NORTON UNIVERSITY
Department: Economics, Year: IV
Session: Evening
Group: E2 (Development Economics)
How Agriculture Contributes
In Economic Growth:
A Case Study in Cambodia
Submitted to:
So Sovanarith
Submitted by:
Hing Many
Sieng Mai
Pou Sokvisal
Seng Bunvirak
Academics Year
2011-2012
Contents I. Problem Statement ................................................................................................................................. 1
II. Objectives................................................................................................................................................ 2
III. Main Contents ..................................................................................................................................... 2
A. Study about the agricultural sector to other sectors that can improve the economic growth .......... 2
a. Agricultural Sector .......................................................................................................................... 2
b. Industry ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Tourism Sector ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Hotel & Restaurants ........................................................................................................................ 7
Tourism in Detail ............................................................................................................................. 7
c. Construction Sector ............................................................................................................................ 8
B. Understand how agriculture help the economics growth .................................................................. 9
a. Reduce unemployment rate ........................................................................................................... 9
b. Poverty Reduction ......................................................................................................................... 11
c. Increase export ................................................................................................................................. 13
Rice ........................................................................................................................................................ 13
d. Increase income ............................................................................................................................ 15
C. Analyze by using SWOT analysis ....................................................................................................... 16
a. Strengths and Opportunity ........................................................................................................... 16
b. Constraints and Weakness ............................................................................................................ 17
D. Explore the Government Strategies to Make the Agricultural Sector Increase ............................... 17
a. Generate Income and Employment through Increasing the Agriculture Productivity ................. 17
b. To contribute to sustainable industrial development . ................................................................ 20
c. Strengthening Institutional Capacity ........................................................................................... 22
IV. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 24
Case Study ............................................................................................................................................. 24
V. Recommendation .................................................................................................................................. 26
VI. References ........................................................................................................................................ 26
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How Agriculture Contributes
In Economic Growth:
A Case Study in Cambodia
I. Problem Statement
Cambodia is one of the ten nations of Southeast Asia and part of mainland Southeast
Asia. It is bordered on the north by Laos and Thailand, on the west by Thailand, and on
the east by Vietnam. Its geographic area is 181,035 square kilometers (69,900 square
miles). Its total land boundaries are 2,572 kilometers (1,598 miles), and it has a coastline
on the Gulf of Thailand of 443 kilometers (275 miles). The Mekong River flows directly
through the country from north to south, eventually flowing into the Mekong Delta of
Vietnam. Cambodia's largest city and capital, Phnom Penh, is on the Mekong River. The
other major cities in Cambodia are Battambang, Siem Reap (the gateway to Angkor Wat),
and Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville), Cambodia's major port.
In 2007-2008 Cambodia was influenced by world economic crisis that effected many
sectors: construction, tourism, agriculture, real estate, and garments. A number of people
in Cambodia was jobless due to some garment factories was collapse or fail to run their
business. It was discovered that the crisis was prevented Cambodia from the economic
growth and stuck Cambodian people in lived under the poverty line. And now this is
become the main problem for the Cambodia Government have to be solve and fix the
problem.
Cambodia is one of the world's poorest economies, and, thus, economic development is
its highest priority. Much of its population is involved in subsistence
farming (families producing what is needed for daily living). About 66 percent of the
country is forested or woodlands, with only 13 percent of the land arable.
Most of Cambodian people are farmers, they do farming but in some season beside
raining season they do Chamkar. Most of population living in rural area is depending on
the agricultural products: farming, animal raising, and growing crop. The Agriculture
Sector plays an important role the economic growth in Cambodia. If the government
promote the agriculture sector people in rural area are the most beneficiary. But the
income generated by agriculture is not consistent. So many local people are looking for
alternative jobs or migration to overseas.
