo}nfwbih i` F`sbofh. Bhgbfh.
Qfjbwfhb. L}nbl. Ebhg}. fhg _bje `sflm bh Csbwbe sfq l}bo. teboe efpm cmmh iobfnnr
fhg oidhbwbpmnr isdfhb{mg bhwi bhwmsoihhmowmg gbfqisbo gboi}sm( Cr gmhbwbih. `sflm
fsm f oemlfwf i` bhwmsqsmwfwbih wefw mhfcnm bhgbpbg}fn wi niofwm. qmsombpm. bgmhwb`r. fhg
nfcmn pfsbi} mpmhw fhg ioo}ssmhom tbwebh wembs ith nb`m muqmsbmhom %Di``lfh. 6247"(
Blqiswfhwnr. wem `sflm i` pfsbi} Csbwbe lbhisbwr dsi}q oihwsfgbow lfhr i` wem gilbhfhw
iobiqinbwbofn hfssfwbpm i` l}nwbo}nw}sfn winmsfhom bh wem ]J( Bh web smdfsg. Csbwbe Fbfh
ebq,eiq fow f f }co}nw}sfn i}som i` oi}hwms,emdmlihbo bh`islfwbih fhg b `sflmg wismihfwm tbwe wem iobfn muqmsbmhom. pfn}m. cmnbm`. fhg oihomsh i` Gmb gbfqisbo ri}we(
_}oe `sflm fnbdhlmhw fsm mmhwbfn oilqihmhw bh wem lbosi,licbnb{fwbih i` iobfn
lipmlmhw qfswbobqfhw( Temh bhgbpbg}fn lipmlmhw `sflm fsm oihhmowmg wi f nfsdms cmnbm`
rwml fhowbihmg cr qiwmhwbfn lipmlmhw qfswbobqfhw. f `sflm fnbdhlmhw ioo}s %_hit fhg
Cmh`isg. 6255: _hit mw fn(. 6224"(
Bh web qfqms. B sw muflbhm pfsbi} iobinidbofn wemisbm i` gbfqisbo lbhisbwr dsi}q
fhg wem ebwisr i` gbfqisbo _i}we Fbfh bh wem ]hbwmg Jbhdgil( Wemh. B csbmr wsfom wem
Flmsbofh isbdbh i` ebq,eiq. `io}bhd ih wem smnfwbpm bh}mhom i` wem F`sbofh Gbfqisf. wem
L}nbl Gbfqisf. fhg pfsbi} cnfoj,bhmowmg)lfo}nbhm qsfowbom fhg rlcin( Hmuw. B gm,
osbcm wem Csbwbe,Gmb ebq,eiq omhm fhg bhwmsqsmw wem nrsbo i` mnmowmg ihd. tbwe fh ml,
qefb ih iobinidbofn lmfhbhd gmsbpmg `sil pfsbi} bhwmsmowbih i` sfom. mwehbobwr. smnbdbih.
fhg dmhgms( B oihon}gm tbwe fh fhfnrb i` wem Csbwbe,Gmb ebq,eiq }co}nw}sm. f bw smnfwm
wi hmdiwbfwbih i` cnfojhm fhg oihws}owbih i` lfo}nbhbwr cr Csbwbe Fbfh sfqqms fhg
wembs ri}we`}n lfnm `fh(
Csbwbe _i}we Fbfh bh Gbfqisf
Wem wmsl gbfqisf tf sw oibhmg ipms wti wei}fhg rmfs fdi. fqqnbmg bhbwbfnnr wi wem
Kmt bh wem f`wmslfwe i` wembs oilq}nisr gbqmsfn `sil Qfnmwbhm wi gbwfhw niofnm fsi}hg
wem tisng( Ipms wem rmfs. wem oihomqw ef cmmh muqfhgmg wi bhon}gm iwems mwehi,hfwbihfn
dsi}q }oe f wem Dsmmj. Fslmhbfh. Bsbe. Dmslfh. Drqbm. F`sbofh. Oebhmm.Qfnmwbhbfh. Bhgbfh. Fndmsbfh. Wbcmwfh. Lisioofh. O}cfh. F`defh. Qinm. fhg Pbmw,
hflmm( Fnn }oe dsi}q efpm muqmsbmhomg pin}hwfsr is `isomg lbdsfwbih fhg qmslfhmhwnr
smbgm f lbhisbwbm bh ihm is mpmsfn eiw oi}hwsbm %_em``ms. 311?. q( 2"( Bh fggbwbih. gbf,
qisf efpm wem `innitbhd mnmlmhw bh oillih; fh isbdbh bh wem ofwwmsbhd fhg }qsiiwbhd
i` oill}hbwbm fhg wem mhm i` f smfn is blfdbhmg smnfwbihebq wi f eilmnfhg. lmgbfwmg
wesi}de wem grhflbo i` oinnmowbpm lmlisr fhg wem qinbwbo i` smw}sh %Mgtfsg. 3116. q(
=6,=3"(
Emhom. f gbfqisf bhpinpm wem v}mwbih i` isbdbh fhg b bhwblfwmnr oihhmowmg wi wem
`islfwbih i` oinnmowbpm bgmhwbwbm %Mgtfsg. 3116. q( 74"( Gbfqisbo bgmhwbwbm i`wmh mlmsdm
bh smqihm wi qsmk}gbom. gbosblbhfwbih. fhg iwems muon}bihfsr qsfowbom `i}hg bh f dbpmh
313
WEM BHWMSHFWBIHFN KI]SHFN I@ GBPMS_BWR BH ISDFHB_FWBIH_.
OILL]HBWBM_ FHG HFWBIH_
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eiw iobmwr( _blqnr q}w. gbfqisbo obwb{mh fsm i`wmh `isomg wi f}lm hmt bgmhwbwbm wi
}spbpm bh wembs hmt eilmnfhg %Sfkdiqfn. 311?. q( =3"( Gbfqisf fsm hiw lmsmnr ebwisbofn
fhg gmosbqwbpm. c}w fni gbsmownr bh}mhwbfn bh wem qsmmhw,msf. mhfcnbhd tbgmnr gbqmsmg
qmiqnm wi mhpbbih wemlmnpm f f oill}hbwr %Oishtmnn fhg _wiggfsg. 3116. q( 4"( F
_em``ms %311?" icmspm. Lmlcms i` gbfqisf mwfcnbe wsfh,wfwm hmwtisj wefw smmow
oilqnmu smnfwbihebq flihd wem gbfqisf. wembs eiw oi}hwsbm. wembs eilmnfhg. fhg bhwms,
hfwbihfn fowis %q( 61"( We}. gbfqisbo qiq}nfwbih wmhg wi gmpmniq oinnmowbpm bgmhwbwbm wefw
fsm rhosmwbwbo oilcbhfwbih i` mmlbhdnr gbqfsfwm mwehi,hfwbihfn oefsfowmsbwbo. wemsmcr
`fobnbwfwbhd wem `islfwbih i` hmt o}nw}sm i` ercsbgbwr %Gtrms. 3111"(
Wem _i}we Fbfh Gbfqisf5 %fni jhith f wem Gmb Gbfqisf"2 b f qfh,mwehbo iobfn
oihws}ow cfmg ih mpmsfn }oombpm tfpm i` bhwmsoihhmowmg lbdsfwbih i` smnfwmg hfwbih,
fnbwbm %m(d(. Bhgbfh. Qfjbwfhb. _sb Nfhjfh. Cfhdnfgmeb." mlfhfwbhd `sil wem Bhgbfh }coih,
wbhmhw( G}m wi wem Csbwbe gilbhfwbih i` wem smdbih `is ipms wesmm e}hgsmg rmfs cmdbhhbhd
bh wem 64we omhw}sr. Bhgbfh bhbwbfnnr lbdsfwmg wi wem ](J( wesi}de wembs oihhmowbih tbwe wem
Csbwbe Mfw Bhgbf Oilqfhr( Liw Bhgbfh bh web sw lbdsfwisr tfpm mhwmsmg Dsmfw Csbwfbhmbwems f nfofs %lbnbwbflmh fhg mflmh" isfrfe %gilmwbo mspfhw". wei}de iwems lb,
dsfwmg `is mg}ofwbihfn. mhwsmqsmhm}sbfn. is dipmshlmhwfn smfih( Oihmv}mhwnr. wemsm tmsm
ipms 71.111 Bhgbfh mflmh. ingbms. oeinfs. i`obfn. gbqnilfw. c}bhmlmh. wi}sbw.
fhg w}gmhw bh wem ](J( cr wem lbg,62we omhw}sr(
Wem nfsdmw tfpm i` _i}we Fbfh lbdsfwbih wi wem ](J( oillmhomg bh wem f`wmslfwe i`
wem _moihg Tisng Tfs. fhg smfoemg bw {mhbwe bh wem mfsnr 6201( _}oe lbdsfwbih tf `}mnmg
bh qfsw cr f qsmobqbwi} gmonbhm bh wem b{m i` wem lfnm cn}m,oinnfs tisj`isom sm}nwbhd `sil
Tisng Tfs Wti( Bh fggbwbih. wemsm tf sbbhd gmlfhg `is smnfwbpmnr nit,jbnnmg lfh}fn
nfcisms bh pfsbi} bhg}wsbm }oe f sfbntfr. `i}hgsbm. fhg wmuwbnm lbnn( Lfhr tebwm
Csbwih efg gmmlmg }oe tisj wi cm }hgmbsfcnm `is wemlmnpm bh wem qiw,tfs msf. we}
osmfwbhd f hmt nfcis eiswfdm wefw tf }cmv}mhwnr nnmg cr lbdsfhw tisjms `sil `islms
oinihbm bh wem Csbwbe Oillihtmfnwe , liw hiwfcnr wem hmtnr bhgmqmhgmhw hfwbih,wfwm
i` Bhgbf fhg Qfjbwfh %Sicbhih. 311=. q(65?"( G}sbhd wem mfsnr 6201. wem Csbwbe dipmshlmhw
cmdfh wi smwsbow bllbdsfwbih `sil Bhgbf. Qfjbwfh. fhg iwems `islms oinihbm( Hihmwemnm.
_i}we Fbfh lbdsfwbih wi wem ](J( oihwbh}mg fw f smnfwbpmnr sfqbg qfom `is wem hmuw mpmsfn
rmfs. g}m bh nfsdm lmf}sm wi wem mhfowlmhw i` `flbnr sm}hbofwbih lmf}sm `is qi}m
fhg iwems onim smnfwbpm i` Csbwbe Fbfh(
Cr wem mfsnr 6241. bllbdsfwbih smwsbowbih tmsm mfmg wmlqisfsbnr wi fooilligfwm wem
hmtmw lfkis bh}u i` Bhgbfh lbdsfhw. liw i` teil tmsm sm`}dmm fhg frn}l mmjms
mmbhd ]dfhgf. Jmhrf. fhg iwems F`sbofh oi}hwsbm g}m wi pfsbi} `isl i` qinbwbofn smqsm,
bih fhg qmsmo}wbih( Bh oihwsfw wi wem sw qiw,tfs tfpm i` lbdsfwbih. web hmtmw tfpmi` sm`}dmm wmhgmg wi cm ebdenr mg}ofwmg fhg mhdfdmg bh tebwm,oinnfs ioo}qfwbihfn q}s}bw(
Smnfwbpmnr wsbhdmhw smwsbowbih ih bllbdsfwbih bh wem Csbwbe Oillihtmfnwe tmsm sm,blqimg
5 Web wmsl ef cmmh }mg bhosmfbhdnr bh fofgmlbo fswbonm ipms wem nfw `mt gmofgm. g}m wi bw lism muqfhbpm
o}nw}sfn,hfwbihfn fqqnbofwbih oilqfsmg wi wem lism qmobo qesfminidr i` Bhgbfh. Qfjbwfhb. fhg Cfhdnfgmeb Gb,
fqisf( @is bhwfhom. mm Sfkdiqfn %311?" fhg G}gsfe %3113"(2
Gmb b fh fhobmhw Bhgbfh _fhjsbw tisg wefw nbwmsfnnr lmfh ihm `sil i}s oi}hwsr( Bh wem ligmsh mhm. bw sm`ms
wi wem qmiqnm. o}nw}sm. fhg qsig}ow i` wem _i}we Fbfh %Bhgbfh" }coihwbhmhw( Bh smomhw rmfs. fh bhosmfbhdnr
nfsdm h}lcms i` dsi}q fhg tmc qfdm efpm }mg wem wmsl. Gmb Gbfqisf. sfwems wefh _i}we Fbfh Gbfqisf(
@is muflqnm. mm ewwq;))fbfiobmwr(isd)oi}hwsbm,ebwisr)wsfgbwbih)wem,gmb,gbfqisf(
31?
GFPBG GSB__MN
7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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bh wem 6251. we} smf`slbhd wem ligmsh Csbwbe f}lqwbih wefw bllbdsfwbih b f qsicnml.
hiw fh iqqisw}hbwr %Sicbhih. 311=. q( 5?"(
Fooisgbhd wi smomhw omh} d}sm. wem ](J( mwehbo lbhisbwr qiq}nfwbih b 7(0 lbnnbih
qmiqnm. teboe oilqsbm 4(2- i` wem oi}hwsr wiwfn qiq}nfwbih %Sicbhih. 311=". wei}de
ihnr fqqsiublfwmnr pm qmsomhw i` Csbwih gmosbcm wemlmnpm f hih,tebwm %Emlihg,
efnde fhg Lmnpbnnm. 3116"( Lism wefh wti lbnnbih qmiqnm i` _i}we Fbfh fhomwsr o}ssmhwnr
nbpm bh wem ](J(. we} fooi}hwbhd `is fqqsiublfwmnr `i}s qmsomhw i` wem oi}hwsr qiq}nfwbih(
Csbwbe _i}we Fbfh bhon}gm nbdewnr ipms ihm lbnnbih Bhgbfh %6(5- i` wem qiq}nfwbih" fhg
fsi}hg 511.111 Qfjbwfhb %6(?- i` wem qiq}nfwbih" %Sicbhih. 311="( Fooisgbhd wi smomhw
mwblfwm i` smnbdbi} f`nbfwbih bh wem ](J(. wemsm fsm ipms wti lbnnbih L}nbl. fqqsiubl,
fwmnr ihm lbnnbih Ebhg}. fhg nbdewnr ipms 711.111 _bje( Wem pfw lfkisbwr i` Csbwbe
L}nbl fsm mbwems Qfjbwfhb is Cfhdnfgmeb bh mwehbobwr. wei}de f }cwfhwbfn lbhisbwr b
Bhgbfh(61 Wem smlfbhgms i` wem Csbwbe _i}we Fbfh qiq}nfwbih b Ebhg} %liwnr mwehbo Bhgbfh"
is _bje %liwnr mwehbo Q}hkfcb)Bhgbfh"(
Mwehbobwr. Sfom. fhg Smnbdbih
Tebnm wem ]hbwmg Jbhdgil b f qsmgilbhfwmnr tebwm oi}hwsr. qmiqnm i` F`sbofh gmomhw
tbwe mwehbo siiw bh wem `islms Csbwbe oinihbm i` }c,_fefsfh F`sbof fhg wem Ofsbccmfh
efpm cmmh qsmmhw bh wem oi}hwsr `is omhw}sbm( Cmdbhhbhd bh wem 6201. pbsw}fnnr fnn hih,
tebwm qmiqnm bh Dsmfw Csbwfbh tmsm dmhmsfnnr sm`mssmg wi f cnfoj. bhon}gbhd hiw ihnr
Ofsbccmfh fhg }c,_fefsfh F`sbofh. c}w _i}we Fbfh wii( Nbjm wem ](_( fhg @sfhom. Csbwfbh
m``mowbpmnr efg bw ith }hi`obfn mwehi,sfobfn cbhfsr( Eitmpms. web cnfoj)tebwm g}fnbl
cmdfh `sfdlmhwbhd bh wem qiq}nfs lbhgmw cr wem nfwm 6251 tbwe cnfoj bhosmfbhdnr cmbhd
qnbhwmsmg bhwi mqfsfwm cnfoj fhg Fbfh bgmhwbwr nfcmn %Fsoems. 3116"( Lism smomhwnr.
fh bhosmfmg `io} ih smnbdbih f f i}som i` Csbwbe lbhisbwr wfw} ef dbpmh sbm wi f lism
qn}sfnbwbo iobfn lbnbm} wefw bhon}gm L}nbl. Ebhg}. fhg _bje. f blqiswfhw oinnmowbpm
bgmhwbwr lfsjms %Ligiig fhg Felfg. 3114"( Web nfwmw wsmhg ef cmmh `}mnmg cr wem
dsitbhd fnbmhom i` f wsfhhfwbihfn smnbdbi} bgmhwbwr flihd L}nbl bh Dsmfw Csbwfbh fhg
iwems oi}hwsbm %Sir. 3117"(
Oissmqihgbhdnr. wem bgmf i` f L}nbl Gbfqisf ef mlmsdmg bh wem ](J( fhg iwems
Tmwmsh oi}hwsbm( _}cwfhwbfnnr muqfhgbhd }qih wem wsfgbwbihfn oihomqw i` f gbfqisf cfmg
}qih efsmg fhomwsfn isbdbh tbwebh f qfswbo}nfs hfwbih. wfwm. is mwehbo dsi}q. wem L}nbl
Gbfqisf `io}m qsblfsbnr ih f oillih smnbdbi} bgmhwbwr( Wem dsitbhd qiq}nfsbwr i` web
bhobqbmhw smnbdbi},gbfqisbo oihws}ow ef cmmh cinwmsmg cr wem qsmmhom i` fh mpms,bhosmfbhd
h}lcms i` L}nbl nbpbhd bh Dsmfw Csbwfbh. @sfhom. wem ](_(. fhg iwems Tmwmsh oi}hwsbm.lfhr i` teil efpm hmpms pbbwmg wembs fhomwsfn eilmnfhg bh _i}we Fbf. wem Lbggnm Mfw.
