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The Road from 10G to 40G to 100G DWDM Networks

Christopher SkaricaChief Technology OfficerNorth American MSO and CableOttawa, Ontario

AGENDA

WDM IntroductionWDM Introduction Optical Layer ConvergenceOptical Layer Convergence Dense and Coarse WDMDense and Coarse WDM DWDM System Building BlocksDWDM System Building Blocks DWDM Optical Line Design ConsiderationsDWDM Optical Line Design Considerations

Current DWDM Networks and Service DriversCurrent DWDM Networks and Service Drivers 40G Overview40G Overview

40G Facts40G Facts 40G System Design Considerations40G System Design Considerations 40G Deployment Challenges40G Deployment Challenges

100G Status100G Status 100G Standards Bodies Work and Review (IEEE, ITU, OIF)100G Standards Bodies Work and Review (IEEE, ITU, OIF) 100G System Design Considerations100G System Design Considerations 100G Deployment Challenges100G Deployment Challenges

40G/100G Components Maturity Review40G/100G Components Maturity Review ConclusionsConclusions

Definition of WDM

A technology that puts data from different optical sources together, on a single optical fiber, with each signal carried on it’s own separate light wavelength or optical channel

Multiplexing

Division

W D M Wavelengt

h

Easy Integration of WDM Technology with Existing Optical Transport Equipment

WDM systems integrate easily with existing optical transport equipment and enable access to the untapped capacity of the embedded fiber. They also eliminate the costs associated with mapping common data protocols into traditional networking

payloads.

Single Optical Fiber

WDM Fiber Mux

Independent Optical Bit Rates and Formats

SONET1

Fibre Channel4

3Gigabit Ethernet

ATM2

Convergence at the Optical Layer

SONETSONET

IP IP

Commercial Services

Commercial Services

VideoVideo

Traditional ApproachTraditional Approach

•Special Assemblies•Network Overlays

DWDM DWDM Optical NetworkOptical Network

D1 Video

Gigabit Ethernet

ESCON

SONETOC-1/3/12/48

Fibre Channel

FICON

Async

Wavelength Networking Wavelength Networking

•Ubiquitous Networking•Forecast Tolerant

One Network = Rapid Services Turn-up &

Reduced Operations Costs

DWDM – Dense WDM Technology for amplified, high bandwidth applications. Ideal for Metro Core, Regional, and Long Haul applications. Squeezes as many channels as possible into optical spectrum supported by today’s optical amplifier technology. Characterized by a tight channel spacing over a narrow wavelength spectrum, typically 50 – 200 GHz (I.e. 0.4nm – 1.6nm) spacing in the C and L Bands

CWDM – Coarse WDM Technology for un-amplified, lower channel count applications. Less cost than DWDM. Ideal for Metro Access applications. Characterized by a wide channel spacing over a wide optical spectrum – 20 nm spacing from 1270 – 1610 nm

1280 1320 1360 1400 1440 1480 1520 1560 1600 1640

1310 nm DWDM WINDOW

O - Band E - Band S - Band C-Band L - Band

(nm) (nm)

1280 1320 1360 1400 1440 1480 1520 1560 1600 1640


CWDM WINDOW

1270

1290

1310

1330

1350

1370

1390

1410

1430

1450

1470

1490

1510

1530

1550

1570

1590

1610

(nm) (nm)

DWDM and CWDM Technology Definitions

EDFA Gain Spectrum

Operates in 3rd low-loss window of optical fiber near 1.5mBroad operating range of >30nm

Amplification across multiple wavelengthsAvailable for both C-Band and L-BandHigh optical gain of 20dB to 30dBAll-optical amplification

Bit-rate insensitive (OC-12, OC-48, OC-192 and beyond)

1280 1320 1360 1400 1440 1480 1520 1560 1600 1640

1310 nm DWDM WINDOW


(nm) (nm)

Dense WDM Wavelength Plan – ITU-T G.694.1

Standard ITU Grid allows lasers and filters to be built to a common specification

ITU-T G.694.1 Standard DWDM Channel Assignments

200 GHz spacing = 20 Channels in C Band100 GHz spacing = 40 Channels in C Band50 GHz spacing = 80 Channels in C Band25 GHz spacing = 160 Channels in C Band

Line – a DWDM fiber optic system with Optical Amplifiers, dispersion compensation, and optical couplers providing high capacity, pt. to pt., ring, or mesh based connectivity between end points 100’s or 1000’s of km apart

-Translator for Pt. to Pt. connectivity

LineTerminal Terminal

Terminal – wavelength translators/combiners for conversion of client optical signals to 1550 nm, DWDM compliant wavelengths AND/OR SONET and L2/L3 switches providing client signal aggregation and presentation of 1550nm, DWDM compliant wavelengths.