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Although many parts of Cambodia are suitable for farming or chamkar but the
agricultural input is still in small scale in parts of Cambodia is restricted as a results of
various factors, including the following:
Limited water supply and irrigation system
Shortage of land due to ownership problems or mine/UXO contamination
Ease of earning money in overseas compared to agriculture pursuits
Lack of suitable equipment or seeds
Lack of knowledge about appropriate agricultural process or about markets
and distribution
II. Objectives
In reflect to which the proposed project remedies the problem noted above, it will
be necessary to find out some strategies and solution for this problem. The following are
the project objectives:
To compare the agricultural sector to other sectors that can improve the
economic growth
To understand how agriculture help the economic growth
To analyze by using SWOT
To explore the government strategies to make the agricultural sector increase
III. Main Contents
A. Study about the agricultural sector to other sectors that can
improve the economic growth
a. Agricultural Sector
Cambodia has undergone dramatic political, economic and social changes since 1993, the
year of the first post-conflict national elections leading to the first coalition government.
Cambodia has joined various international and regional organizations and has been a
member of World Trade Organization since October 2004. At the same time, the country
has undertaken crucial institutional and economic reforms, which have led to impressive
growth and development outcomes. The country‟s gross domestic product (GDP) grew by
9.8 percent annually between 2000 and 2008. Such growth exceeds that of the country‟s
neighbors, Thailand and Vietnam and is higher than the East Asian and Pacific region as
a whole (World Bank 2009). GDP per capita, measured in 2000 constant prices, has
grown from $286 in 2000 to $492 in 2009, albeit still about one quarter of the East Asia
and Pacific regional average of $1926. This rapid overall economic growth in Cambodia
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has been accompanied by remarkable performance in the agricultural sector, which grew
at 5.6 percent between 2000 and 2008–the highest growth rate in the region in this
period. Nonetheless, Cambodia‟s economy is still highly dependent on agriculture, which
contributed close to one-third of national GDP in recent years (Figure.1).
Agriculture is also the most important sector for employment, employing more than half
of the country‟s total labor force. Agriculture is more important for the rural poor as it
provides their most important source of income (World Bank 2009). According to
Knowles (2006), the poorest 10 percent of the Cambodian population are rural
households, mostly depending on agriculture for their livelihood.
Figure.1 GDP share 2008
Sub-sectors of agricultural sector have four sectors: Forestry and Logging, Livestock,
Fisheries and Crop Production. The sub-sector that is the most important and pushes
agriculture to help Cambodian economy is sector of Crop Production. It is 52.7% of total
composition of agriculture (Figure.3).
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Figure.3 Composition of Sub-Sectors in Agriculture
Cambodia‟s agricultural sector, inclusive of cops, livestock, forestry and fisheries, grew at
an average 3.4 percent annually over the period 1994-2004, although the volatility of that
growth was high,. Since 1999, the sector has gone through three separate years of
negative growth, affected by political unrest, the regional financial crisis in the late 1990s,
severe floods in 2000, and drought in 2004 and 2005. The average annual rate of growth
recorded over this period is significantly less than the industrial and service sectors of the
economy, and agriculture‟s share of GDP fell from 45.9 percent to 30.9 percent. However,
the proportion of the labor force having a primary occupation in agriculture remained at
over 70 percent.
Though there was no significant change in the overall structure of the agricultural sector
over the period, there were differences in sub-sector contributions to agricultural growth.
On average, crops contributed the most (56 percent), while the contributions from
fisheries (30 percent) and livestock (11 percent) were more modest. The contribution
from forestry has been slightly positive over the whole period (just over 2 percent), but
significantly negative since 1999.
Within the crops sub-sector, rice paddy has remained by far the predominant activity;
accounting for about half of gross value-added from crops, with horticultural crops
combined being the next most important category at 10 percent of crop value. No other
crop accounts for more than 4 percent of total crops, despite upswings in maize and
soybean production since the late 1990s, which are responding to the healthy regional
growth of livestock sectors. As analyzed in more detail below, the key binding constraints
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to higher yields and diversification of crops are: insecurity of land tenure; poor irrigation
and lack of other critical infrastructure, including all weather roads; weak human capital;
and the lack of access to, or high cost of, capital.
Within the livestock sub-sector, poultry and swine production have each grown at just
over 2 percent per annum, slightly higher than the rate of large ruminant production (1.7
percent). In value terms, poultry is still the smallest of these three livestock activities, and
an outbreak of avian influenza is unlikely to exert a large negative impact on overall
growth of the sub-sector, although a pandemic could exert a very negative impact on
tourism.
Total real value added from fisheries is slightly higher than that from rice production.