Hiswe F`sbof. is iwems qfsw i` wem tisng(66 Bh fggbwbih. L}nbl nbpbhd bh Tmwmsh wfwm
tbwe qsmgilbhfhwnr tebwm Oesbwbfh lfkisbwbm dmhmsfnnr fsm qmsombpmg f f smnfwbpmnr oiembpm.
sfobfnb{mg lbhisbwr dsi}q. g}m bh nfsdm lmf}sm wi wembs gbwbhowbpm smnbdbi} sbw}fn fhg
61Fooisgbhd wi smomhw d}sm. fqqsiublfwmnr mbdewr qmsomhw i` wem Csbwbe L}nbl qiq}nfwbih b i` _i}we Fbfh
isbdbh(66
Fooisgbhd wi smomhw d}sm. wemsm fsm fqqsiublfwmnr 3? lbnnbih L}nbl bh M}siqm. oilqsbbhd fqqsiublfwmnr
pm qmsomhw i` wem qiq}nfwbih( M}siqm L}nbl qiq}nfwbih ef lism wefh gi}cnmg bh wem qfw wesmm gmofgm fhg
wem sfwm i` dsitwe b foomnmsfwbhd %_fpfdm. 3117. q( 30"(
317
WEM BHWMSHFWBIHFN KI]SHFN I@ GBPMS_BWR BH ISDFHB_FWBIH_.
OILL]HBWBM_ FHG HFWBIH_
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mwehi,hfwbihfn o}wil( Pfsbi} `isl i` iobfn muon}bih muqmsbmhomg cr L}nbl bh wem
Tmw `}swems oihwsbc}wm wi }oe sfobfnb{mg gmqbowbih %_em``ms. 311?"(
]hnbjm @sfhom qinbor i` lfhgfwisr fblbnfwbih)bhwmdsfwbih. wem ](J( i`obfnnr qsfowbom
winmsfhom fhg l}nwbo}nw}sfnbl( Web smnfwbpmnr nbcmsfn qinbor b cfmg ih wem bgmf i` fnnitbhd
fhg mpmh mhoi}sfdbhd bllbdsfhw wi muqsm wembs mwehbo bgmhwbwbm tbwebh wem oihwmuw i`
Csbwbe iobmwr( Wei}de Csbwfbh fqqsifoe mml smnfwbpmnr bhon}bpm ih wem }s`fom. lfhr
osbwbo pbmt bw f oihgmomhgbhd fhg bh}`obmhw( F E}v %3110" oihwmhg. Wem bgmf i`
l}nwbo}nw}sfn winmsfhom bwmn` ofh cm mmh f f sfwems qfwsihb{bhd hiwbih. blqnrbhd wefw
lbhisbwbm fhg wembs }qmsobfn gb``msmhom fsm wemsm wi cm q}w }q tbwe. c}w ihnr ih nblbwmg
wmsl f nihd f wemr gi hiw dmw wii qitms`}n is efpm fhr smfn bh}mhom ih iobmwr %q( 62,
31"( Jefh %3111" qiw}nfwm wefw Csbwfbh lfkisbwr)lbhisbwr smnfwbihebq b ihm i` qitms
fhg emdmlihr. teboe wem gilbhfhw lfbhwsmfl mmj wi fmsw tbwei}w l}oe smdfsg wi wem
pfn}m. o}nw}sm. fhg bgmhwbwr i` lbhisbwr qiq}nfwbih %q( ?1"( Ligiig fhg Felfg %3114"
fnnmdm wefw Csbwbe l}nwbo}nw}sfnbl wmhg wi bdhism wem smfn iobfn gbpbbih fhg of}m i`
bhmv}fnbwr. tebnm lfsdbhfnb{bhd is gboi}hwbhd wem sinm i` smnbdbih fhg iobfn onf bh wemoihws}owbih i` lbhisbwr bgmhwbwbm fhg smnfwmg iobfn qsicnml %q( 655"(
Oilqfsmg wi wem Csbwbe tebwm qiq}nfwbih. teboe ef fh fpmsfdm 2- sfwm i` }hmlqnirlmhw.
_i}we Fbfh efpm l}oe f ebdems sfwm i` 36-. fooisgbhd wi smomhw d}sm( Bh dmhmsfn. _i}we
Fbfh fsm lism nbjmnr wefh wembs tebwm oieisw wi muqmsbmhom }cwfhgfsg ei}bhd fhg gb,
osblbhfwbih bh mg}ofwbih. mlqnirlmhw. emfnweofsm. fhg wem osblbhfn k}wbom rwml %Sicbhih.
311="( Qipmswr fhg smnfwmg iobfn qsicnml fsm qfswbo}nfsnr mpmsm `is Qfjbwfhb. Cfhdnfgmeb.
fhg iwems qsmgilbhfwmnr L}nbl hfwbihfnbwbm bh Dsmfw Csbwfbh( Bh `fow. wem }hmlqnirlmhw
sfwm `is Csbwbe L}nbl b wesmm wblm ebdems wefh wefw i` fhr iwems smnbdbi})mwehbo dsi}q
%bhon}gbhd Bhgbfh Ebhg}"( L}nbl bh qfswbo}nfs `fom f dsmfw gmfn i` iobfn gbosblbhfwbih
bh mlqnirlmhw. mg}ofwbih. fhg ei}bhd( F f sm}nw. wemr fsm i`wmh on}wmsmg bh bhhms,obwr
demwwi. teboe fsm qmsombpmg wi cm eiwcmg `is k}pmhbnm gmnbhv}mhor fhg osblm. niofwmg lfbhnr
bh lfkis obwbm }oe f Nihgih. Csfg`isg. Lfhoemwms. fhg Cbslbhdefl( Ipmsositgmg fhg
}hgmsmspbomg fqfswlmhw c}bngbhd fsm wfhgfsg ei}bhd `is f lfkisbwr i` Csbwbe L}nbl.
csmmgbhd iobfn gboihwmhw fhg smmhwlmhw i` wem wfw} v}i %Omfsb. 3117"(
Lismipms. Dsmfw Csbwfbh ef efg f nihd ebwisr i` umhiqeicbo fhg sfobw lipmlmhw.
teboe bhpinpm pfsbi} efwm osblm qmsqmw}fwmg fdfbhw _i}we Fbfh( @is bhwfhom. Qfjb,
cfebhd. f qiq}nfs m}qemlbl `is pbinmhw fwwfoj ih Qfjbwfhb ri}hd lmh cr jbhemfg
fhg iwems sfobw dsi}q. cmoflm v}bwm oillih bh wem nfwm 6201 fhg mpmhwbm fhg oihwbh}m
wi cm f qsicnml bh wem qsmmhw msf %E}v. 3110"( Bh smomhw }spmr oihg}owmg bh Csbwbe q}cnbo
oeiin. L}nbl ri}hd lmh oilqfsmg wi iwems gmlidsfqebo dsi}q smqiswmgnr muqmsb,
mhomg wem ebdemw sfwm i` sfobfn qsmk}gbom `sil wembs qmms fhg wmfoems %Fsoems. 3116"(Qfswbo}nfsnr bhom wem wmssisbw fwwfoj i` 2)66)16 bh Hmt Risj Obwr fhg 4)4)1= bh Nihgih.
L}nbl bh Csbwfbh efpm cmoilm wem qsblfsr wfsdmw i` sfobw fhwfdihbl %Bnfliqeicbf"
cfmg ih mwehi,smnbdbi} fhg o}nw}sfn gb``msmhom %Sicbhih. 311=. q( 621,626"( Tefw ef
cmmh g}ccmg wem Cbh Nfgmh M``mow ef wsfh`islmg pbsw}fnnr fnn Csbwbe L}nbl bhwi f
}qmow ofwmdisr( _}qbobih fhg eiwbnbwr ef cmmh gbsmowmg witfsg L}nbl ri}hd lmh bh
qfswbo}nfs. teboe ef oihwsbc}wmg wi wem qsiom i` smfowbpm bgmhwbwr,`islfwbih %Omfsb. 3117"(
Dmhmsfnnr qmfjbhd. smnbdbih wmhg wi cm wem qsblfsr cfb `is oinnmowbpm bgmhwbwr `islfwbih
flihd f lfkisbwr i` Csbwbe Fbfh %Fhtfs. 6225"( Eitmpms. w}gbm efpm `i}hg wefw Csbwbe
L}nbl %47-" fsm l}oe lism nbjmnr wefh Ebhg} %7?-" fhg _bje %70-" wi wfwm. Smnbdbih
tf pmsr blqiswfhw bh wem tfr wemr nbpmg wembs nbpm %Sicbhih. 311=. q( 21"( Lmfhbhd`}nnr.
31=
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7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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smomhw rmfs efpm tbwhmmg wem sm,Bnflb{fwbih %smw}sh wi wem `ing" i` L}nbl ri}we bh
Dsmfw Csbwfbh fhg iwems Tmwmsh wfwm( Bh oihwsfw wi wembs mngms. lfhr bh wem hmt dmhmsfwbih
i` Tmwmsh,cish fhg mg}ofwmg L}nbl oihbgms wembs smnbdbih wi cm bdhbofhwnr lism bl,
qiswfhw f fh bgmhwbwr lfsjms wefh fhr qmobo mwehbobwr. hfwbihfnbwr. is obwb{mhebq wfw}(
@}hgflmhwfnbw pmsbih i` Bnfl. bh qfswbo}nfs. efpm dfbhmg hmt i}som i` }qqisw flihd
L}nbl ri}we f f sm}nw i` web dmhmsfwbihfn smnbdbi} smpbpfn %Sir. 3117"(
F`sbofh Gbfqisbo Isbdbh i` Ebq,Eiq
Wem bgminidbofn fhg gmlidsfqebo isbdbh i` ebq,eiq fsm nbhjmg liw icpbi}nr wi wem
F`sbofh Gbfqisf: b(m(. wem gbqmsfn i` F`sbofh wi wem Tmw pbf nfpmsr. oinihbfnbl. fhg
bllbdsfwbih( Fooisgbhd wi Dbnsir %622?". wem F`sbofh Gbfqisf b hmbwems o}nw}sfnnr lihi,
nbwebo his bll}wfcnm( Sfwems. bw ef mhdmhgmsmg wem `islfwbih i` wsfhhfwbihfn o}nw}sfn er,
csbgbwbm wesi}dei}w wem Cnfoj Fwnfhwbo( F wem sm}nw i` omhw}sbm i` nfpmsr fhg oinihbfnbl.
F`sbofh tmsm wsfhqiswmg wi pfsbi} oinihbm fhg oi}hwsbm bh wem Flmsbof fhg TmwmshM}siqm. c}w bh wem qsiom gmpmniqmg f gi}cnm oihobi}hm( Bh web smdfsg. gbfqisbo
F`sbofh fsm o}nw}sfnnr oihhmowmg hiw ihnr wi wem hfwbpm oihwbhmhw i` wembs fhomwis. c}w fni
wi wem fgiqwmg nfhg i` wembs cbswe(
_mpmsfn oeinfs %m(d(. _lbwemslfh. 6224: Jmrm. 3115" efpm wsfomg wem isbdbh i` ebq,
eiq fhg sfq cfoj wi wem isfn oill}hbofwbih qsfowbom `i}hg flihd cnfoj wsbcm bh }c,
_fefsfh Tmw F`sbof( Liw hiwfcnr. wem wsfgbwbihfn F`sbofh dsbiw is cfsg b gmosbcmg f
f tfhgmsbhd isfwis)qimw)l}bobfh wefw tf smqihbcnm `is gmnbpmsbhd oillmhwfsr ih ciwe
o}nw}sfn lfwwms fhg o}ssmhw mpmhw( F Jmrm smoi}hw. wem cfsg tf f wisrwmnnms,bhdms
fhg fcipm fnn f ebwisbfh tei oesihbonm wem hfwbih ebwisr fhg wsfhlbw o}nw}sfn wsfgbwbih
fhg lism wesi}de qms islfhom %q( ="( _lbwemslfh wfwm wefw F`sbofh isfn wsfgbwbih wsihdnr
mlqefb{mg wem qitms i` wem tisg bh e}lfh nb`m: we} oihwmhgbhd wefw wem sfqqms b f
qiwligmsh F`sbofh dsbiw %q( 7"( Nmnfhg %3117" fgg wefw wem wmsl ebq %ebqb" isbdbhfwmg
flihd wem Tini` qmiqnm i` Tmw F`sbof omhw}sbm fdi( Nbwmsfnnr lmfhbhd wi iqmh ihm
mrm. wem oihomqw i` ebq tf wsfhqiswmg wi Flmsbof cr _mhmdfnmm fhg Dflcbfh nfpm(
Bh fggbwbih. pfsbi} smmfsoems %m(d(. Jmrm 3115: Lbwoemnn 3116" efpm qibhwmg wi ebq,
eiq gbfqisbo fhwmomgmhw bh wem nfpm o}nw}sm i` wem Flmsbofh _i}we. }oe f wem ofnn,
fhg,smqihm mng einnms fhg tisj ihd i` cnfoj nfpm( Iwems ebq,eiq qsmo}sis mlmsdbhd
tbwebh i}wemsh cnfoj o}nw}sm bhon}gm oefsblfwbo cnfoj qsmfoebhd fhg sbw}fnb{mg tisg dflm
}oe f wem gi{mh fhg bdhb rbh(63 _}oe qsfowbom tmsm nfsdmnr wsfhlbwwmg `sil
i}wemsh niofnm wi hiswemsh }scfh omhwms f f sm}nw i` wem Dsmfw Lbdsfwbih i` wem mfsnr wi
lbg,31we
omhw}sr( Fggbwbihfn o}nw}sfn fwwsbc}wm smqiswmgnr oihwsbc}wbhd wi ebq,eiq bhon}gmofw bhdbhd. cm ciq kf{{. jbq,siqm serlm. Cnfoj Qfhwems nidfh. cnfuqnibwfwbih nl.
fhg wem l}bo fhg nrsbo i` `}hj fswbw }oe f Kflm Csith fhg Dmisdm Onbhwih i` Qfsnbf,
lmhw @}hjfgmnbo %Lbwoemnn. 3116: Sim. 3115"(
Blqiswfhwnr. ebq,eiq tf hiw osmfwmg bh f iobfn pfo}}l: sfwems. mpmsfn gbwbhow l}nwbo}n,
w}sfn bh}mhom oifnmomg bh wem _i}we Csihu i` wem lbg,6241. nmfgbhd wi wem `islfwbih i`
ebq,eiq( @sil wem pmsr wfsw. ebq,eiq bhoisqisfwmg ercsbgb{mg `sflm wefw tmsm ciwe niofn
63F Jmrm %3115" muqnfbh. Wem gi{mh %fni jhith bh oihwmlqisfsr o}nw}sm f hfq" b wem ingmw wmsl `is
wem dflm i` muoefhdbhd bh}nw( @}swemslism. bdhb`rbh ioo}s temh ihm lfjm fh bhgbsmow wfwmlmhw fci}w f
bw}fwbih is fhiwems qmsih: wem lmfhbhd b i`wmh fnn}bpm fhg. bh ilm ofm. bhgmwmslbhfwm( %q( 61"(
310
WEM BHWMSHFWBIHFN KI]SHFN I@ GBPMS_BWR BH ISDFHB_FWBIH_.