L2/L3 Switch orSONET Cross

Connect

L2/L3 Switch orSONET Cross

ConnectL2/L3 Switch orSONET Cross

Connect

-Translator for Pt. to Pt. connectivity

Optical Network Building Blocks

DWDM Building Blocks

SONET

Transponders

Product ‘x’ n

1

Routers

Channel Filters 200Ghz,

100Ghz, 50Ghz, or 25GHz

spacing…

ChannelFilter

GroupFilter

Amplifiers Low Noise Variable Gain/Flexible

Link Budgets

…

Amp

ROADM Lambda Granularity Optical Branching Remote

Reconfiguration

Software Control

Optical Signal to Noise Ratio performance Dictated by amplifier gain and spacing, no. of channels of

system, and OSNR tolerance of DWDM receiver

Chromatic and Polarization Mode Dispersion of fiber Different for different bit rate signals Causes Pulse spreading over distance More critical for 10Gbps and higher bit rate signals

Non Linear effects that disturb the energy and shape

of a signal Caused by high optical power levels, small fiber core diameter,

and dispersion characteristic of fiber

Optical Line Design Considerations

DWDM Optical Line Systems Today

The majority of deployed terrestrial DWDM optical

line systems have been designed for 40/80 channels

(100/50GHz spacing) of 10Gbps signals

Amplifier spacing and OSNR performance, dispersion

compensation, and NLE avoidance is optimized for 10

Gbps signals in the majority of today’s networks

SO, Why the talk of 40G and 100G and how do we

accommodate for these higher rate signals without

re-designing the embedded optical line systems ????

National NetworkNational Network

PrimaryPrimaryNetworkNetwork DSLDSL

HFCHFCPONPON

Regional HeadendRegional Headend

180 ~ 300km 180 ~ 300km circumferencecircumference

~5km~5kmPrimary HubPrimary HubSecondary HubSecondary Hub

RegionalRegionalNetworkNetwork

300-1200Km per span300-1200Km per span

SecondarySecondaryNetworkNetwork

• Data CenterData Center

• Internet Peering PointInternet Peering Point• Call Processing CenterCall Processing Center

• Network Operation CenterNetwork Operation Center

MSO/Telco Optical Transport Trends

Long Haul Optical Networks being

deployed/investigated to reduce the no. of

Internet peering points and enable long

distance VOIP transit• DWDM Technology

Dominating • Methods of Access network Fiber expansion being investigated expanded

business and residential service offerings

Metro optical primary ring transport capacity

upgrades underway….Metro

DWDM Technology is winning the day

Evolving DWDM Transport Network

Digital DWDM Transport Network

• Larger Capacity• Flexible• Hub & Mesh Traffic Flows• High Reliability• Efficient

Digital DWDM Transport Network

• Larger Capacity• Flexible• Hub & Mesh Traffic Flows• High Reliability• Efficient

Switched Digital Broadcast

Over the Top Video

Video On Demand

Commercial Data Services

HDTV

SIP M

ultim

edia Wireless

Start Over/nDVR

Wavelength Services

HS

D

IPT

V

Commercially deployed and available 40G technology is

now standardized in the SDH (STM-256), SONET (OC-768),

and OTN (OTU-3) worlds 40G has become commercially deployed (starting in 2007)

to increase fiber capacity – many large operators (eg.

Verizon, AT&T, Comcast) are running out of wavelengths on

existing 10G DWDM line systems 40G DWDM interfaces are about 7-8 X that of a 10G and

10G has been dropping in price more rapidly than 40G BUT, let’s not confuse this with 40 Gigabit Ethernet which is

being ratified and is not an approved standard today !!!