Within fisheries, the inland capture component accounts for over three-fourths of the
value of production but is the slowest growing, followed in size by marine capture (13
percent). Most fish catch is consumed domestically and exports-between US$40-50
million per annum from 1999-2003m mostly inland to Thailand-are almost all
unprocessed. Official statistics tend to undercount the total fish catch, and significant
proportion of marine fish catch is sold on the open sea and is therefore not captured in
official statistics. There are indications that the inland capture from the Tonle Sap basin
is reaching the limits of exploitation for certain types of fish, and notwithstanding some
improvements, conflicts over ownership rights also continue to inhabit higher growth.
Though the forestry sector grew at an average rate of 3.9 percent per annum during the
past decade, this performance is heavily skewed by the exceptional growth in 1994 and
1997. Since then, the sub-sector has contracted sharply, by an average of 7 percent ever
year. The main reasons for this contraction include the moratorium on commercial
logging, deforestation, and poor management of concessions.
The other important sub-sectors of agricultural sector is sector of Fisheries, Livestock
and Forestry&Logging that are 25%, 15.5% and 6.9% respectively of total composition of
agriculture.
The gross values added of Crop sector are: Rice, Rubber, Peanut sugarcane sesame,
Tobacco, Vegetable, Soybean, Cassava, Maize and Permanent crops. The most important
crop is Rice that it is 54% 0f total crops (Figure.4); moreover, Rice help to set up
employment for Cambodian people, especially rural people so it is a factor that make
Cambodia develop and reduce poverty rate of country effectively and efficiency.
Figure.4 Gross Value added by Crops
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b. Industry
The industrial sector has been the fastest growing sector in Cambodia over the past
decade, at an average of 15;4 percent per year. Its share in the economy has more than
doubled th 28.9 percent in 2004, and the secto contributed over 41 percent of total GDP
growth over the period, and now employed about 8 percent of the labor force. Within the
industrial sector, garment manufacturing and construction were the primary growth
engines, contributing on average, 28.9 percent and 6.4 percent, respectively, to overall
growth,. Before analyzing the underlying factors for the phenomenal growth of the
garments sector, the next section reviews the performance of the agri-business sector,
which has suffered from the inability of the agricultural sector to move up the value chain
into processing activities, even as the production of primary inputs has increased.
Agri-business
Agri-business consists primarily of tens of thousands of micro-enterprises, a few hundred
small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and only a handful of companies with more than
100 employees. Only about one and one-half percent of the labor force is involved in agri-
business, with the average micro-enterprise consisting of 2-3 worker. Among the SMEs,
riche milling is by far the most common activity, while other grain mills such as bean and
potato powders are a distant second. Estimated of value-added per worker vary hugely
between US$300-$3, 000 per year with three provinces accounting for 95 percent of
total output: Kompong Speu (70 percent), Svay Rieng (16 percent), and Battambang (9
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percent). All three and located along major international trade routes; a powerful
indication of the impact of trade linkages to output.
Tourism Sector
After the sharp slowdown in 2009 caused by the global financial crisis, service industry,
producing about one third of Cambodia GDP, grew by 4.3% in 2010. The contribution
was mainly from a relatively high growth rates in the local trade and banking sector,
especially from tourism (figure 01).The recovery in tourism means a pickup in hotels and
restaurants, increasing in turn local transportation and trade activities to a certain extent.
The number of visitor arrivals in 2010 ascended by 16% y-0-y to 2.5 million people,
according to Ministry of Tourism (MOT) statistics.
Hotel & Restaurants
Largely dependent on the performance of tourism, the growth of hotels & restaurant
business was modest at a rate of 9.3% in 2010 after the contraction of 0.8% a year earlier.
This is because of the 16% y-o-y rising number of visitor arrival (2.5million) although
their expenditures were slightly increased.
Tourism in Detail
Tourism over the last 16 years has become one of the ley sectors of the Cambodian
economy, representing 15.7% (or US$1.78 billion) of GDP in 2010, up from just 2.9% in
1995 (figure 02). Tourism growth has been reflected in increasing political stability,
improving safety, rising quantity and quality of available room supply, restaurants,
development of tourist attractions, and gradually growing global awareness of the
country as a destination.