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7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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fhg dnicfn. serwelbofnnr fswbo}nfwmg cr gbfqisbo F`sbofh,Flmsbofh. Kflfbofh,Flmsbofh.
fhg Q}mswi Sbofh. tbwebh wem wsmmw,nmpmn iobfn qfom i` blqipmsbemg bhhms,obwr hmbdecis,
eiig( Ebq,eiq tf gb``}mg bh Hmt Risj Obwr wesi}de f osi,o}nw}sfn oill}hbofwbih
hmwtisj. teboe bhon}gmg }cbv}bwi} dsf`wb wfd ih }ctfr fhg rms qiwmg ih wmhmlmhw
tfnn. qsmfgbhd bh`islfwbih fci}w fh muobwbhd hmt lipmlmhw( Bh fh msf i` ligmsh oill},
hbofwbih wmoehinidbm. web hmwtisj mpmhw}fnnr gbmlbhfwmg ebq,eiq cmrihg bw isbdbhfn gbf,
qisbo lmwsiqinbwfh cfm wi iwems Flmsbofh obwbm bh teboe lfsdbhfnb{mg cnfoj fhg Ebqfhbo
oill}hbwbmqbojmg }q ih wem wmhis fhg mhmsdr bh Hmt Risj ebq,eiq %Sim. 3115. q(
30"(
_mpmsfn i` wem mfsnbmw qbihmms i` ebq,eiq mlcsfomg F`siomhwsbo qmsqmowbpm wefw bhon}gmg
gbfqisbo blfdmsr( Liw hiwmtiswer bh web smdfsg tf F`sbjf Cflcffwff %Jmpbh Gihfpfh".
f `islms Csihu dfhd nmfgms tei fgiqwmg wem hflm i` f nmdmhgfsr F`sbofh [}n} wsbcfn oebm`
%Jmrm. 3113"( F f sm}nw i` cmbhd bhqbsmg cr F`sbofh ebwisr fhg gmqbowbih i` lbdewr
[}n} tfssbis bh qiq}nfs o}nw}sm. Cflcffwff mwfcnbemg wem ]hbpmsfn [}n} Hfwbih %][H"
bh 6247( Wem dsi}q cmoflm f wsbcfn,nbjm fiobfwbih i` GK. dsf`wb fswbw. csmfjgfhoms. fhgeilmcir( Fowbhd f f jbhg i` v}fb,smnbdbi} `sfwmshfn isdfhb{fwbih. ][H fowbpmnr qsiliwmg
wem qmfom`}n smin}wbih i` oihbow flihd dfhd. osmt. fhg iwems bhhms,obwr sbpfn %Dmisdm.
6225"( Qiq}nfsnr jhith f wem dig`fwems i` ebq,eiq. Cflcffwff tf fswbwbofnnr monmowbo
fhg flqnmg l}bo `sil F`sbof. wem Ofsbccmfh. fhg mpmh Dmslfh i}som , }oe f wem qbih,
mmsbhd mnmowsihbo cfhg. Jsf`wtmsj( Cflcffwff l}bo smmowmg fhg smbh`isomg eb wfwmg
qebniiqebofn oillbwlmhw wi dnicfn }hbwr( Em `sflmg wem ebq,eiq lipmlmhw f f}wemhwbofnnr
qfh,F`sbofh. teboe fqqfsmhwnr qfsjmg bw dsitwe %Jmrm. 3113"(
L}nbl Gbfqisbo Isbdbh i` Ebq,Eiq
Fnihd tbwe wem F`sbofh Gbfqisf. fhiwems blqiswfhw `sflm `i}hg bh ebq,eiq b wem smnfwbpmnr
hmt oihomqw i` wem L}nbl Gbfqisf( Ihm i` wem liw blqiswfhw bgminidbofn bh}mhom ih
wem gmpmniqlmhw i` ebq,eiq tf wem Cnfoj L}nbl lipmlmhw. teboe bhon}gm }oe lbnbwfhw
mow f wem Hfwbih i` Bnfl fhg wem Hfwbih i` Dig fhg Mfswe( @i}hgmg bh Gmwsibw bh 62?1
f f ebdenr qfwsbfsoefn. cnfoj,mqfsfwbw lipmlmhw. wem Hfwbih i` Bnfl mpmhw}fnnr cmoflm
wem cmw,jhith Cnfoj L}nbl `fowbih }hgms wem nmfgmsebq i` qsiqemw Mnbkfe Liefllfg
fhg eb oefsblfwbo nbm}wmhfhw. Lfnoinl U( Gmqbwm }cmv}mhw oebl bh wem lipmlmhw
fhg Lfnoinl ffbhfwbih cr sbpfn Cnfoj L}nbl bh 620=. wem Hfwbih i` Bnfl lfgm
}cwfhwbfn bhsifg bhwi }scfh demwwi fosi wem oi}hwsr cr wem nfwm buwbm fhg mpmhwbm(
Wem Nfw Qimw. f dsi}q i` Cnfoj L}nbl qinbwbofn fowbpbw `sil Efsnml. smnmfmg mpmsfn
qimwbo qijmh,tisg fnc}l bh wem nfwm buwbm wefw oilcbhmg F`siomhwsbo)Bnflbo blfdmsrtbwe ebdenr bhhipfwbpm. rmw qsipiofwbpm. nfhd}fdm( Bh wembs liw `fli} qbmom. Hbddms fsm
_ofsmg i` Smpin}wbih. wem dsi}q qbihmmsmg pmsr sfqbg wfoofwi,wrnm serlm: f wrnm wefw
mpmhw}fnnr cmoflm v}bwm oillih bh sfq l}bo( Bh fggbwbih. wem dsi}q m``mowbpmnr i}dew wi
qibwbpmnr sm,fqqsiqsbfwm wem H tisg `sil tebwm sfobw. we} mspbhd f fh mfsnr ligmn
`is nfwms,gfr ebq,eiq)sfq qms`islms wi bq wem osbqw %b(m(. sm`sflm wem lmfhbhd i` wem
wmsl `sil qmkisfwbpm temh }mg cr tebwm wi mlqitmsbhd temh }mg cr cnfoj bh omswfbh
bw}fwbih"(
_mpmsfn i` ebq,eiq }co}nw}sfn qbihmms mlcsfomg wem Cnfoj L}nbl lipmlmhw fhg
tmsm qfswbo}nfsnr bhqbsmg cr wem qimwbo qinmlbo i` Lfnoinl U fhg wem csfe cifw i`
Liefllfg Fnb %Lbwoemnn. 3116: Sim. 3115"( Bh wem _i}we Csihu i` wem 6241. wem Hfwbih
314
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7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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i` Bnfl cmoflm ebdenr bh}mhwbfn flihd `islms dfhd lmlcms %liw hiwfcnr. F`sbjf
Cflcffwff". g}m bh nfsdm lmf}sm wi wem mow m``isw wi gmwms wsmmw pbinmhom fhg mhg dfhd
tfs fsm %Jmrm. 3113"( Cr wem mfsnr 6251. lfhr ebq,eiq fswbw tmsm obwbhd ciwe F`siomhwsbo
fhg Cnfoj L}nbl bh}mhom( @is muflqnm. wem Nihd Bnfhg sfq cfhg. Q}cnbo Mhmlr. i`wmh
}wbnb{mg wem qinbwbofn nidfh i` wem Hfwbih i` Bnfl. Lfnoinl U. fhg wem Cnfoj Qfhwems(
]bhd fhdsr oi}hwmso}nw}sfn wihm. wem cfhg mlcsfomg ciwe cnfoj qsbgm fhg wem F`sbofh Gb,
fqisf bh wem oihwmuw i` iqqibhd iqqsmbih( Wem cfhg 6252 bhdnm. @bdew wem Qitms.
onfblmg wefw tebwm smghmoj efg i}dew wi gilbhfwm cnfoj `is wem qfw `i}s e}hgsmg
rmfs: b(m(. `sil wem cmdbhhbhd i` F`sbofh nfpmsr bh Hiswe Flmsbof wi wem qsmmhw msf( Bh
smqihm wi }oe sfobw wrsfhhr. wem cfhg ofnnmg `is qitms wi wem qmiqnm hi gmnfr. wi lfjm
mpmsrcigr mm bh isgms wi dew wem qitms wefw cm( Wem ihd dfbhmg tbgm muqi}sm f`wms
cmbhd `mfw}smg bh _qbjm Nmm ebdenr qiq}nfs ebq,eiq nfgmh nl. Gi wem Sbdew Webhd%6252"(
Bh smomhw rmfs. f dsitbhd h}lcms i` F`sbofh,Flmsbofh ebq,eiq qms islms efpm mlcsfomg
Bnfl( Wei}de wem Hfwbih i` Bnfl b wbnn f lfkis `fowis bh ebq,eiq. lfhr qms`islms efpm
oihpmswmg wi lism lfbhwsmfl fhg smnfwbpmnr bhon}bpm pmsbih i` _}hhb Bnfl( L}nblFlmsbofh sfqqms }oe f Oe}oj G. Bom O}cm. Hf. Li Gm`. wem T} Wfhd Onfh. Cnfoj _wfs.
wem Siiw. Oillih. Mpm. fhg Qfsb. i`wmh bhoisqisfwm pfsbi} Bnflbo wemlm fhg lmfdm
bhwi wembs ihd. OG nbhms hiwm. fhg q}cnbo bhwmspbmt( _mpmsfn ebq,eiq fobihfgi oihwmhg
wefw wem nfhd}fdm i` sfq fhg wem V}sfh fsm pmsr blbnfs bh ws}ow}sm fhg wrnm %Fnbl. 311=.
q( 300"( Li Gm` %Gfhwm _lbwe". tei oihpmswmg wi Bnfl fw fdm webswmmh bh eb hfwbpm
Csiijnrh. onfbl wefw ciwe ebq,eiq fhg wem V}sfh oihwfbh oihobm nrsbofn lmfhbhd wefw fsm
mfbnr gbmlbhfwmg bh ebdenr ofgmhomg `febih( Ebq,eiq fhg wem wmuw i` V}sfh fsm ciwe
`isl i` qimwsr. em wfwm. fhg ciwe qim f serlm oemlm wefw oihpmr mmhwbfn bh`isl,
fwbih %v}iwmg bh Efnbnf. 311=. q( ?5"( Bnfl ef mpmh cmmh gmosbcmg f ebq,eiq i`obfn
smnbdbih %Fnbl. 311=. q( 307"(
Lfo}nbhbwr bh Ebq,Eiq
Wem isbdbh i` ebq,eiq fsm qsmgilbhfwmnr lfnm fhg lfo}nbhm. g}m bh nfsdm lmf}sm wi wem
`fow wefw wem mfsnbmw qms`islms tmsm liwnr F`sbofh,Flmsbofh fhg Ebqfhbo ri}hd lmh
%bhon}gbhd lfhr `islms wsmmw,dfhd lmlcms"(6? Mpmh wem wmsl sfq bh F`sbofh,Flmsbofh
fsdiw bhbwbfnnr sm`mssmg wi fhr wrqm i` ebdenr silfhwbo is mu}fnb{mg oillmhw fhg gbfnidbo
bhwmsfowbih. wrqbofnnr bhpinpbhd f lfnm }bwis fwwmlqwbhd wi tbh wem f``mowbih i` f tilfh
%Jioelfh. 6243"( Cr wem nfwm 6201. wem wmsl efg cmmh m``mowbpmnr smbhpmhwmg wi lmfh fhr
jbhg i` wsihd. fddsmbpm. ebdenr }mhw. qitms`}n wfnj %_lbwemslfh 6224. q( 7". we}
mlqefb{bhd lfo}nbhm bgmhwbwr lfsjms( F Jbmnbhd %3117" icmspm. Qitms b ihm i` wemgmhbhd oefsfowmsbwbo i` lfo}nbhbwr bh liw iobmwbm %q( 3?3"( Wem smoihws}owmg lfo}nbhm
lmfhbhd i` wem wmsl tf cmw mumlqnbmg cr Wem Wmlqwfwbih qinbwbofnnr oefsdmg S&C
ebw. Cfnn i` Oih`}bih %6241". teboe bhon}gmg wem lfnm,omhwsbo nrsbo. sfq ih. csiwems. sfq
ih( Fooisgbhd wi _lbwemslfh. Ihm hg ciwe }m i` wem wmsl bh wigfr cnfoj qmmoe
oill}hbwr. fhg i` oi}sm. sfqqms smqsmmhw ciwe lmfhbhd bh wembs fswbwbo qsig}owbih %q(
7"(
6?Bw tf hiw }hwbn wem nfwm 6251 wefw fhr lfkis `mlfnm wfs mlmsdmg ih wem Flmsbofh ebq,eiq omhm( _fnw H Qmqqf
fhg V}mmh Nfwb`fe tmsm wti i` wem mfsnbmw `mlfnm ebq,eiq fow: smnmfbhd wembs gmc}w fnc}l bh 6255 fhg 6252 sm,
qmowbpmnr(
315
WEM BHWMSHFWBIHFN KI]SHFN I@ GBPMS_BWR BH ISDFHB_FWBIH_.