(we’ll talk about that shortly)

40G Here Today

Thus far, the largest 40G application has been router-router interconnects (using PoS) with the largest commercial deployments having been Comcast and AT&T

Global revenue for 40G line cards in 2007 was $178M – expected to grow 48 percent annually through 2013 and reach almost $2B annually (Ovum)

40 G services expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 59% from 2007-2011 (Infonetics)

40 G is here to stay and will grow dramatically over the coming years How do we accommodate for these higher rate 40G signals without

re-designing the embedded optical line systems ? – By using advanced modulation techniques (amplitude and phase – not just 1+0’s, on and off anymore) to gain spectral efficiencies, coherent receiving, as well as advanced dispersion compensation techniques to make the 40G signal “look” like a 10G signal

40G Facts

40G Transmission Platform

43Gb/s1*40G SDH/SONET

4*10G SDH/SONET

43Gb/s

RouterSTM-256/OC-768

RouterSTM-256/OC-768

10G, 40G uniform platform 15*22dB @80*40G design rule

4x10Gb/s1*40G

SDH/SONET

40G is More Nonlinear Sensitive than 10G

40G is 4 times the frequency of 10G, so inter-channel and intra-channel interferences bring a

bigger problem. Long distance transmission systems solve this problem by introducing additional laser chirp,

RZ format, differential phase and lower input power

RZ format

Lower input power under given BER

Differential phase instead of absolute phase

additional

Chirp

introduction

Reduce Nonlinearityimpairment

Technical Challenges from 10G 40G

item Challenges: 10G40G Solutions

OSNR Required 6dB moreAdvanced modulation formats

Filtering effect 4x moreSpectral-efficient modulation format

(ODB, xRZ-DQPSK for WDM@50GHz)

CD tolerance 1/16

TODC (per channel compensation)

Nonlinear

effects

More sensitive to iFWM & iXPM

Nonlinear-resilient RZ format ,chirp

processing

PMD Tolerance 1/4

Multi-level (/multi-carrier) modulation

(DQPSK for reduced symbol rate and

better optical spectrum utilization)

Advanced Optical Modulation formats and Adaptive per Channel Dispersion Compensation are at the heart of solutions.

40Gbit/s Modulation summary

40G

Formats

Channel

Space

Nonlinear

Tolerance

Max

possible

Launch

Power (15

spans)

OSNR

Sensitivity

PMD

Tolerance

ODB 50GHz Good Ref. Ref. Ref.

CS-RZ 100GHz Very Good +3dB +0.5dB 1.5x

NRZ-DPSK 100GHz Good +3dB +3dB 1.4x

PDM-

QPSK 50GHz Poor -4dB +3dB

>6x (6x is

10G’s PMD

tolerance)

DQPSK50GHz Good +1dB +3dB 4x

Fragmented components supply chain reducing 40G cost reduction ability

Uneven residual dispersion due to unmatched dispersion slopes of DCM and fiber may exceed the dispersion tolerance of a 40G DWDM system

ADC (Adaptive Dispersion Compensation) allows DWDM systems to compensate dispersion on per channel basis, and therefore optimize the receiving performance for native 40G over 10G optical line systems

0 240 480 720 960 1200-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

Terminal's Dispersion Equalization

Short Wavelength Channel

Longer Wavelength Channel

Acc

um

ula

ted

Dis

per

sio

n (

ps/

nm

)Distance (km)

Same receiving performance in 400ps/nm tolerance

Adaptive Dispersion Compensation

40G transceiver unit (OTU)

40G wavelength directly over the existing optimized 10G optical line system ：

Advanced coding format allows for existing 10G MUX/DMUX Built-in VOA and ADC allows for perfect match with 10G in power level and dispersion High sensitivity receiver (similar power level and OSNR tolerance as for 10G) Same EDFA Transparent transport of client signal

4*10G(OC-192/STM-64) 1*40G(OC-768/STM-256, 10GE WAN/LAN)

2.5G OTU

40G OTU

10G OTU

40G OTU

VOA

DCM

2.5G OTU

40G OTU

10G OTU

40G OTU

DCM

ADC

ADC

DCM DCM

OADM

AD

C

OTM OADM OTM

Native 40G over 10G Optimized Optical Line System

10 G Optimized Optical Line System

40G/100G Quick Overview

The push for 40G and 100G involves BOTH Routing

and Transport systems Why the quick jump to 100G from 40G ? – Network

traffic growth, router efficiencies and a standards

body (IEEE) that decided to work on both 40GbE and

100 GbE at the same time thereby aligning the

timetables for both Is this about Cable, Telco’s – or both ? – Both – mostly

driven in North America by Comcast, AT&T, and

Verizon What’s the hype factor – Higher for 100G than 40G The 40G and 100G buzz is coming from both service

providers and vendors

100G Standards Forums IEEE 802.3(40/100GE Interface)

