HW205 – Unit 4
Now I know My A, C, and Bs….Jennifer Neily, MS, RD, CSSD, LD
Registered/Licensed Dietitian
Unit 4 – Learning Objectives understand the primary uses of the water soluble
vitamins. learn the purpose and benefits of supplementing with
these vitamins. be able to identify food sources of the nutrient. understand the potential safety and precaution issues.
The B Vitamins - As Individuals
Thiamin – vitamin B1 (RDA) Riboflavin – vitamin B2 (RDA) Niacin – vitamin B3 (RDA & UL) Biotin (AI) Pantothenic Acid (AI) Vitamin B6 (RDA & UL) Vitamin B12 (RDA) Folate (RDA & UL)
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Chief functions in the body:• Used in energy metabolism as part of coenzyme TPP
(thiamin pyrophosphate)
Other Information• Steaming and microwaving are cooking methods that
conserve thiamin.• Thiamin leaches into water with boiling or blanching. • The vitamin is easily destroyed by heat.
ThiaminSources•Whole grain, fortified, or enriched grain products
•Moderate amounts in all nutritious food
•Pork
Deficiency - “Wet” Beriberi
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Chief function in the body:• Involved in energy metabolism - flavin
mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are the coenzyme forms.
Other information• Easily destroyed by ultraviolet light and irradiation• Not destroyed by cooking
Riboflavin
Sources•Milk products, including yogurt and cheese
•Enriched and whole grains
•Liver
Niacin (Vitamin B3) AKA - nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and
niacinamide Chief function in the body:
• Used in energy metabolism as part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (its phosphate form)
Other Information• The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor.• The vitamin can be lost from foods when it
leaches into water.• Resistant to heat.
Pellegra
Images of Niacin Deficiency - Pellagra
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Deficiency disease• Pellagra
Niacin Toxicity• Niacin flush dilates the capillaries and may be painful.• Toxicity Symptoms
• Painful flush, hives and rash• Excessive sweating• Blurred vision• Liver damage• Impaired glucose tolerance
NiacinSources
•Milk
•Eggs, meat, poultry and fish
•Whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals
•Nuts and all protein-containing foods
Biotin Chief function in the body
• As part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, biotin assists in glycogen synthesis, fat synthesis, and amino acid metabolism.
Biotin Deficiency and Toxicity• Deficiencies are rare.
• Biotin can be bound with an egg-white protein called avidin.
• No reported toxicities
Biotin
Biotin Food Sources• Widespread in foods• Organ meats, egg yolks and fish• Soybeans• Whole grains
Biotin can also be synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
Pantothenic Acid
Chief function in the body:• Involved in energy metabolism as a part of
coenzyme A.
Pantothenic Acid Deficiency and Toxicity• Deficiency is rare.• Deficiency symptoms• No reported toxicities
Pantothenic Acid
Pantothenic Acid Food Sources• Widespread in foods• Organ meats• Mushrooms, avocados, and broccoli• Whole grains• Can be destroyed by freezing, canning, and
refining
Vitamin B6
Chief functions in the body:• The coenzyme forms of vitamin B6 (pyridoxal
phosphate [PLP] and pyridoxamine phosphate [PMP]) are involved in amino and fatty acid metabolism, the conversion of tryptophan to niacin or serotonin, and the production of red blood cells.
Other Information• Vitamin B6 is ineffective in curing carpal tunnel
syndrome, sleep disorders and PMS.
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 Deficiency• Deficiency Symptoms
• Scaly dermatitis• Anemia – small cell type• Depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave
pattern, and convulsions
Alcohol destroys the vitamin INH drug used for tuberculosis acts as an
antagonist.
VitaminB6
Sources
•Meats, fish, poultry and liver
•Legumes and soy products
•Non-citrus fruits
•Fortified cereals
Folate AKA: Folic acid, folacin
Chief function in the body:• Folate is involved in the synthesis of DNA and
the formation of new cells.