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7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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Qfsfgiubofnnr. ebq,eiq dsitbhd fnn}sm wi tebwm Flmsbofh wmmh bh }c}scbf tf nfsdmnr
g}m wi bw cnfoj demwwi lrwbv}m fhg gbwbhownr }co}nw}sfn `io} ih foebmpbhd qitms fhg
smqmow bh wem eiig. teboe bhon}gmg }oe boihidsfqebo `mfw}sm f dfhd. d}h. fhg dsmmg(
Wemm erqms,lfo}nbhm rlcin mmlmg wi smihfwm tbwe fnbmhfwmg ri}hd lfnm bh qfswbo}nfs.
fqqfsmhwnr mfdms `is fnfobi} mhwmswfbhlmhw fhg `fhwfr mofqbl bh f smq}wmgnr f}wemhwbo
}scfh lbnbm}(
Csbwbe Ebq,Eiq Smoih`bd}sfwbih
Cmdbhhbhd bh wem mfsnr,6251. ebq,eiq wfswmg lipbhd ipmsmf. teboe tf bhbwbfnnr pbmtmg
tbwe gbgfbh cr lfhr Tmw M}siqmfh o}nw}sfn,q}sbw tei gmqbowmg sfq l}bo gmsbbpmnr f
blqnr fhiwems emdmlihbo `fg bh f nihd nbhm i` Flmsbofh qiq,o}nw}sm blqisw %Fhgsi}w,
iqi}ni fhg _oein{. 3113"( Wei}de ilm i` wem mfsnbmw sfq l}bo qsig}omg bh Dsmfw Csbwfbh
fhg iwems Tmw M}siqmfh oi}hwsbm efg bhgmmg lblbojmg Flmsbofh l}bofn wrnm fhg nrs,
bofn fqqsifoem. l}oe i` wem sfq bh }oe oi}hwsbm tf iih smoihwmuw}fnb{mg wi cmwwms smmowniofn mhpbsihlmhw fhg bh}mhom( F Lbwoemnn %3116" ef icmspmg. ebq,eiq qsig}omg
i}wbgm i` wem ](_( wrqbofnnr oilcbhm F`sbofh Flmsbofh nfhd fhg serwel tbwe niofn pms,
hfo}nfs. bhgbdmhi} l}bofn bgbil. fhg oihomsh fhg mhbcbnbwbm wefw fsm }hbv}m wi qfswbo,
}nfs o}nw}sfn mwwbhd(
Wem Csbwbe ebq,eiq }co}nw}sm ef omswfbhnr cmmh bh}mhomg cr wem isbdbhfn Flmsbofh
fsoemwrqm. c}w l}oe i` wem omhm gmpmniqmg mqfsfwmnr bh qfsfnnmn `febih bh wem mfsnr 6251.
g}m wi wem qsmmhom i` i}hg rwml fhg g}ccbhd wrnm sw blqiswmg wi wem ](J( cr cnfoj
Kflfbofh bllbdsfhw( Lfhr i` wem wemlm i` Flmsbofh dfhdwf sfq. }oe f d}hqnfr fhg
ofs kfojbhd. tmsm smnfwbpmnr fnbmh wi Csbwbe o}nw}sm fhg lmw tbwe nbwwnm }oom bh gilmwbo
sfq `isl( Oihmv}mhwnr. wem cnfojhm i` Csbwbe sfq bhbwbfnnr smnbmg lism ih wem F`si,
Ofsbccmfh gbfqisbo muqmsbmhom. tebnm `io}bhd bw iobfn osbwbv}m qsblfsbnr ih hmi,oinihbfn,
bl. blqmsbfnbl. fhg bhwbw}wbihfn sfobl sfwems wefh dfhd,smnfwmg pbinmhom is lbidrhr
%Emlihgefnde fhg Lmnpbnnm. 3116"(
_i}we Fbfh sw cmoflm bhwblfwmnr bhpinpmg tbwe wem mlmsdbhd Csbwbe ebq,eiq }co}nw}sm
bh wem mfsnr 6251. qsblfsbnr f dsf`wbw fhg csmfjgfhoms( Pmsr `mt tmsm bhpinpmg bh
sfqqbhd is l}bo qsig}owbih bhbwbfnnr. wei}de obso}lwfhom oefhdmg cr wem mfsnr hbhmwbm
tbwe wem osmfwbih i` _i}we Fbfh sfq cfhg( Ihm i` wem sw }oe cfhg tf E}wnms EO.
`i}hgmg bh 6226 bh Tmw Nihgih( Oilqimg mhwbsmnr i` _bje. wem cfhg nfsdmnr mlcsfomg
wem niij fhg wrnm i` F`sbofh,Flmsbofh eilmcir bh wem eiig. tebnm nrsbofnnr fmswbhd
mwehbo qsbgm bh wembs gbfqisbo _i}we Fbfh siiw fhg _bje smnbdbi} bgmhwbwr( Hiwfcnr. E}wnms
EO b ihm i` wem `mt hih,cnfoj Csbwbe sfq cfhg wefw efpm }oommgmg bh osibhd ipms fhgdfshmsbhd qiq}nfsbwr flihd F`si,Ofsbccmfh ebq,eiqqms %Emlihgefnde fhg Lmnpbnnm.
3116"( Bh wem ihd. Cbd Wsi}cnm bh Nbwwnm Fbf. E}wnms EO `io}m ih niofnb{mg b}m
}oe f Csbwbe sfobl flihd wem tebwm lfkisbwr fhg wem hmmg `is qfh,Fbfh inbgfsbwr wi
oi}hwmsfow }oe muon}bihfsr qsfowbom( ]wbnb{bhd demwwi wfnm fjbh wi F`sbofh,Flmsbofh
sfq. wemsm b f onfsbih ofnn `is qfh,mwehbo }hbwr flihd gbfqisbo _i}we Fbfh. bhon}gbhd
_bje. Ebhg}. fhg L}nbl( Eitmpms. wem ihd b fni osbwbofn i` weim tei mnn,i}w. bh,
on}gbhd `mnnit Fbfh wem cfhg nfcmn oioih}w: b(m(. weim tei fsm csith ih wem i}wbgm
c}w tebwm ih wem bhbgm( We}. E}wnms EO b `sflbhd wembs oinnmowbpm bgmhwbwr f f}wemhwbofnnr
_i}we Fbfh: b(m(. jmmqbhd bw smfn. teboe b ihm i` wem oism pfn}m i` dnicfn ebq,eiq( F
wem cfhg sfq;
361
WEM BHWMSHFWBIHFN KI]SHFN I@ GBPMS_BWR BH ISDFHB_FWBIH_.
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7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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Emr ri B mm cbd wsi}cnm gith bh Nbwwnm Fbf@is fh Fbfh dsitbhd }q webhd dmw osf{bms fhg osf{bms
@is lr o}nw}sm gim hiw w bh tbwe ri}s
Ri}s oiss}qw o}nw}sm lfjm lr sboe o}nw}sm niij qiis(
Wem Fbfh ]hgmsdsi}hg
Wem lbg,wi,nfwm 6221 tbwhmmg }hqsmomgmhwmg oefsw }oom `is tefw cmoflm jhith f
wem Fbfh ]hgmsdsi}hg %is Fbfh Jiin". teboe tf wsihdnr bh}mhomg cr wem l}bofn
dmhsm i` cefhdsf ( F fh bhgbdmhi} `isl i` `inj l}bo wefw isbdbhfwmg bh Bhgbf _bje,
gilbhfwmg Q}hkfc smdbih i` hiswetmwmsh Bhgbf. cefhdsf tf nfwms `}mg tbwe ebq,eiq.smddfm. g}c. i}n fhg iwems cnfoj l}bofn dmhsm cr gbfqisbo moihg,dmhmsfwbih Fbfh
mmjbhd wi osmfwm f hmt ercsbgb{mg l}bofn `isl %Lfbsf. 3111"( Csbwbe _i}we Fbfh fswbw
}oe f Wfnpbh _bhde. Q}hkfcb LO. Oishmseiq. fhg wem Fbfh G}c @i}hgfwbih %FG@" cmoflm
qsblm muflqnm i` web hmt ercsbgb{mg lipmlmhw( Blqiswfhwnr. web omhm wmhgmg wi iqmh
}q f l}bofn gbfnid}m cmwtmmh Fbfh gbfqisbo %mqmobfnnr Q}hkfcb" l}bo fhg F`sbofh
gbfqisbo i}hg bh Csbwfbh( Bh web smqmow. wem sfobfn ercsbgbwr i` wem omhm i``msmg qibc,
bnbwbm `is wem hih,muef}wbpm bgmhwbofwbih i` Csbwbe fhg cnfoj fhg Fbfh f qinbwbofnnr
fpfbnfcnm wi Fbfh ri}we %G}gsfe. 3113. q( =00"(
Qfhkfcb LO. tei oilcbhm ebq,eiq tbwe cefhdsf. b wem ih i` sw,dmhmsfwbih Bhgbfh
_bje bllbdsfhw `sil wem Q}hkfc( Cish bh Oipmhwsr. Mhdnfhg f Sfkbhgms _bhde. em sw
wfswmg bgmhwb`rbhd tbwe ebq,eiq f f ri}hd wmmh. }cmv}mhwnr wsrbhd eb jbnn f f sfqqmsbh wem mfsnr 6221( Eb qfsmhw wsihdnr gbfqqsipmg i` eb hmt eiccr. cmbhd ipmsnr oih,
omshmg fci}w wembs ih wfhgbhd i}w bh wem liwnr tebwm. tisjbhd,onf with i` Oipmhwsr(
Bh qfswbo}nfs. eb qfsmhw `mfsmg `is eb f`mwr. oihomshmg wefw sfobw jbhemfg ti}ng nbjmnr
wfsdmw ebl b` em tmsm gsmmg bh ebq,eiq fwwbsm( G}m wi eb smnfwbpmnr }hbv}m wfw} f fh Bhgbfh
sfqqms. iwems bh wem ebq,eiq omhm i`wmh sm`mssmg wi ebl cr wem hbojhflm. Qfhkfcb LO(
Wei}de eb bhbwbfn l}bofn oilqibwbih tmsm liwnr q}sm ebq,eiq %b(m(. F`sbofh,Flmsbofh"
bh wrnm. em v}bojnr cmdfh wi bhon}gm piofn fhg bhws}lmhwfn flqnm `sil wsfgbwbihfn Bhgbfh
l}bo(67
Qfhkfcb LO sw lfkis bhdnm. Siiw{. ef f wtbh gbfqisbo wemlm. muqsmbhd qsbgm bh
eb Bhgbfh eilmnfhg. tebnm fw wem flm wblm smmowbhd wem %ebq,eiq bhmowmg" wbwnm i` FnmuEfnmr onfbo F`sbofh gbfqisbo wilm fhg `flmg lbhb,msbm( Wem ihd. smnmfmg bh wem
mfsnr hbhmwbm. bhon}gm mu}fnnr oefsdmg nrsbo fhg cnfoj fsdiw bh wem wrnm i` Flmsbofh ebq,
eiq. teboe dmhmsfwmg oihwsipmsr flihd smnbdbi}nr gmpi}w L}nbl bh qfswbo}nfs( Pbbwbhd
Bhgbf `is wem sw wblm bh wem lbg,6221. Qfhkfcb LO oinnfcisfwmg tbwe hfwbpm Q}hkfcb l}b,
obfh( Oihmv}mhwnr. em smnmfmg eb sw lfkis ebw bhdnm bh wem ](J( bh 6224. Lbs{f Qfsw
3. teboe lbum Q}hkfcb, fhg Mhdnbe,nfhd}fdm nrsbo( Lism smomhwnr. Qfhkfcb ef oinnfcisfwmg
67 @is lism ih Qfhkfcb LO cfojdsi}hg. mm ewwq;))ttt(chf,dmslfhr(oil)qfhkfcb(ewln9&N
7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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tbwe wem F`sbofh,Flmsbofh sfqqms. Kfr,[. ih wem ebdenr }oom`}n Cmtfsm i` wem Cir
bhdnm bh 311?. we} qsiqmnnbhd ebl wi bhwmshfwbihfn `flm fhg wfsgil(
_blbnfsnr. wem Fbfh G}c @i}hgfwbih %FG@" i`wmh bhoisqisfwm l}bofn bhws}lmhw.
lmnigbm. fhg cmfw `sil _i}we Fbf. F`sbof. fhg wem Tmw bh rhosmwbwbo `febih( Wem cfhg.
teboe wfswmg i}w f f oill}hbwr ri}we isdfhb{fwbih. smoisgmg wembs sw fnc}l bh 6227(
FG@ b gbsmownr bhpinpmg bh fhwb,sfobw fowbpbl fhg mlqefb{m oillih oihomsh i` F`si,
Ofsbccmfh fhg _i}we Fbfh bh wembs ihd fhg wfwmlmhw( _mpmsfn i` FG@ ihd efpm
_i}we Fbfh gbfqisbo wemlm. }oe f Smcmn Tfssbis. teboe tf smnmfmg bh 622=(
Cbgsieb. f qiml tsbwwmh bh wem 6231 cr Jf{b Hf{s}n Bnfl. fh fgpiofwm `is Bhgbfh Bhgm,
qmhgmhom. bhqbsmg wem ihd. teboe `io}m ih pfsbi} `isl i` qsmk}gbom fhg gbosblbhfwbih
gbsmowmg fdfbhw _i}we Fbfh bh wem oihwmlqisfsr ](J( FG@ cmw,mnnbhd 311? fnc}l.
Mhmlr i` wem Mhmlr. oihwfbh wem wsfoj @iswsm M}siqm. teboe b f cnbwmsbhd osbwbv}m i`
smwsbowbpm bllbdsfwbih qinbobm bh Csbwfbh fhg iwems oi}hwsbm(
Nbjm lfhr fhwb,sfobw oflqfbdhms bh wem ](J(. lmlcms i` FG@ fgpiofwm wefw wem iob,
iqinbwbofn ofwmdisr i` cnfoj ei}ng bhon}gm _i}we Fbfh. fnihd tbwe F`si,Ofsbccmfh%_tmhgmhc}sd. 3116"( @i}hgbhd lmlcms Qfhgbw D %Kieh Qfhgbw" oihwmhg wefw cnfoj,bhmowmg
bgmhwbwbm `is Csbwbe Fbfh oihpmr ciwe oiinhm fhg f ofqfobwr `is smcmnnbih( Wemsm b
hi wsihd tebwm Tmwmsh hiwbih i` oiin flihdw ri}we %bh Csbwfbh". em icmspm( Nfsdmnr
cnfoj bgmhwbwr b lbumg }q tbwe cmbhd fhwb,mwfcnbelmhw %v}iwmg bh Iwoemw. 311?"(
Csbwbe Fbfh Hmdiwbfwbhd Cnfojhm
_iobfn obmhwbw efpm qmo}nfwmg ih wem }hgmsnrbhd smfih ter gbfqisbo _i}we Fbfh bh
wem ](J( %mqmobfnnr ri}hd lfnm" bhosmfbhdnr fsm oihws}owbhd cnfoj,bhmowmg bgmhwbwbm.
tebnm fw wem flm wblm wmhgbhd wi fpibg fhr muqnbobw mn`,bgmhwbofwbih f cnfoj( Dbnsir
%6254" icmspm wefw cnfoj wrnm. l}bo. gsm. gfhom `febih. fhg nfhd}fdm cmoilm f gm,
wmslbhbhd `isom efqbhd wem wrnm. l}bo. gsm. gfhom. `febih. fhg nfhd}fdm i` }scfh Csbwfbh
f f teinm %q( 6=="( E}v %3110" oihwmhg wefw Csbwbe Fbfh fsm smoihd}sbhd tefw bw
lmfh wi cm Fbfh cr fgiqwbhd }scfh cnfoj wrnbwbo oigm }oe f Flmsbofh ebq,eiq gmsbpmg
`febih fhg nfhd}fdm. i`wmh bsihbofnnr %q( 37"( Eitmpms. L}nbl fhg Ebhg} _i}we Fbfh
fqqfsmhwnr efpm fgiqwmg }oe cnfoj,bhmowmg ebq,eiq bgmhwbwbm `is }cwfhwbfnnr gb``msmhw
smfih: smqihgbhd wi wembs ith qfswbo}nfs iobfn)qmsihfn hmmg `is oinnmowbpm,bgmhwbwr f`,
slfwbih. tebnm smfowbhd wi gbqfsfwm iobmwfn wmsmiwrqm bhpinpbhd wem bhwmsmowbih i` mwehb,
obwr. dmhgms. fhg smnbdbih(
_bdhbofhwnr. smmfsoe ef smpmfnmg wefw wem tebwm lfkisbwr bh Mhdnfhg bhosmfbhdnr qms,
ombpm _i}we Fbfh L}nbl tbwe dsmfw }qbobih fhg `mfs. pbmtbhd weml f wem }nwblfwmiwems( Nfsdmnr g}m wi wem smnfwbpmnr smomhw wmssisbw fwwfoj bh Hmt Risj Obwr bh 3116 fhg
Nihgih bh 311=. L}nbl ri}hd lmh bh qfswbo}nfs fsm bhosmfbhdnr wmsmiwrqmg f lbnbwfhw.