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Cambodia saw international tourist arrivals rose by about 16% to 2.5 million in 2010, and
tourism receipts increased by 14.4% to US$1.78 billion. Arrival growth has averaged
19.3% since 1995, but the 2008-2009 financial crisis pulled arrivals down below this
level, falling to 5.5% and 1.7% in 2008 and 2009 (figure 03), respectively. In 2010, the
average length of stay remains the same at 6.45 days and average expenditures of visitors
increased to US$115.43/day (figure 04&05 after a slum in 2009. However, assuming that
the average run rate on a long term basis is just about 10%, the arrivals will be nearly
triple to reach more than 6 million people by 2020. Thus, this is a bright future of
Cambodia tourism sector compared to the region.
Domestic Tourist: In addition to international arrivals, domestic tourists in 2010 also
showed an overall increase of 7.7% to 7,562,623(figure 08), which mainly contributed
from the increase of number of visitors in Siem Reap and Coastal areas which range from
the provinces of Kampong Soum, Kampot, Kep, and Koh Kong. This significant increase
was in part attributed to new efforts and campaigns of Royal government to attract more
visitors, especially ecotourism to Koh Kong province.
c. Construction Sector
The Cambodian construction industry is forecast to grow by 9.5% (in real terms) in 2010,
pushing the nominal industry value to KHR2.59trn (US$640mn). Over the medium
term, the country‟s construction sector is expected to continue to see robust growth due
to the bullish economic outlook for the country, the renewed interest in investing in
Cambodia‟s infrastructure sector and growing urbanisation levels. New preliminary
estimates from the Cambodia National Institute of Statistics showed that nominal
construction value in 2008 reached KHR2.53trn (US$625mn), higher than the
previously expected KHR2.32trn (US$574mn). However, this does not change the view
that the Cambodian construction industry faced a recession in 2009, and higher base
effects from 2008 means that the industry saw a deeper-than-anticipated decline in value
in 2009. Cambodia‟s construction industry is now estimated to have contracted by 12.8%
in 2009, reaching a nominal value of KHR2.23trn (US$551mn).
An indication of this downturn is the volume of cement and steel imports into Cambodia.
Import volumes of cement and steel declined by 19% and 0.2% respectively in 2008, and
this trend continued into 2009, with cement and steel imports decreasing by 18% during
the first 10 months of 2009. Another indication was the drop in foreign direct investment
in Cambodia, which fell from US$815mn in 2008 to US$533mn in 2009. This very low
base in 2009 is anticipated to have led to significant real growth of 9.5% for the
Cambodian construction sector in 2010. Meanwhile, nominal construction value in
2010 is estimated to have reached KHR2.59trn (US$639mn), returning to 2008 levels.
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B. Understand how agriculture help the economics growth
a. Reduce unemployment rate
While its share in the economy fell from 46 to 31 percent between 1994 and 2004,
Cambodia's agricultural sector ( inclusive of crops, livestock, forestry and fishery), the
primary livelihood of the poor, continued to support more than 70 percent of the labor
force in 2004. The growth rate of labor supply in agriculture was 2.7 percent a year.
Without physical assets, the poorest can only rely upon their own labor to get an income.
The development of rice-based farming systems can induce a growth of the rural
economy that results in an increasing demand for labor.
Normally, during peak periods of agricultural crop production (particularly during land
preparation, transplanting, and harvesting) labor shortages often occur. As production
expands, demand for labor increases. Currently, production volumes are limited by
market demand and constraints in technology and access to water during the dry season.
This limited production in turn implies limited and mostly seasonal demand for labor.
When demand for labor increases, this is sometimes accompanied by higher wages.
While in most cases observed in the field agricultural wages range between R 3,000 and
R 5,000 per day, in intensive systems or in higher value production systems like those
related by the agricultural cooperative in Battambang described in Box 4, vegetable
production, and in irrigated systems (like those in Chu Pring commune in Svay Rieng),
agricultural wages range between R 5,000 and R 7,000 and can reach levels of R 14,000
per day.
Labor creation by processing activities and trading activities normally provides lower
wages (around R 4,000 per day), but the labor requirements are for longer periods than
the short terms associated with specific agricultural activities. Activities such as handling,
loading and unloading, grading and sorting are often seasonal activities. However, as the
volume of trade and processing increase, the total labor requirement also increases and
provides employment opportunities to the poorest. An unskilled laborer working 300
days per year at a wage of R 4,000/day could get an income comparable to a low-
productivity farmer with 1 ha of land.