Recommendations (1998 RDA)• RDA Adults: 400 μg/day• There are higher recommendations for pregnant
women.• UL – 1000 mcg /day (adults)
Folate
Folate and Neural Tube Defects• Neural tube defects include spina bifida and
anencephaly.• Women of childbearing age should eat folate-
rich foods and folate-fortified foods and take folate supplements containing 0.4 mg (400 microgram) of folate daily.
• Pregnant women should take folate supplements.
Decreasing Spina Bifida Rates since Folate Fortification
Meningomyelocele
(severe form of spina bifida)
Folate
Folate Deficiency• Deficiency Symptoms
• Macrocytic anemia, also called megaloblastic anemia – large cell type
• Smooth, red tongue
• Mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability and headaches
• Most vulnerable of all the vitamins to interactions with medications
• Anticancer drugs
• Antacids and aspirin
FolateSources•Fortified grains
•Leafy green vegetables
•Legumes and seeds
•Liver
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Chief functions in the body• Vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of new
cells, maintains nerve cells, reforms folate coenzymes, and helps break down some fatty acids and amino acids.
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Toxicity• Deficiency Symptoms
• Anemia – large cell type
• Fatigue and depression
• Degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis
• Atrophic gastritis in older adults destroys stomach cells, which diminishes intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid production.
• Deficiency disease is called pernicious anemia
• No known toxicities
Fig. 10-12, p. 344
Normal blood cells. The size, shape, and color of these red blood cells show that they are normal.
Blood cells in pernicious anemia (megaloblastic). These megaloblastic blood cells are slightly larger than normal red blood cells, and their shapes are irregular.
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Vitamin B12 Food Sources• Meat, fish, poultry, and shellfish• Milk, cheese and eggs• Fortified cereals
Other Information• Binds with intrinsic factor in the stomach for
absorption• Easily destroyed by microwave cooking
Vitamin C
Other name: ascorbic acid
RDA• Men: 90 mg/day• Women: 75 mg/day• Smokers: + 35 mg/day
Upper level for adults: 2000 mg/day
Vitamin C
Chief functions in the body• Antioxidant• Collagen synthesis
• Strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth
• Thyroxin synthesis• Amino acid metabolism• Strengthens resistance to infection• Helps in absorption of iron
Vitamin CSources
•Citrus fruits, cantaloupe, strawberries, papayas and mangoes
•Cabbage-type vegetables, dark green vegetables like green peppers and broccoli, lettuce, tomatoes and potatoes
Vitamin C
Deficiency disease: scurvy Deficiency symptoms
• Anemia (small-cell type)• Atherosclerotic plaques• Pinpoint hemorrhages, bone fragility, joint pain• Poor wound healing, frequent infections, bleeding
gums, loosened teeth• Muscle degeneration and pain, hysteria,
depression, rough skin, blotchy bruises
Images of Vitamin C Deficiency - Scurvy
Vitamin C Deficiency
Do you need vitamin supplements?
Vitamins are readily available from a variety of foods (especially fruits and vegetables)
Needs can be increased due to environmental toxins, stress, and illness
Focus on whole unprocessed foods first and supplement as warranted for health and prevention of chronic disease.
Summary Heart Health: Vit C, E, B6, B12, folate,
niacin Tissue building: B6, B12, folate Eye health: Vit A, C Skin health: Vit A, C
Summary
Energy metabolism: B-vitamins Nerve cell function: B1 (thiamin) New cell formation: folate, B12 Immune function/antioxidant: C, E, beta-
carotene Bone health: D, K
Summary
Energy metabolism: B-vitamins Nerve cell function: B1 (thiamin) New cell formation: folate, B12 Immune function/antioxidant: C, E, beta-
carotene Bone health: D, K
Questions ??
If you have questions please just ask:• Email me at [email protected]• IM me at JenniferNeilyRD• Post to Course Questions area
Please always read your announcements including the unit summaries and unit intros
Late policy – please review syllabus See you on the DB!
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