fddsmbpm. fhg lfoei( Bhgmmg. wemsm b f qinfsb{mg smqsmmhwfwbih i` Fbfh L}nbl
lmh f mbwems Bnflbo `}hgflmhwfnbw is gs}d,smnfwmg osblbhfn %Sflkb. 3114. q( 664?"(
C}w tebnm q}cnbo gboi}sm bh Csbwfbh i`wmh fwwsbc}wm }oe hmdfwbpm erqms,lfo}nbhm wsfbw
wi ri}hd L}nbl lfnm. iwems _i}we Fbfh %qfswbo}nfsnr Ebhg}" wmhg wi cm qmsombpmg cr
wem lfkisbwr f m``mlbhfwm. g}m lfbhnr wi wembs liwnr lbggnm onf wfw} fhg qibwbpm
smq}wfwbih f foebmpms bh oeiin %Fsoems( 3116. q( 56"(
Bh wem ofm i` L}nbl ri}we. wem wsfhhfwbihfn bgmhwbwr i` cmbhd L}nbl ef liwnr },
qmsmgmg wem wsfh,mwehbo Csbwbe oihomqw i` hih,tebwm efpbhd f cnfoj bgmhwbwr. fw nmfw
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tbwebh Csbwfbh i`obfn gmlidsfqebo gboi}sm %Gtrms. 6222"( Hmpmswemnm. cnfoj,bhmowbih
efpm oihwbh}mg }hfcfwmg tbwebh Csbwbe L}nbl bgmhwbwbm fhg mpmh dsith lism fo}wm bh
smomhw rmfs. g}m fqqfsmhwnr wi wem fqqmfn i` oiin cnfoj blfdmsr fhg }fpm %b(m(. silfhwb,
ob{mg" gmqbowbih i` lfo}nbhbwr bh ebq,eiq( Nbjm wem nfhd wmsl ebq. wem }co}nw}sfn oihomqw
i` oiin smqiswmgnr ef F`sbofh Gbfqisbo)F`sbofh,Flmsbofh isbdbh(6= Lmfhbhd`}nnr. f
hmt ercsbgb{mg bgmhwbwr ef mlmsdmg bh Tmwmsh M}siqm wefw b i`wmh gmosbcmg f Oiin B,
nfl. teboe b gmbdhmg wi qsiliwm f lism ligmsh. gmobgmgnr nm `}hgflmhwfnbw oinnmowbpm
bgmhwbwr `is ri}hd L}nbl lmh bh qfswbo}nfs %_fsgfs. 3110"( @sflbhd Bnfl f oiin b fh
fqqfsmhw fwwmlqw wi oi}hwmsfow qiq}nfs wmsmiwrqm i` L}nbl ri}hd lmh f ipmsnr wsfgbwbihfn.
fhwb,Tmwmsh. q}sbwfhbofn. lmhfobhd. fhg iobfnnr,smqsmmg( Bh lfhr smqmow. Oiin Bnfl
b gbsmownr nbhjmg wi ebq,eiq fhg f cnfoj,bhmowmg bgmhwbwr wefw b smmowmg bh wem l}bofn
wfwm. pfn}m. fhg fwwbw}gm i` Csbwbe L}nbl ri}hd lmh(
Bh Dsmfw Csbwfbh fhg iwems Tmw M}siqmfh oi}hwsbm. oiin %b(m(. cnfoj,bhmowmg" L}nbl
`febih efpm mlmsdmg smomhwnr wefw bhoisqisfwm rhosmwbwbo ebq,eiq)Bnflbo nidfh ih
oinis`}n w,ebsw. kfojmw. fhg cfmcfnn ofq. teboe fsm i wmh tsbwwmh bh Fsfcbo osbqw( Muflqnmbhon}gm Bnfl 7 Smfn. Qsiqmswr i` Fnnfe. fhg 6 ]llfe( Ebq,eiq. teboe oihhiwm
mhnbdewmhlmhw %ebq" tbwe `}h %eiq". mml wi cm wfbnis,lfgm `is wem hmt Oiin Bnfl( Fooisg,
bhd wi _fsgfs %3110";
Oiin Bnfl muqsmm bw bgmhwbwr wesi}de ebq,eiq fhg sfq. fhg b emfpbnr bh}mhomg cr
fh }hgmsdsi}hg L}nbl ebq,eiq lipmlmhw bh wem ](_Oiin Bnfl }m ebq,eiq wi
oihpmr f qinbwbofn fhg smnbdbi} lmfdm; fnn L}nbl fsm }hbwmg: Bnfl b f qsfdlfwbo
fhg sfwbihfn `fbwe: L}nbl fsm hiw emnqnm pbowbl. c}w efpm osmfwbpm tfr wi smbw
fhg }cpmsw blqmsbfnbl(
Bh oihwsfw. hih,L}nbl Csbwbe Fbfh ri}we fqqfsmhwnr efpm fgiqwmg ebq,eiq fhg cnfoj,bhmowmg bgmhwbwbm liwnr wi oi}hwmsfow mmlbhdnr qibwbpm wmsmiwrqm `i}hg bh wem ](J(
fhg iwems oi}hwsbm( Lfbsf %3111" hiwm wefw Bhgbfh Ebhg} ri}hd lmh fsm i`wmh wrqmofw f
qfbpm fhg mlfo}nfwmg. tebnm cnfoj %F`sbofh" lmh fsm wrqmofw f muebcbwbhd erqms,lfo},
nbhm qmsihfnbwbm fhg gmlmfhis( _}oe iobfnnr,oihws}owmg lfoebli cmoilm wem ickmow
i` sfobfnb{mg gmbsm. fhg bl}nwfhmi}nr. i` sfobfnb{mg `mfs %q( ??4"( _blbnfsnr. Mdnfe %3113"
icmspm wefw Bhgbfh lfnm fsm i`wmh wmsmiwrqmg f hmsg. we} cmbhd qmsombpmg f ipmsnr
oihomshmg tbwe qsi`mbihfn fgpfhomlmhw fhg nfojbhd qfbih fhg mu}fn qsitm( Mmhwbfnnr.
wemr fsm gmqbowmg f wem iqqibwm i` ebq fhg oiin g}m. bh nfsdm lmf}sm. wi wembs fnnmdmg
}cmspbmhw. mliwbihnm. fhg obso}lqmow gmlmfhis( Wei}de tebwm lfkisbwbm fsm i`wmh
`fobhfwmg cr wem fnnmdmg qbsbw}fnbwr i` Ebhg} _i}we Fbfh. }oe qiswsfrfn `io} ih wemmuiwbo is wsfhdm %b(m(. fnbmh" fqmow i` Ebhg} smnbdbi} qsfowbom( Bh oihwsfw. cnfoj wrnm
b `sflmg f wem mlcigblmhw i` f}wemhwbobwr. qihwfhmbwr. fhg niofnb{mg smcmnnbih. qfswbo}nfsnr
bh wem d}bm i` ebq,eiq( @innitbhd web nidbo. tebwm fsm iobfnnr qibwbihmg cmwtmmh wem wti
muwsmlm i` cnfoj qsblbwbpbl fhg Isbmhwfn sfwbihfnbl)muiwbobl(
We}. Ebhg},Bhgbfh lfnm nbpbhd bh gbfqisf fsm smnfwbpmnr qsihm wi mlcsfom ebq,eiq.
serwel fhg cn}m. smddfm. gfhomefnn. fhg iwems cnfoj dmhsm i` l}bo bh isgms wi qfswbfnnr
emg wembs muiwbob{mg wfw} fhg m``mowbpmnr foebmpm f smgmhmg mhm i` o}nw}sfn mv}bnbcsb}l
6= @is bhwfhom. Flmsbofh cnfoj kf{{ l}bobfh fhg wembs `fh sw qiq}nfsb{mg oiin g}sbhd wem 6271: gmhbhd
bw f f nfbg cfoj wrnm wefw tf blqnbobwnr nbhjmg wi wembs gbfqisbo isbdbh(
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7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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bh wembs mwehi,smnbdbi},dmhgms bgmhwbwbm( Smkmowbhd wembs wsfgbwbih,ci}hg. gmmu}fnb{mg
q}cnbo qmsihf. wemr fsm hmdiwbfwbhd fhg smoihws}owbhd wembs oinnmowbpm bgmhwbwr cr mlcsfobhd
wem ipmsnr mu}fnb{mg. cnfoj,bhmowmg }co}nw}sm i` ebq,eiq(
Dnicfn Gmb Ebq,Eiq Hmwtisj
Oinnmowbpm bgmhwbwr hmdiwbfwbih fsm mpbgmhw bh wem monmowbo qms islfhom i` wem Csbwbe Bhgbfh
GK)sfqqms. Fqfoem Bhgbfh %_mpmh Jfq}s"( Emfpbnr bh}mhomg cr smddfm fhg iwems cnfoj Kf,
lfbofh dmhsm i` l}bo. em i`wmh wifw %sfq" bh Kflfbofh qfwib c}w fni flqnm Bhgbfh
l}bo `sil Cinnrtiig %b(m(. Bhgbf Ebhgb,nfhd}fdm nl bhg}wsr"( Ebdenr oefsblfwbo
fhg l}nwbo}nw}sfn bh eb q}cnbo qmsihf. eb wfdm,hflm m``mowbpmnr rhwemb{m Mfw Bhgbfh
gbfqisbo isbdbh tbwe fh Flmsbofh Bhgbfh smqsmmhwfwbih( Wem wbwnm i` eb sw fnc}l. Hi
Smmspfwbih %622?". smmow web o}nw}sfn g}fnbl tbwe bsihbo tbw( Hiwfcnr. wem fnc}l tf
smoisgmg fw Cic Lfsnmr w}gbi bh Jbhdwih. Kflfbof( Wem fnc}l bhon}gm sfq fci}w oih,
wsipmsbfn b}m wefw smnfwm gbsmownr wi wem Bhgbfh)Gmb Gbfqisf. bhon}gbhd fssfhdmg lfssbfdm.wem ofwm rwml. sfobl. fhg FBG_( Ih wem fnc}l Wblm `is Oefhdm %311=". em oilcbhm
Sfwf`fsbfh,bh}mhomg ihd }oe f Ofnnbhd wi Kfe tbwe Ebhg},wemlmg ihd }oe f
Il H}lfe _ebpfrf(
Smw}shbhd wi eb gbfqisbo eilmnfhg bh 622?. Fqfoem Bhgbfh qms`islmg `is wmh i` wei},
fhg i` _i}we Fbfh `fh fhg tf dsmmwmg cr Lfefwlf Dfhgeb dsfhggf}dewms. tei
oilqfsmg eb qiwmhwbfn bh Bhgbf wi wefw i` ems dsfhg`fwems %Lbwoemnn. 3116. q( 0?"( Qfsfgiu,
bofnnr. Fqfoem Bhgbfh wfdm bgmhwbwr ef cmmh `sflmg wi bhon}gm f oihwmlqnfwbpm Ebhg}
Bhgbfh lrwbo)qinmlbobw. fh fddsmbpm Hfwbpm Flmsbofh wsbcfn tfssbis. fhg f pbsbnm)erqms,
lfo}nbhm cnfoj,Kflfbofh gfhomefnn sfqqms(
Blqiswfhwnr. wem Gmb,Ebhg} gbfqisbo ebq,eiq omhm ef cniilmg hiw ihnr bh wem ](J(.
c}w fni bh wem ](_( fhg iwems oi}hwsbm wefw efpm bdhbofhw _i}we Fbfh qiq}nfwbih(
Qsilbhmhw Gmb ebq,eiq fswbw cfmg bh wem ](_( bhon}gm Wem6_efhwb. GK Smjef. Lfnfcfs.
LO Jfcbs. GNi. fhg Jfslfor( Ebq,eiq ef qsipbgmg fh blqiswfhw i}wnmw `is wem muqsmbih
i` _i}we Fbfh Flmsbofh bgmhwbwr. wfwm Fkfr Hfbs. f qsi`mis fw wem ]hbpmsbwr i`
Qmhhrnpfhbf tei b fh muqmsw ih Gmb ebq,eiq( Tm hi nihdms hmmg wi }oo}lc wi wem hfssit
gmhbwbih i` _i}we Fbfh Flmsbofhhm oihws}owmg `is }( Ebq,eiq fnnit } wi gmhm
wem tisng f tm mm bw(60 Bh smomhw rmfs. mpmsfn Bhgbfh,Flmsbofh ebq,eiq fswbw efpm oin,
nfcisfwmg onimnr tbwe wembs ebq,eiq oi}hwmsqfsw bh Csbwfbh. fnihd tbwe qiq}nfs l}bobfh
fhg smoisg qsig}oms bh Bhgbf( F f sm}nw. wemr efpm `isdmg hmt wsfhhfwbihfn hmwtisj
nbhjfdm fhg fnnbfhom wefw efpm `fobnbwfwmg wem dsitwe i` f Gmb,gbfqisbo bgmhwbwr wefw bhon}gm
ciwe _i}we Fbfh,Ebhg} fhg cnfoj bhmowbih(Qsilbhmhw Gmb ebq,eiq LO. Wem6_efhwb %Lfsji G}wwf". tf cish bh Csiijnrh wi Bhgbfh,
Flmsbofh qfsmhw c}w gmpmniqmg f wsihd bhwmsmw bh ebq,eiq fw f ri}hd fdm( Wem wbwnm i` eb
sw fnc}l. Cnfuqnibwfwbih %3111". smpmfnmg wsihd f`hbwbm tbwe F`sbofh,Flmsbofh o}nw}sm
fhg smnfwmg l}nwbo}nw}sfn oihomqwbih i` cnfojhm( Em kibhmg wem Gmb ebq,eiq oinnmowbpm.
wem G}l G}l Qsikmow %GGQ" bh 3116. teboe smnmfmg wem ercsbg,mhwbwnmg fnc}l. _qbsbw}fn
Cnbhd( Cr oilcbhbhd qbsbw}fn tbwe cnbhd %b(m(. ebq,eiq nfhd `is fer is iwmhwfwbi}
kmtmnsr". wem fnc}l b `sflmg f f o}nw}sfn rhwemb i` wti mmlbhdnr fhwbwemwbofn fwwsbc}wm;
60 V}iwmg bh Gmb Ebq,Eiq. fpfbnfcnm ihnbhm fw
ewwq;))ttt(nbwwnmbhgbf(oil)hmt)6?4)FSWBONM)6?71)3110,61,63(ewln
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7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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Ebhg} muiwbobl fhg ebq,eiq f}wemhwbobwr( Wem6_efhwb sfqqmg ih lfhr i` wem fnc}l wsfoj.
bhon}gbhd wem qiq}nfs 311? bhdnm. Q}hkfcb @bpm,1( Wem bhdnm. teboe oilcbhm Bhgbfh
sfdf l}bo tbwe ebq,eiq cmfw. v}bojnr {iilmg wi /6 ih wem CCO Sfgbi Ihm oefsw( G}sbhd
eb wbhw tbwe GGQ. Wem6_efhwb smniofwmg wi Nihgih fhg cmdfh oinnfcisfwbhd tbwe hiwmg Bh,
gbfh nl oilqims fhg smoisg qsig}oms. F(S( Sfelfh. fhg pfsbi} Cinnrtiig bhdms }oe
f Fef Q}wenb( F`wms wsfpmnbhd muwmhbpmnr fhg qsiliwbhd Gmb ebq,eiq `}bih bh L}lcfb.
Cfhdjij. Nihgih. Hmt Risj. fhg iwems dnicfn obwbm. ebq,eiq qbihmmsbhd gbfqisbo dig,
`fwems. F`sbjf Cflcffwff. g}ccmg Wem6_efhwb Bhgbf Cflcffwff bh 3110( Ebq eiq b wem
liw bh}mhwbfn `isom i` i}s dmhmsfwbih. Wem6_efhwb fbg bh smqihm wi cmbhd cmwitmg
wem eihisfsr wbwnm( Cflcffwff cnmbhd nmw lm jhit Bl qnfrbhd fh blqiswfhw sinm bh
q}ebhd wem ci}hgfsbm i` eit `fs ebq eiq ofh dsit(64
Ebq,Eiq D,Efg
@}h,Gf,Lmhwfn , ihm i` wem cmw,jhith Csbwbe _i}we Fbfh sfq dsi}q , mlmsdmg bh wemmfsnr hbhmwbm fhg tf isbdbhfnnr bdhmg cr Csbwbe Fbfh,ithmg fhg iqmsfwmg Hfwbih Smoisg(
Oilqimg i` moihg,dmhmsfwbih Csbwbe Qfjbwfhb L}nbl. wem cfhg mlqefb{m ciwe
F`siomhwsbo fhg Bnfliomhwsbo wemlm cr muqnbobwnr bgmhwb`rbhd tbwe wem Cnfoj Qfhwems fhg
wem Cnfoj L}nbl( Wem dsi}q 622? bhdnm Tsfwe i` wem Cnfoj Lfh. `is bhwfhom. flqnm
f Lfnoinl U qmmoe fhg lbssis wem erqms,lfo}nbhm cnfoj sfdm i` lfhr Flmsbofh sfqqms(
Dibhd `}swems. wem cfhg 3110 fnc}l. Fnn b Tfs. qsilbhmhwnr `mfw}sm wem rhosmwbwbo
wmsl D,efg. teboe rhmsdbwbofnnr oilcbhm wem F`sbofh,Flmsbofh dfhdwf `sflm tbwe
wem L}nbl wmsl kbefg%teboe lmfh ws}ddnm is einr tfs"(
Nfcmnmg cr wem Csbwbe lmgbf f wem Fbfh Q}cnbo Mhmlr. @}h,Gf,Lmhwfn sfq fsm
bhqbsmg cr cnfoj lbnbwfhor c}w nrsbofnnr `io} ih _i}we Fbfh)Lbggnm Mfwmsh b}m( Wei}de
wem hflm i` wem cfhg b f sm`msmhom wi Bnflbo `}hgflmhwfnbl. bw b wbmg qfsfgiubofnnr wi wem
mmlbhdnr oihwsfgbowisr wemlm i` qnmf}sm %`}h" fhg wei}dew %lmhwfn"( Wem cfhg
qsblfsr rlcin. wem osmomhw. mpijm hiw ihnr L}nbl gbfqisbo smnbdbi} blfdmsr. c}w fni
wem hfwbihfn fd i` wem lmlcms qfsmhwfn,Qfjbwfhb isbdbh %Emlihgefnde fhg Lmnpbnnm.