Has approved 40G/100G Ethernet Draft Standard-- IEEE802.3ba (In Dec. 2007) Final Ratification Expected in mid 2010 100GE expected to be applied in core networking (Router) and 40GE expected to be

applied in servers and computing networking (LAN Switches) Two kinds of 100GE PHY optical client interface were selected: i) 4x25G CWDM for SMF; ii)

10x10G Parallel module for MMF Provide appropriate support for OTN framing (100GE to ODU-4)

ITU-T SG15(100G OTN Mapping/Framing) Proposal for ODU4 Framing It has been accepted in G.709 in Dec.2008; the rate of OTU-4 is 111.809973 Gb/s Proposal for 100GE mapping to ODU4 frame: It is under discussion Proposal for OTN evolution: It is under discussion

OIF PLL(100G LH Transmission – components/DSP) This project will specify a 100G DWDM transmission implementation agreement to

include: i) Propagation performance objective ii) Modulation format : Optimized DP-QPSK with a coherent receiver – OFDM also being

considered iii) Baseline Forward Error Correction (FEC) algorithm iv) Integrated photonics transmitter/receiver

100G ProjectKick off

IA to Principal Ballot

Project Complete

IA to Straw Ballot

IA Draft

100G – A Developing Standard

IEEE 802.3ba D1.0

TF Draft

G.709 Amd3Consent

OTU4 Definition

J F M A M J J A S O N D

2007 2008 2009 2010

J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D

IEEE 802.3ba 40GE/100GE

PAR Approved

IEEE 802.3ba D2.0

802.3WG Ballot

IEEE 802.3ba 40GE/100GE

Standard

We Are Here

ODU4 ProposalG.709 New

Version Consent

IEEE802.3100GE Standard

ITU-T Q11/SG15OTN Standard

ITU-T SG15 OTU-4 standard

IEEE 802.3ba D3.0

LMSC Ballot

OIF PLL100G LH Transmission

From 40G to 100G: Additional Challenges

Challenges 10G 40G 40G 100G

OSNR

Required 6dB more ~4dB more

CD tolerance 1/16

(4km vs 65km SSMF for NRZ)

<1/6

(<1km vs. 4km in SSMF, NRZ)

(2.5km vs. 15km in SSMF, RZ-

DQPSK)

Nonlinear

effects

iFWM & iXPM (dominant on SSMF)

XPM(esp. with coexisting 10G

OOKs)

Intrachannel effect severer

limiting Launch Power

(Bit separation 2.5x smaller)

PMD

Tolerance

1/4 (2.5ps vs 10ps for NRZ)

1 / 2.5

(max DGD tolerance: 8ps vs 21ps,

RZ-DQPSK)Key to economical scaling of 100GE:

Innovative way to deal with PMD, NLE & OSNR deficits

40G&100G Components Maturity Analysis

40G 100G 100G

Commercial

Time

Laser OK OK OK

Driver OK Small supplies’

Sample

2009

Modulator OK Small supplies’

Sample

2009

Framer OK Small supplies’

Sample

2010

FEC OK Small supplies’

Sample

2010

MUX/DeMUX OK OK OK

Receiver OK Small supplies’

Sample

2009

40G components supply chain is mature enough to support commercial deployment levels now.

100G components supply chain not mature yet – first samples 2009/2010 ; expected to ramp in volume in 2011 after all standards ratified

Existing solutions today are proprietary in nature and cost prohibitive

(more than 10x the cost of a 10G) DP-QPSK modulation expected to win the day at the OIF although

OFDM is gaining its fans – the goal is to have a consolidated

components supply chain and eco-system to better drive cost

reduction through manufacturing volume Primarily being driven to achieve further router-router efficiencies A single 100G router interface is much more efficient than 10x10G

interfaces that use link aggregation (only about 60% efficient and

requires complex routing algorithms to load balance across 10

interfaces) A large push in North America by Comcast, Verizon, and AT&T who are

trialing proprietary 100G solutions today Will not be standardized and shipping in quantity until late 2010/early

2011

100GE Facts

Conclusions

10G still clearly provides the lowest cost per bit

transported Operators can choose to continue to deploy 10G

although 40G is available today to relieve fiber

exhaustion on existing DWDM systems 40G (SONET/SDH/OTN) can be run native on today’s

optimized 10G optical line systems 40GE/100GE will not be fully standardized and

commercially available until late 2010/early 2011 Once standardized, 100GE is anticipated to be cost

effective out of the gate due to extensive standards

work and cross industry collaboration

THANK YOU VERY MUCH !!!!

Questions