As the demand for labor increases and wage rise, the adoption of mechanization becomes
more widespread. Whether mechanization is labor displacing or not is a complex issue.
While on one hand mechanization reduces the cost of labor, on the other hand there are
effects on demand for skilled labor (for example tractor operators) which is usually paid
higher wages. The higher income associated with mechanization results in more spending
in the rural economy, more demand for services (construction, food, industry, trade), and
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higher employment opportunities for rural households. Without a full assessment of the
rural economy-wide effects is difficult to determine the impact on overall employment. At
the macro level however, the multiplier effects from agricultural growth to overall growth
of the rural economy are quite high and agricultural growth is generally considered the
most effective way to reduce poverty in rural areas.
Productivity Increase for Smallholders
The majority of the poor in rice-based farming systems of Cambodia are to be found
among the smallholder farmers who typically own less than 2 ha of rice land. For these
households, increase in productivity at the farm level is perhaps the single most
important determinant of poverty reduction.
Through increases in yield and crop intensity, diversification into higher value
agricultural activities (vegetables, aquaculture, livestock, special rice), and integrated
farming, income could increase well above the self-consumption level. The examples
from the fieldwork of the Consultant‟s Team illustrate the experience of previously poor
farmers who have achieved a status of middle income:
• Integrated Farming
• Intensified Agriculture
• Aquaculture
• Glutinous Rice
• Vegetable Farming
• Enterprise Development
Small and medium enterprises in agroprocessing or trade require more specialized
activities and skills. Section 6 has discussed the various factors of entrepreneurship. Even
though a program cannot “create” entrepreneurs, it could certainly facilitate the
emergence of “latent” entrepreneurs and promote the existing ones through various
interventions including capacity strengthening, training, facilitation of supply chain
linkages, provision of information, and networking.
Some of the poor could become entrepreneurs in their own right, rather than been only
providing labor to the agroenterprises. Micro-enterprises directly related to value chain
in rice-based farming systems include retailing of food products, management of food
outlets, transportation services, assembling of raw materials, handicrafts, food
processing.
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b. Poverty Reduction
In poverty reduction effort agriculture remains a priority sector for the Royal
Government of Cambodia (RGC), which involves, to some extent, many national
agencies, including Ministry of agriculture, forestry and fisheries (MAFF), Ministry of
water resources and Meteorology, (MOWRAM), Ministry of Rural Development (MRD),
and Ministry of Land Management and Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC). In
promoting agricultural development for poverty reduction the RGC faces challenges as
to:
1. How can agricultural productivities be improved at the famers' household level
that would contribute to better food security and living standard of the rural
families.
2. How can natural resources be managed in a sustainable manner when demand
increases.
3. What linkages can be established to deal with agricultural commodities
4. What supports are needed to achieve the three afore-mentioned challenges.
The agriculture sector's goal of the RGC in to NPRS is to maximize food self-sufficiency of
the rural households through improving performance of agriculture and increasing
agricultural productivity, and to ensure sustainable natural resources management and
conservation leading to increased food security and income generation. In order to this
goal and contribute to poverty reduction of the rural households, the strategic objective
for agriculture sector are to:
1. Ensure an adequate legal framework and institutional environment
2. Strengthen capacity and improve knowledge system within the
Government, stakeholders, and especially small-scale famers
3. promote intensification, diversification and security of agricultural
production
4. promote sustainable natural resources management and conservation
5. Promote agricultural product processing and investment in agro-industries
and strengthen agricultural marketing system and market access.
Given the priority to poverty alleviation, food security, environmentally friendly
sustainable growth, and integration in global competiveness the principle of equitable
agricultural development would centre on the following components:
1. Maintenance of an appropriate macro-economic and policy framework, and
a favourable legal, and institutional arrangement
2. Accelerated and sustainable irrigation development
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3. Accelerated program for titling and distribution of idle agricultural land
which is under MAFF
4. Development of an export market for rice and other agricultural products,
and processing and product quality control facilities
5. Strengthening essential agricultural support services and functions
including extension, research and development, marketing, credit and
distribution
6. Expansion of livestock production with emphasis on animal health services,
nutrition and management and rang management and establishment of
meat processing plants
7. Improved management and introduction of appropriate technologies for
rice fish farming and aquaculture
8. Promotion of community-based forestry and fisheries management
9. Strengthening the capacities at all of MAFF, MOWRAM, MRD and
MLMUPC.