3116"( Wem cfhg flqnm Bhgbfh nl l}bo muwmhbpmnr. wemsmcr mmjbhd wi `}m F`sbofh,
Flmsbofh fhg _i}we Fbfh bgbil( _mpmsfn i` wem dsi}q cmw,jhith ihd %m(d(. Liwems
Bhgbf. Liwems F`sbof @mmgbhd _bwf Bhgbf" smmow gbfqisbo nihdbhd `is fh fhomwsfn)o}n,
w}sfn eilmnfhg. we} lbssisbhd wem F`sbofh gbfqisbo `sflm mh}hobfwmg cr lfhr cnfoj sfqqms
bh wem ](_( Oi}hwsrlfh. nlmg bh Qfjbwfh cr lmlcms i` wem cfhg. hfssfwm wem wisr i`
f _i}we Fbfh lbdsfhw tei mhoi}hwms gbosblbhfwbih fhg }cwfhgfsg ei}bhd }qih fssbpbhd
bh wem qsilbmg nfhg i` Dsmfw Csbwfbh %Lbwoemnn. 3116"(Wem cfhg nmfg bhdms. Fjb Hftf{. smoi}hw bh f smomhw bhwmspbmt wefw em tf cish fhg
sfbmg bh f smnfwbpmnr lfnn Mhdnbe obwr wefw tf ebdenr mdsmdfwmg fhg i`wmh wish cr sfobfn
wsb`m( F f sm}nw i` muqmsbmhobhd iobfn muon}bih fhg umhiqeicbf gbsmownr. Hftf{ onfbl
wefw em gmobgmg wi gmgbofwm eb nb`m wi iqqibhd sfobl bh fnn bw `isl( Bl i` f Qfjbwfhb
cfojdsi}hg c}w Bpm cmmh csi}dew }q bh Csfg`isg fhg wefw dbpm ri} f os}gms qinbwbofn pbmt.
em fr( Wem dsmfw smpin}wbih. is tefwmpms ri} tfhw wi ofnn bw. ef wi efqqmh bh wem Tmw
%v}iwmg bh _fbhb. 3117"(
64 V}iwmg bh F`sbjf Cflcffwff Qfm wem Wisoe Wi Wem6_efhwb F Bhgbf Cflcffwff. fpfbnfcnm ihnbhm fw
ewwq;))ttt(qsnmfq(oil)qs)704=0)
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7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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Ihm i` wem lfbh wemlm `i}hg bh @}h,Gf,Lmhwfn l}bo b wem l}nwbo}nw}sfn `sflm i`
wem Fbfwbo cnfoj lfh , f erqms,lfo}nbhm. sfobfnb{mg,ercsbg niimnr cfmg ih wem wmfoebhd
i` Mnbkfe L}efllfg( Wem tebwm gmpbn. f Cnfoj L}nbl wmsl i` gmsbbih. b fnn}gmg wi bh
sfq cr wem cfhg fhg cnflmg `is sfobfn iqqsmbih wesi}dei}w wem tisng( Mlcsfobhd ciwe
F`sbofh fhg Fbfh gbfqisbo `sflm bh wem ihd Wsbcfn Smpin}wbih. wem cfhg ofnn `is f
cnfoj smpin}wbih `sil Jbhdwih wi Csbuwih. fhg `sil Cilcfr wi N(F(. wi wem sinn i` wem
gein %f wsfgbwbihfn Bhgbfh)Q}hkfcb gs}l"( Wem ihd. Lmmsf Lf{fc. muqnbobwnr mhgism
L}nbl qsbgm. f bnn}wsfwmg bh wem nrsbo. B tf cish f L}nbl. fhg Bl wbnn nbpbh f f
L}nbl)Lr qbsbw}fnbwr gmwmslbhm smfnbwr( Wem `io} i` wem ihd b ih wem hmmg `is qfh,
Bnflbo }hbwr fhg oinnmowbpm iqqibwbih wi Flmsbofh)Csbwbe)Oesbwbfh emdmlihr. qfswbo}nfsnr
tbwebh wem Lbggnm Mfw fhg _i}we Fbf( _}oe nrsbo `}swems gmlihwsfwm wem cfhg cmnbm` bh
f oillih Fbfh)F`sbofh)L}nbl ws}ddnm fdfbhw wem Tmw;
Bl f ingbms bh wem hflm i` Fnnfe. i q}w gith wem osi fhg qboj }q wem U
Cfoj bh wem gfr i` wem nfpm ebq ri} efg } tebqqmg. sfqmg fhg nrhoemgWiij ftfr wem V}sfh. ri} dfpm } f Cbcnm. wmnnbhd lm Km} b ofnnbhd
_mnnbhd lm ciij i` lfjm cmnbmpm wisbm temsm qmiqnm nbjm lm gihw mml wi efpm
dnisr
Wemrsm smwfbnbhd Oesbwbfhbwr fhg `mmgbhd ri} bhfhbwr
@}h,Gf,lmhwfn mlqnir smnfwbpmnr wsihd fhg fhdsr nfhd}fdm bh osbwbv}bhd wem Tmw fhg
mpmh oilqfsm Iflf cbh Nfgmh wi Fsdmhwbhm Lfsubw Mshmwi Oem D}mpfsf bh fw nmfw
ihm ihd %Oem Cbh". we} smpmfnbhd f smpin}wbihfsr wfhom witfsg wem ](J( fhg iwems
Tmwmsh oi}hwsbm( Cr sm`mssbhd wi ingbms i` Fnnfe. wem cfhg b `sflbhd wembs iobiqinbw,
bofn fdmhgf bh wem wsfgbwbihfn erqms,lfo}nbhm bgbil i` tfs( Wei}de @}h,Gf,Lmhwfn mml
wi wiq eisw i` fgpiofwbhd }bobgm cilcbhd fhg iwems wmssisbw wfowbo. pfsbi} ihd %liwhiwfcnr. Oiijciij GBR" qsiqim wefw wemsm b f lisfn mv}bpfnmhor cmwtmmh Tmwmsh
qsmmlqwbpm bhpfbih fhg fmsbfn cilcbhd oflqfbdh i` Lbggnm Mfwmsh oi}hwsbm ih wem ihm
efhg fhg }hoihpmhwbihfn fwwfoj ih Tmwmsh wfsdmw cr `s}wsfwmg. fnbmhfwmg L}nbl ih wem
iwems( Bw nbjm f lff tei fr `is } wi gi fhrwebhd b nmdbwblfwm c}w fhr smbwfhom witfsg
} b bnnmdbwblfwm. Hftf{ onfbl bh f 3110 bhwmspbmt( _i ri} efpm nmdfnb{mg wmssisbl fhg
bnnmdfn wmssisbl %v}iwmg bh Csith fhg Wissm. 3110"(
Iwems Csbwbe L}nbl sfqqms ipmswnr qsiliwm f sfgbofn Bnflbw bgminidr bh wembs ihd
fhg pbgmi( @is bhwfhom. Cnfjwihm b f l}nwbmwehbo ebq,eiq dsi}q tbwe gbfqisbo siiw bh
Qfjbwfh. _sb Nfhjf. fhg mpmsfn iwems oi}hwsbm( _ilm muqmsw efpm hiwmg wefw Cnfjwihm
nrsbo lbssis wem pbmt i` Eb{c }w,Wfesbs %Qfswr i` Nbcmsfwbih" , f qfh,Bnflbw qinbwbofnlipmlmhw wefw fgpiofwm wem smmwfcnbelmhw i` fh Bnflbo Jefnb`fe %ofnbqefwm". b(m(. f
wemiosfwbo mlqbsm s}nmg cr Bnflbo nft %IHmbnn. 3110"( Wem cfhg i`wmh mlqefb{m wem hmmg
`is f }hbwmg }llfe %is oill}hbwr i` L}nbl cmnbmpms" wi wfhg bh iqqibwbih wi cnfqeml,
i} Tmwmsh hfwbih wemr gmosbcm f j}``fs %}hcmnbmpms"( Nrsbo `sil wem ihd. Csbhd
Cfoj Bnfl. bhon}gm wem `innitbhd;
Hi Jefnb`fe( Temsm fsm tm emfgbhd9 Tbwei}w Bnfl tmsm wsmbhd. blqnmlmhw Fnnfe
cnmbhd. wefw tefw B fl fggsmbhd( Fqfsw `sil web j}``fsoemlm( csbhd Bnfl cfoj
wi wem omhm( Nmw }hbwm wem }llfe. `innitbhd ihnr wem V}sfh fhg wem _}hhfe( Mpmh
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7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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b` fnn wem j}``fs diw widmwems. wemr wbnn oi}nghw wiq web }llfe( Tm nipm Bnfl lism
wefh tm nipm nb`m(
Mpmh lism bgminidbofnnr muwsmlm wefh Cnfjwihm b wem Csbwbe,Qfjbwfhb ebq,eiq dsi}q.
_embje Wmssf fhg wem _i}n _fnfe Osmt( Wem pbgmi `is wembs cmw,jhith ihd. Gbswr J}``fs.tf tbgmnr gbwsbc}wmg ih Ri}W}cm fhg iwems pbgmi,efsbhd bwm cmdbhhbhd bh @mcs}fsr
3117( Qfsfgiubofnnr. wem pbgmi `mfw}sm jb,lfjmg sfqqms wiwbhd ciwe d}h fhg wem V}sfh(
Bh fh icpbi} fwwmlqw wi bhflm qfbih. wem pbgmi bhon}gm OHH pbgmi `iiwfdm i` Flms,
bofh ingbms dnmm`}nnr eiiwbhd L}nbl bh Bsfv. Oemoemh jbnnbhd S}bfh. fhg wem Wtbh
Witms muqnigbhd tebnm lfhbo nf}dewms b emfsg bh wem cfojdsi}hg( Witfsg wem cmdbhhbhd
i` wem pbgmi. wem ercsbgb{mg qesfm D,Efg fem ih wem osmmh. }qmsblqimg ih f
cfojdsi}hg i` fn,Vfbgf cnfoj fd( Lmfhbhd`}nnr. cbh Nfgmh b eith bh f `fpisfcnm nbdew.
lisqebhd bhwi f dsmfw nbih(
Bh wem pbgmi. wem sfqqms mhoi}sfdm wembs `mnnit L}nbl wi wesit weml %j}``fs" bh wem
sm temsm wemr tbnn c}sh. c}sh. c}sh( Ihm omhm eit f sifgbgm cilc cnitbhd }q fhFlmsbofh wfhj. tbwe wem ofqwbih jbnn wem os}fgms( _mpmsfn gb``msmhw qinbwbofn nmfgms `sil
fsi}hg wem tisng fsm nfcmnmg j}``fs bh wem pbgmi. bhon}gbhd Dmisdm T( C}e. Gihfng
S}l`mng. Wihr Cnfbs. Pnfgblbs Q}wbh. Fsbmn _efsih. fhg Eihb L}cfsfj( Ihm omhm bhon}gm
`iiwfdm i` Sihfng Smfdfh fwwmlqwmg ffbhfwbih( Wem pbgmi m``mowbpmnr `}m sfgbofn Kb,
efgbw blfdmsr tbwe ebq,eiq. wemsmcr bhoisqisfwbhd lfhr Flmsbofh sfq wemlm i` erqms,
lfo}nbhm sfdm. gmfhom. fhg d}hqnfr( We}. wem pbgmi dmhmsfwm f ercsbgb{mg cnfoj,bhmowmg
`sflm wefw b gmbdhmg wi fqqmfn wi gbfqisbo L}nbl ri}hd lmh bh qfswbo}nfs(
Bh oihwsfw. mpmsfn smnfwbpmnr ligmsfwm %rmw smnbdbi}nr icmspfhw" L}nbl ebq,eiq fswbw
bh Dsmfw Csbwfbh fhg mnmtemsm efpm ipmswnr smkmowmg wem fqqsifoe i` _embje Wmssf fhg iwems
muwsmlbw sfqqms( Sfjbh @mw}df i` wem Csbwbe L}nbl sfq cfhg. Lmoof3Lmgbhf %L3L".
`is bhwfhom. oihwmhg wefw pbinmhw Kbefgbw fsm fwwmlqwbhd wi ebkfoj L}nbl ebq,eiq( Emfnnmdm wefw ihd }oe f Gbswr J}``fs ihnr `}mn gfhdmsi} wmsmiwrqm fci}w L}nbl
ri}we flihd wem Csbwbe qiq}nfom( F em muqnfbh. _ilm qmiqnm fow}fnnr cmnbmpm wefw
L}nbl fsm wmssisbw. k}w f ilm bdhisfhw ri}hd L}nbl cmnbmpm wefw pbinmhom b smnb,
dbi}nr k}wbmg( Bw b blqiswfhw wi mhdfdm tbwe wemm wti dsi}q %v}iwmg bh L}lbf. q(
3114"( Bh efsq oihwsfw wi lbnbwfhw Bnflbw ebq,eiq dsi}q qsiliwbhd f pbinmhw ws}ddnm
fdfbhw wem Tmw. lfhr i` wem ihd i` L3L `sflm Bnfl f f smnbdbih i` qmfom( Lismipms.
L3L mlqefb{m wefw wemr efpm L}nbl,gbfqisbo wbm tbwe ebq,eiq fswbw fsi}hg wem tisng(
@is bhwfhom. wem cfhg sm`ms wi Sfbefh , f ebdenr qiq}nfs Lfnfrbfh,L}nbl sfq dsi}q bh
wem ihd. Sfbefh Gi Ri} Jhit Ebl9 Mlqnirbhd cnfoj,bhmowmg)ebq,eiq fsdiw. L3L
sfq. Q(M(F(O(M Bnfl. Bnfl b fnn fci}w qmfom( L3L fhg Sfbefh bh wem ei}m(
Oihon}bih
Ipms wem qfw `mt gmofgm. wem qiq}nfsbwr i` ebq,eiq ef muqnigmg tisngtbgm fhg dmhmsfwmg
lrsbfg }c,dmhsm fhg l}bofn pfsbfwbih. wefhj bh nfsdm lmf}sm wi ercsbg muqmsblmhw
oihg}owmg cr }co}nw}sfn mhwsmqsmhm}s: b(m(. sfq l}bobfh fhg wembs `fh bh f pfsbmwr i`
dnicfn niofnm( Ri}hd qmiqnm i` gb``msmhw sfom. smnbdbih. fhg mwehbo cfojdsi}hg efpm
dsfpbwfwmg wi ebq,eiq. `is f pfsbmwr i` qmsihfn. iobi,o}nw}sfn. fhg qinbwbofn smfih( Bh qfs,
wbo}nfs. lfhr Csbwbe _i}we Fbfh ri}hd lmh efpm cmmh mhwbomg cr ebq,eiq qmsombpmg
fcbnbwr wi dmhmsfwm smqmow fhg fglbsfwbih `sil wembs }co}nw}sfn qmms , liw hiwfcnr f
364
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7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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sfqqms. c,cir. dsf`wb fswbw. fhg jhitnmgdmfcnm fobihfgi fhg `fh i` wem oiinmw sfq
cfhg(
Bh m``mow. }oe ri}hd lmh fsm mmjbhd wi foo}l}nfwm }co}nw}sfn ofqbwfn. teboe sm`ms
wi wem bhwmsfowbpm qsiomm i` foebmpbhd bh,dsi}q qsmwbdm tbwebh f }co}nw}sm( Q}w blqnr.
}co}nw}sfn ofqbwfn oih`ms wfw} ih bw ithms bh wem mrm i` wem smnmpfhw cmeingms %Weishwih.
6224. q( 313"( Foos}bhd }co}nw}sfn ofqbwfn bhpinpm q}shbhd ciwe ebde,o}nw}sm wfhgfsg
fhg wem qiq,o}nw}sm lfbhwsmfl. tebnm lfbhwfbhbhd qmsihfn wfwm gmmlmg wi cm f}wemhwbo
cr ihm }co}nw}sfn qmms %Tmbh{bmsn fhg L}ddnmwih. 311?"( Wem qiwmhwbfn `is foebmpbhd
}co}nw}sfn ofqbwfn. qfswbo}nfsnr temh gtmnnbhd tbwebh f oi}hwsr wefw wmsmiwrqm fhg lfsdbh,
fnb{m ri}. b }hgi}cwmgnr fnn}sbhd wi Csbwbe _i}we Fbfh(
Sfwems wefh cnbhgnr onihbhd wem F`sbofh,Flmsbofh ligmn. Csbwbe Fbfh sfqqms efpm
rhwemb{mg qfswbo}nfs `sflm i` dnicfn ebq,eiq tbwe wembs ith l}bofn wsfgbwbih. bgbil.
b}m. fhg rlcin( Wei}de Csbwfbh ebq,eiq }co}nw}sm ef lfhfdmg wi smwfbh l}oe i`
wem isbdbhfn cnfojhm fhg erqms,lfo}nbhbwr i` wem Flmsbofh fsoemwrqm. Gmb,gbfqisbo
sfqqms efpm m` mowbpmnr wsfh`islmg weim oefsfowmsbwbo wi muqsm wembs ith nbpmg smfnbwbm(Bhgmmg. web qfqms ef onmfsnr gmlihwsfwmg wefw l}oe i` wem fnn}sm i` Gmb ebq,eiq b cfmg
ih bw bhwblfwm fiobfwbih tbwe F`sbofh,gbfqisbo blfdmsr fhg fhdsr gmfhom bh wem `fom i`
fgpmsbwr. fnihd tbwe wem smnfwmg gbfqisbo `fobhfwbih tbwe f smfn is blfdbhmg eilmnfhg bh
_i}we Fbf( Qerbofnnr gmwfoemg `sil wembs hfwbpm fhomwsfn nfhg. Csbwbe Fbfh fqqmfs
mfdms wi bgmhwb`r tbwe web wemlm. f mpbgmhomg bh wem nrsbo i` Gmb sfq ihd fhg wmuw i`
bhwmspbmt fhfnr{mg bh web qfqms( Smoihwmuw}fnb{mg wi cmwwms smmow wem gmlidsfqebo fhg
iobiqinbwbofn oihgbwbih i` Dsmfw Csbwfbh. ebq,eiq ef cmmh fqqsiqsbfwmg cr Csbwbe Fbfh
wmmh fhg ri}hd fg}nw nbpbhd bh f wfwm i` iobfn muon}bih fhg o}nw}sfn }u( Bh mmhom. gbf,
qisbo ri}we fsm hmdiwbfwbhd tfr bh teboe wi crqf wembs smqmowbpm eiw oi}hwsr sm,
wsbowbpm iobfn wsfwbofwbih rwml(
Gbfqisbo `sflm efpm qnfrmg f lfkis sinm bh gb` }bhd niofnnr qsig}omg. smoihwmuw}fnb{mg
`isl i` ebq,eiq flihd ri}hd Csbwbe Fbfh lmh( @fomg tbwe tbgmqsmfg qsmk}gbom fhg
moihilbo lfsdbhfnb{fwbih. lfhr efpm i}dew wi mwfcnbe wembs ith }hbv}m bgmhwbwbm wefw
smmow wem ercsbg oefsfowms i` wembs mubwmhom( Lipbhd cmrihg wem cbqinfs ligmn i` dnicfn
pms} niofn. wem oinnmowbpm bgmhwbwbm i` Csbwbe Fbfh smmow tefw Cefcef %6227" ef wmslmg
wem websg qfom bh teboe o}nw}sfn bgmhwbwbm fsm niofwmg. oihwmwmg. fhg mnfcisfwmg( Wem
qmsombpmg muiwbobl fiobfwmg tbwe lfhr gbfqisbo qmiqnm i` oinis b oilqi}hgmg cr wm,
smiwrqm wefw fsm qfswbo}nfsnr qsihi}homg smdfsgbhd Csbwbe Ebhg}( Wem ligmn lbhisbwr
wfd. wei}de dmhmsfnnr gmqbowmg f f qibwbpm wmsmiwrqm. qfsfgiubofnnr qmsqmw}fwm wem blfdm
i` Bhgbfh lmh f gmmu}fnb{mg. qfbpm. fhg gbmlcigbmg d}sm( Csbwbe Ebhg} ri}hd lmh
wmhg wi smmhw }oe gmqbowbih fhg fqqfsmhwnr hg infom bh f}lbhd f cnfoj,bhmowmg)lf,o}nbhm bgmhwbwr pbf ebq,eiq( Tfhwbhd wi cm qmsombpmg f ebq is oiin. }oe ri}we efpm
fqqsiqsbfwmg ebq,eiq f f lmfh `is smoihd}sbhd wembs bgmhwbwr(
Bh oihwsfw. Csbwbe L}nbl ri}we fqqmfs wi efpm osmfwmg. mlcsfomg. fhg oih}lmg cnfoj,
bhmowmg ebq,eiq l}bo fhg smnfwmg oilligbwbm `is iwems smfih( Qsicfcnr f lfkisbwr i`
Csbwbe L}nbl ri}we bgmhwb`r tbwe ebq,eiq f f wsfwmdbo lmfh `is oi}hwmsfowbhd hmdfwbpm
wmsmiwrqm wefw gmqbow weml f wesmfwmhbhd fhg ipmsnr wsfgbwbihfn %b(m(. iobfnnr smqsmmg"(
L}nbl ebq,eiqqms bh wem ](J( efpm we} bhoisqisfwmg F`sbofh)Fbfh)Lbggnm Mfwmsh `sflm
bhwi f csifgnr gmhmg cnfoj,bhmowmg qebniiqer. teboe b gmbdhmg wi cinwms wembs mlmsdbhd
wsfhhfwbihfn L}nbl bgmhwbwr( Web bgmhwbwr b smfowbpm bh ilm smqmow. cmbhd f oinnmowbpm
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WEM BHWMSHFWBIHFN KI]SHFN I@ GBPMS_BWR BH ISDFHB_FWBIH_.
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7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British South Asian Men Negotiating Black-Inflected Identities
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smqihm wi Bnfliqeicbf. qipmswr. kic gbosblbhfwbih. ipmsositgmg ei}bhd bh wem Csbwbe
eiig. fhg smnfwmg iobfn qsicnml `i}hg bh Dsmfw Csbwfbh(
Wem Oiin Bnfl lipmlmhw. f muqsmmg bh ebq,eiq fhg smnfwmg `febih wsmhg. `sflm
L}nbl ri}we f ebq fhg m``mowbpmnr Tmwmsh,isbmhwmg: we} mmjbhd wi oi}hwms hmdfwbpm
wmsmiwrqm i` L}nbl ri}hd lmh f bhemsmhwnr `}hgflmhwfnbw. gfhdmsi}. fhg q}sbwfhbofn(
Ih wem iwems efhg. sfgbofn Csbwbe L}nbl efpm m``mowbpmnr }wbnb{mg wem erqms,lfo}nbhm
blfdm i` wem dfhdwf teboe ef cmmh dnflisb{mg bh ebq,eiq `injnism `is rmfs. f f hmt
rlcin i` }co}nw}sfn gmfhom gbsmowmg witfsg wem Tmw( Bh m``mow. wem bhhms,obwr we}d ef
cmoilm wem dnicfn smpin}wbihfsr `is lfhr fnbmhfwmg L}nbl ri}hd lmh(
Bh }l. gbfqisbo _i}we Fbfh fsm m``mowbpmnr niofwmg bh wem Csbwbe l}nwbo}nw}sfn {ihm i`
mwehi,sfobfn flcbd}bwr fhg fsm fwwmlqwbhd wi smhmdiwbfwm wembs oinnmowbpm bgmhwbwbm( Csbwbe
Fbfh ri}hd lmh fqqmfs wi cm mmjbhd fh f}wemhwbo mhm i` hfwbihfn mhwbwnmlmhw fhg o}nw}sfn
cmnihdbhd( Ebq,eiq. tbwe bw l}nwbpfsbfwm oihhiwfwbih. csbhd weml web f`slfwbih. fncmbw
bh }co}nw}sfn `isl( Mlcsfobhd f cnfoj,bhmowmg lfo}nbhm bgmhwbwr pbf ebq,eiq b ihm }sm
tfr wi fmsw f lism grhflbo qmsihf. oefnnmhdm f}weisbwr. bh`islfnnr smdbwms gbmhw. fhgblqnbobwnr gm`r wmsmiwrqm ciwe hmdfwbpm fhg qibwbpm( Bh web mhm. oilqnmu ercsbg
bgmhwbwbm fsm cmbhd oihws}owmg bh wem oihwmuw i` }co}nw}sfn pfn}m fhg gbfqisbo gboi}sm.
gsftbhd bl}nwfhmi}nr `sil _i}we Fbfh. F`sbofh,Flmsbofh. fhg Csbwbe `sflm i` sm msmhom(
Sm`msmhom
Fnbl. E( _flr( 311=( F hmt smmfsoe fdmhgf; Muqnisbhd wem wsfhdnicfn ebq,eiq }llf( Bh L}nbl
Hmwtisj; @sil Efkk wi Ebq Eiq( Mg( Lbsbfl Oiijm fhg Cs}om Nftsmhom Oefqmn Ebnn fhg
Nihgih; Wem ]hbpmsbwr i` Hiswe Ofsinbhf Qsm(
Fnnmh. Mshmw Ks( 6220( Lfjbhd wem wsihd }spbpm wem oihwi}s fhg oihwsfgbowbih i` lmfdm sfq(
Bh Gsiqqbh _obmhom; Osbwbofn Mfr ih Sfq L}bo fhg Ebq Eiq O}nw}sm( Mg( Tbnnbfl Msbo
Qmsjbh( Qebnfgmnqebf; Wmlqnm ]hbpmsbwr Qsm(
Fhgsi}wiqi}ni. Kfhhb fhg Fshi _oein{( 3113( Ih wem smoihwmuw}fnb{fwbih i` ebq eiq bh M}siqmfh
qmmoe oill}hbwbm; F oihwsfwbpm fhfnrb i` sfq nrsbo( Q}cnbemg ihnbhm fw
ttt(`},cmsnbh(gm)qebh)qebh62)q62w6(ewl
Fhtfs L}efllfg( 6225( Cmwtmmh O}nw}sm; Oihwbh}bwr fhg Oefhdm bh wem Nbpm i` Ri}hd Fbfh(
Nihgih; Si}wnmgdm(
Fsoems. Ni}bm( 3116( L}nbl csiwems. cnfoj nfg. wsfgbwbihfn Fbfh; Csbwbe L}nbl ri}hd lmh
oihws}owbih i` sfom. smnbdbih. fhg lfo}nbhbwr( @mlbhbl fhg Qroeinidr 66%6"; 42,61=(
Cmhhmww. Fhgr( 6222( Sfqqbh ih wem Wrhm; Tebwm ebq eiq o}nw}sm bh hiswemfw Mhdnfhg; fh mwehi,
dsfqebo w}gr( _iobinidbofn Smpbmt 74;6,3=(
Cefcef. Efhhf( 6227( Wem Niofwbih i` O}nw}sm( Nihgih; Si}wnmgdm(
Cirg. Wigg( 311?( Wem Hmt E(H(B(O( %Emfg Hbddf bh Oefsdm"; Wem Gmfwe i` Obpbn Sbdew fhg wemSmbdh i` Ebq Eiq( Hmt Risj ]hbpmsbwr Qsm( Hmt Risj fhg Nihgih(
Csith. Lfsj fhg N}o Wissm( 3110( D,efg fhg }bobgm cilcms; wem sfqqms tei nbjmh Cbh Nfgmh
wi Oem D}mpfsf( Wem D}fsgbfh( Fpfbnfcnm ihnbhm fw
ewwq;))ttt(d}fsgbfh(oi(}j)}j)3110)k}h)35)fsw(wmssisbl
Omfsb. Kiomnrhm( 3117( Temh Bnfl fhg Gmliosfor Lmmw; L}nbl bh M}siqm fhg bh wem ]hbwmg _wfwm(
Hmt Risj; Qfndsfpm(
Oiemh. Q( 6255( Wem qmspmsbih i` bhemsbwfhom; w}gbm bh wem lfjbhd i` l}nwbsfobw Csbwfbh( Bh _iobfn
Oefhdm fhg wem Lbggnm Onfm( Mg( Q( Oiemh fhg E(_( Cfbh( Nihgih; ]ON Qsm(
Oishmtmnn. Dsfhw fhg Mpm Tfne _wiggfsg( 3116( Dnicfn L}nwbo}nw}sfnbl; Oilqfsfwbpm Qmsqmowbpm
ih Mwehbobwr. Sfom. fhg Hfwbih( Nfhefl. Lfsrnfhg; Sitlfh fhg Nbwwnmmng Q}cnbems(
362
GFPBG GSB__MN
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GmDmhipf. Hboj( 622=( Dfhdwf sfq fhg hbebnbl bh cnfoj Flmsbof; _ilm v}mwbih i` nb m fhg gmfwe(
_iobfn Wmuw7?; 52,6?3(
Gsrms. O( 6222( Oihwsfgbowbih i` oill}hbwr; v}mwbih i` bgmhwbwr `is ri}hd Csbwbe L}nbl tilmh(
Mhpbsihlmhw fhg Qnfhhbhd?6; =?,05(
G}gsfe. Sfkbhgms J( 3113( Gs}l h gein 6; Csbwbe cefhdsf l}bo fhg gbfqisbo _i}we Fbfh bgmhwbwr`islfwbih( M}siqmfh Ki}shfn i` O}nw}sfn _w}gbm =(
Gtrms. Onfbsm( 3111( Hmdiwbfwbhd gbfqisbo bgmhwbwbm; Ri}hd Csbwbe _i}we Fbfh L}nbl tilmh(
Tilmh _w}gbm Bhwmshfwbihfn @is}l 3?%7". 74=,750(
Mgtfsg. Csmhw Efrm( 3116( Wem }m i` gbfqisf( _iobfn Wmuw62;6(
Mdnfe. Sih( 3113( Sfom. mu. fhg hmsg; @sil cnfoj dmmj wi Fbfh Flmsbofh ebqwms( _iobfn Wmuw
31%3"; 72,07(
@bw{qfwsboj. Kbl( 3114( Fhfnr{bhd ebq eiq gboi}sm f f nio} i` lmh nfhd}fdm( Wmuf Nbhd}bwbo
@is}l =6; 07,4?(
@islfh. L}ssfr( 3113( Wem Eiig Oilm @bsw; Sfom. _qfom. fhg Qnfom bh Sfq fhg Ebq,eiq(
Lbggnmwith. Oihhmowbo}w; Tmnmrfh ]hbpmsbwr Qsm(
Dmisdm. Hmnih( 6225( Ebq Eiq Flmsbof( Hmt Risj; Qmhd}bh Ciij(
Dbnsir. Qf}n( 6254( Wemsm Fbhw hi Cnfoj bh wem ]hbih Kfoj; Wem O}nw}sfn Qinbwbo i` Hfwbih( Nihgih;
E}woebhih(
Dbnsir. Qf}n( 622?( Wem Cnfoj Fwnfhwbo; Ligmshbwr fhg Gi}cnm Oihobi}hm( Oflcsbgdm. Lffoe},
mww; Efspfsg ]hbpmsbwr Qsm(
Di``lfh. Mspbhd( 6247( @sflm Fhfnrb. Oflcsbgdm; Efspfsg ]hbpmsbwr Qsm(
Efnbnf. _i}fg( 3115( F ebq,eiq pbmt i` Bnfl; Fmwemwbo smcmn 7 fhwb,fhwb,Bnflbl fhg 7 fhwb,fhwb,
Fsfcbl. Wem Bhwmshfwbihfn Ki}shfn i` wem E}lfhbwbm =%61"; ?=,73(
Emm. C(. G(J( Sfb. O( Cmhhmww. fhg Q( LoDbnoesbw( 6223( Cmhmfwe wem _}s`fom; Sfobfn Efsflmhw(
Fngmseiw; Fpmc}sr(
Emlihgefnde. Gfbpg fhg Ofqfs Lmnpbnnm( 3116( ]scfh csmfjcmfw o}nw}sm; smqmso}bih i` ebq,eiq
bh wem ]hbwmg Jbhdgil bh Dnicfn Hibm; Sfq fhg Ebq,Eiq I}wbgm wem ]_F( Mg( Wihr
Lbwoemnn( Hmt Risj; Nmbomwms ]hbpmsbwr Qsm; 50,661(E}v. S}qf( 3110( M}siqmfh ri}we o}nw}sm bh f qiw,oinihbfn tisng; Csbwbe Fbfh }hgmsdsi}hg fhg
@smhoe ebq,eiq l}bo omhm( Bh Dnicfn Ri}we9 Ercsbg Bgmhwbwbm. Qn}sfn Tisng( Mg( Qfl
Hbnfh fhg Ofsnm @mbuf( Hmt Risj; Si}wnmgdm(
Kiehwih. Efhj fhg Gfpbg _hit( 6225( _}co}nw}sm fhg wem mlmsdmhom i` wem Mwihbfh hfwbihfnbw
iqqibwbih 627=,6221( _iobinidbofn Qmsqmowbpm 76 %?"; 74?,724(
Jmrm. Oemsrn( 3113( Sfq L}bo fhg _wsmmw Oihobi}hm( ]scfhf. Bnnbhib; ]hbpmsbwr i` Bnnbhib
Qsm(
Jmrm. Oemsrn( 3115( Wem siiw fhg wrnbwbo `i}hgfwbih i` wem sfq l}bo wsfgbwbih( Bh Wem Ebq,Eiq
Smfgms( Mg( Wbl _wsigm fhg Wbl Tiig( Hmt Risj; Qmfsih Nihdlfh(
Jefh. [f`fs( 3111( L}nbl qsmmhom bh M}siqm; Wem Csbwbe gblmhbih , bgmhwbwr. bhwmdsfwbih fhg
oill}hbwr fowbpbl( O}ssmhw _iobinidr 75%7";32,7?(
Jbmnbhd. _oiww( 3117( Tefw gim f `io} ih lmh nfhd}fdm wmnn } fci}w nfhd}fdm fhg tilfhqnfom9 Bh Nfhd}fdm fhg Tilfh Qnfom; Wmuw fhg Oillmhwfsbm. 332,3?0( Mg( Lfsr
C}oeinw{( Hmt Risj; Iu`isg ]hbpmsbwr Qsm(
Jnmbh. Dfcsbmnm( 311?( Blfdm. cir fhg qms`islfwbpbwr; Wem oihwbw}wbih i` wem }co}nw}sfn qsfowbom bh
wem dnicfnb{mg tisng i` qiq( Bh Wem Qiw,_}co}nw}sm Smfgms( Mg( Gfpbg L}ddnmwih fhg
S}qmsw Tmbh{bmsn( Iu`isg fhg Hmt Risj; Cmsd(
Jioelfh. Weilf( 6243(Sfqqbh fhg _wrnbhi}w ; Oill}hbofwbih bh ]scfh Cnfoj Flmsbof( ]scfhf.
Bnnbhib; ]hbpmsbwr i` Bnnbhib Qsm(
NfCijmr. _fsf( 3116( Dmwwbhd i` ; Qiswsfrfn i` lfo}nbhbwr bh ebq eiq gfhom bh nl(Gfhom Smmfsoe
Ki}shfn??;3(
Nmnfhg. Kieh( 3117( Ebq; Wem Ebwisr( Hmt Risj; Efsqms Oinnbh(
N}nn. Kflm( 622=( Lmgbf. Oill}hbofwbih. O}nw}sm; F Dnicfn Fqqsifoe( Oflcsbgdm; Qinbor Qsm(
331
WEM BHWMSHFWBIHFN KI]SHFN I@ GBPMS_BWR BH ISDFHB_FWBIH_.
OILL]HBWBM_ FHG HFWBIH_
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Lfbsf. _}hfbhf( 3111( Emhhf fhg ebq eiq; Wem qinbwbo i` o}nw}sfn qsig}owbih fhg wem tisj i` o}nw}sfn
w}gbm( Ki}shfn i` Fbfh Flmsbofh _w}gbm ?%?"; ?32,?02(
Lbwoemnn. Wihr( 3116( Dnicfn Hibm; Sfq fhg Ebq,Eiq I}wbgm wem ]_F( Hmt Risj; Nmbomwms ]hbpmsbwr
Qsm(
Ligiig. Wfsbv fhg @f}{bf Felfg( 3114( Csbwbe L}nbl qmsqmowbpm ih l}nwbo}nw}sfnbl( Wemisr.O}nw}sm fhg _iobmwr 37%3";654,36?(
Liwnmr. Ofsin L( fhg Dmsfngbhm Sif Emhgmsih( 3115( Wem dnicfn ebq,eiq Gbfqisf; ]hgmswfhgbhd
wem o}nw}sm. Ki}shfn i` C}bhm Smmfsoe 06; 37?,3=?(
L}lbf. Lboefmn( Fqsbn 0. 3114( Bnfl. sfq fhg o}nw}sfn efslihr( Wblm Ebdems Mg}ofwbih( Foommg
ihnbhm fw ewwq;))ttt(wblmebdemsmg}ofwbih(oi(}j)wisr(fq9wisrOigm
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_tmgmhc}sd. Wmg( 3116( Bnflbo ebq,eiq p( Bnfliqeicbf( Bh Dnicfn Hibm; Sfq fhg Ebq,Eiq
I}wbgm wem ]_F( Mg( Wihr Lbwoemnn( Hmt Risj; Nmbomwms ]hbpmsbwr Qsm; =4,5=(
Weishwih. _fsfe( 6224( Wem iobfn nidbo i` }co}nw}sfn ofqbwfn( Bh Wem _}co}nw}sm Smfgms( Mg( Jmh
Dmngms fhg _fsfe Weishwih( Nihgih fhg Hmt Risj; Si}wnmgdm(
Tfww. Q fhg J( _wmhih( 6225( Wem wsmmw; bw f cbw gigdr fsi}hg wemsm( Bh Oiinqnfom ; Dmidsfqebmi` Ri}we O}nw}sm( Mg( Wsfomr _jmnwih fhg Dbnn Pfnmhwbhm( Nihgih fhg Hmt Risj; Si}wnmgdm(
Tmbh{bmsn. S}qmsw fhg Gfpbg L}ddnmwih( 311?( Tefw b qiw,}co}nw}sfn w}gbm fhrtfr9 Bh Wem
Qiw,_}co}nw}sm Smfgms( Mg( Gfpbg L}ddnmwih fhg S}qmsw Tmbh{bmsn( Iu`isg fhg Hmt
Risj; Cmsd(
Fci}w wem F}weis
Qsi`( Gfpbg Gsbmn
Gfpbg Gsbmn b f qsi`mis i` iobfn obmhom fw Bitf Omhwsfn Oill}hbwr Oinnmdm bh @isw
Gigdm. Bitf( Eb }hgmsdsfg}fwm tisj bhon}gmg f gi}cnm lfkis bh qinbwbofn obmhom fhg iob,inidr( Eb dsfg}fwm w}gbm `io}mg ih oilqfsfwbpm qinbwbo. bhwmshfwbihfn smnfwbih. iobfn
oefhdm fhg gmpmniqlmhw. fhg iobfn lipmlmhw( Smmfsoe bhwmsmw bhon}gm wsfhhfwbihfn
iobfn lipmlmhw fhg oilq}wms,lmgbfwmg oill}hbofwbih. hfwbih)wfwm }hgmsdibhd qinbw,
bofn)moihilbo wsfhbwbih. ri}we }co}nw}sm fhg oinnmowbpm bgmhwbwbm. wem dnicfn qinbwbo i`
Bhwmshmw dipmshfhom. k}pmhbnm gmnbhv}mhor fhg }cwmssfhmfh pfn}m. gbfqisbo ri}we fhg iobfn
hmwtisjbhd. fhg wem sinm i` bhwmsfowbpm lmgbf fhg qiq}nfs o}nw}sm bh licbnb{bhd iobfn hmw,
tisj( Qsi`mis Gsbmn b f wti,wblm @}ncsbdew _oeinfs tei ef w}gbmg muwmhbpmnr bh
Oebhf fhg wem O{moe)_nipfj Smq}cnbo. flihd lfhr iwems oi}hwsbm( F `smv}mhw qmfjms
fhg oih`msmhom qfswbobqfhw. em ef efg mpmsfn qfqms q}cnbemg bh pfsbi} fofgmlbo ki}shfn
fhg oilqbnfwbih( Em b fh fn}lh} i` wem Iu`isg %]hbpmsbwr" Si}hgwfcnm bh Dsmfw Csbwfbh.temsm em qsmmhwmg f qfqms teboe tf nfwms q}cnbemg bh wem Oflcsbgdm Smpbmt i` Bhwmshf,
wbihfn F``fbs(
333
WEM BHWMSHFWBIHFN KI]SHFN I@ GBPMS_BWR BH ISDFHB_FWBIH_.
OILL]HBWBM_ FHG HFWBIH_
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MGBWIS_
Lfsr Jfnfhw{b. ]hbpmsbwr i` Bnnbhib. ]scfhf,Oeflqfbdh. ]_F(Qf}n Kflm. Dnicfnbl Bhwbw}wm. SLBW ]hbpmsbwr. F}wsfnbf
MGBWISBFNFGPB_ISRCIFSGBmh Fhd. ]hbpmsbwr i` Tmwmsh _rghmr. _rghmr. F}wsfnbf(Kifhhf pfh Fhwtmsqmh. Smmfsoe fhg _wfwbwbo. Flwmsgfl. Wem Hmwemsnfhg(_fl}mn Fsihb. ]hbpmsbwr i` Ofnb`ishbf. Ni Fhdmnm. ]_F(_}fh Csbgdm. ]hbpmsbwr i` Eihd Jihd. Eihd Jihd(
G}fhm Oeflqfdhm. ]hbpmsbwr i` Ofnb`ishbf. Ni Fhdmnm. ]_F(D}iemhd R( Oemh. SLBW ]hbpmsbwr. Lmnci}shm. F}wsfnbf(Kioj Oinnbh. ]hbpmsbwr i` Wmoehinidr. _rghmr. F}wsfnbf(Cbnn Oiqm. ]hbpmsbwr i` Bnnbhib. ]scfhf,Oeflqfbdh. ]_F(Emfwems Lfsbih GOs}{. Gmfjbh ]hbpmsbwr. Dmmnihd. F}wsfnbf(Kflm Mfsnr. _lbweihbfh Bhwbw}wbih. Tfebhdwih. G(O(. ]_F(Gmhbm Mdf,J}mehm. Ni}bbfhf _wfwm ]hbpmsbwr. Cfwih Si}dm. ]_F(Flfsmtfs Dfnnf. ]hbpmsbwr i` V}mmhnfhg. Csbcfhm. F}wsfnbf(Dsmwem pfh Dm``mh. _mcf O}nw}}slfhfdmlmhw. Flwmsgfl. Wem Hmwemsnfhg(Cfssr Dbnn. Hmtofwnm ]hbpmsbwr. Hmtofwnm }qih Wrhm. ]J(Kfojbm E}ddbh. ]hbpmsbwr i` V}mmhnfhg. Csbcfhm. F}wsfnbf(Fhgsmt Kfj}citbo{. ]hbpmsbwr i` Wmoehinidr. _rghmr. F}wsfnbf(Qf}n Kflm. Dnicfnbl Bhwbw}wm. SLBW ]hbpmsbwr. Lmnci}shm. F}wsfnbf(Ef Kbhdubihd. Omhwsfn ]hbpmsbwr i` Hfwbihfnbwbm. Cmbkbhd. Oebhf(Lfsr Jfnfhw{b. ]hbpmsbwr i` Bnnbhib. ]scfhf,Oeflqfbdh. ]_F(Kfoj Nmpbh. Hiswemfwmsh ]hbpmsbwr. Ciwih. ]_F(Osbwbhf Qirfwi Lfwf. Dsb``bwe ]hbpmsbwr. Csbcfhm. F}wsfnbf(Qmwms LoNfsmh. ]hbpmsbwr i` Ofnb`ishbf. Ni Fhdmnm. ]_F(Kim Lmnoems. Ufpbms ]hbpmsbwr i` Ni}bbfhf. Hmt Isnmfh. ]_F(Dsmd Lmrkm. _inbgfsb Bhwmso}nw}sfn _mspbom. @fnn Oe}soe. ]_F(Tfnwms Lbdhini. G}jm ]hbpmsbwr. G}sefl. ]_F(Csmhgfh INmfsr. ]hbpmsbwr i` Qmhhrnpfhbf. Qebnfgmnqebf. ]_F(Fbetf Ihd. ]hbpmsbwr i` Ofnb`ishbf. Cmsjmnmr. ]_F(
Qmwms Qebqq. Dnicfnbl Bhwbw}wm. SLBW ]hbpmsbwr. Lmnci}shm. F}wsfnbf(Sihfng Qsbh. Ci mh Nillms Hmbdeci}seiig Oi}hobn. Flwmsgfl,Tmw. Wem Hmwemsnfhg(Qmwms _mnnfs. ]hbpmsbwr i` Ofnb`ishbf. Ni Fhdmnm. ]_F(Lboefmn _efqbsi. ]hbpmsbwr i` Eftfbb. Lfhif. ]_F(Gfpbg _( _bnpmslfh. Jfhf Tmnmrfh ]hbpmsbwr. _fnbhf. ]_F(Lfswbkh @(M( _wmddm. Gbpmsbwr Qnfw`isl. Flwmsgfl. Wem Hmwemsnfhg(Dmi`` _wijm. Bhwbw}wm is Obwb{mhebq fhg Dnicfnbfwbih. Gmfjbh ]hbpmsbwr. Lmnci}shm. F}wsfnbf(Wmssr Wesmfgding. Ofsgb`` ]hbpmsbwr. Tfnm. ]J(Lbnbnfhb Wsfj. Qmslfhmhw @is}l ih Bhgbdmhi} B}m `is wem Moihilbo Oi}hobn i` wem ]H
Fmlcnr. Eftfbb. ]_F(Lfsbk ]snbhd. Bheinnfhg ]hbpmsbwr. Flwmsgfl,Gbmlmh. Wem Hmwemsnfhg(Sic Tfnjms. Jmmnm ]hbpmsbwr. Jmmnm. ]J(
Hbhd Tfhd. Wbhde}f ]hbpmsbwr. Cmbkbhd. Oebhf(Itmh Tbtf. F`sbofh Mhpbsihlmhwfn fhg E}lfh Gmpmniqlmhw Fdmhor. Wisihwi. Ofhfgf(
Qnmfm pbbw wem Ki}shfn tmcbwm fw ewwq;))ttt(Gbpmsbwr,Ki}shfn(oil `is }swems bh`islfwbih fci}w wem Ki}shfn is wi }cosbcm(
7/31/2019 Hybridizing Hip-Hop in Diaspora: Young British
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