The RGC will implement pro-poor strategies for the development of the agricultural
sector adopting Special Program for Food Security as a vehicle toward poverty reduction.
The strategies will target those areas with higher incidence of poverty and food
insecurity. The available maps should be used for this purpose. To address the afore-
mentioned strategic objectives following actions will be undertaken:
1. Capacity Building: MAFF will seek to improve knowledge and skills of all
stakeholders.
2. Agricultural Research and Extension: The RGC will ensure that research centers
and extension systems be oriented towards small-scale famers.
3. Access to quality Input: MAFF has put emphasis on researches to produce
quality seeds and on seeds quality control
4. Reduced Dependency on Natural Condition: Largely Cambodia's agriculture
still weather dependent.
5. Strengthening Water Control and management Systems: Agricultural
production has so far depended on rainfall pattern because of lack of irrigation
system.
6. Support for intensification and diversification: Rice production alone will not
realize the objective of poverty reduction.
7. Livestock Development: livestock is another important sub-sector that provides
protein intake and cash income for rural households.
8. Aquaculture Development: Fish supplies from nature are not enough to meet
demands or the people due to population increase.
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9. Sustainable Nature Resources Management and Conservation has become an
integral part of RGC's strategy for sustainable economic growth and
development.
10. Fisheries Resource Management and livelihood improvement: fish is diet of
Cambodians, second only to rice in assuring food security.
11. Community Fisheries: The failure of methods based only on legal procedures to
preserve natural resources has led to increased conflicts between subsistence
and small-scale family fishing them.
12. Improved Forestry Management and use: The forestry sector contributes
around 5 percent to GDP, with potential, for expansion.
c. Increase export
In 2009 rice export to overseas by private company is going up ten-time compare to
2008, according to the report by MAFF. In 2008 the Rice Mill Association is going to
export rice up to 2 tons to Germany, Malaysia, Brunei, and Saudi Arabia. The last
harvesting season the Rice Mill Association was harvested 30, 000 tons of rice. This year
we are exported 3.7 million ton of rice, and rich is the unlimited source due to 80 percent
of Cambodian are farmers.
Rice
Currently the world‟s 15th biggest rice producer, Cambodia is targeting annual rice
exports of 1 million tonnes within five years. The country plans to raise rice production to
9 million tonnes of paddy by 2015, up from the current 7 million tonnes.
To achieve this target, Cambodia needs more foreign investment in order to construct
rice mills. At present, most of the Kingdom‟s rice is sent to Vietnam to be milled and re-
exported.
The Royal Government has introduced a number of measures aimed at boosting the
country‟s rice-export capacity. It is urging local banks to provide money for rice-related
business and has pledged to guarantee 50 percent of commercial bank lending to
producers. Capital at the Rural Development Bank has been doubled to $36 million, and
licence requirements for exporters are being scrapped.
Other government plans include strategies to build irrigation systems, provide technical
services, land reform, financing, marketing, developing farming communities and
improving institutions.
According to the Ministry of Commerce, 4,369 tonnes of milled rice was exported from
January to June 2009. But in the first half of 2010, the ministry says 107,291 tonnes of
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milled rice was exported – an increase of 2,356 percent. This represents a value of
$13.438 million, up from $2.193 million in 2009.
Prior to the Pol Pot era, Cambodia produced 500,000 imperial tons of rice in excess of
domestic demand. Total paddy production was 2.38 million tons, which represented 1.1
percent of world paddy production. But as a result of the civil war, Cambodia was left
unable to produce enough rice to even feed its own people. Not until 1995 did the country
achieve self-sufficiency once again.
Cotton
From its $2 million cotton plant in Battambang province, Seladamex Co. Ltd exported its
first 100 tonnes of unprocessed cotton and 360 tonnes of cotton seed in May 2010.
The company shipped 50 tonnes of unprocessed cotton to Vietnam, 40 tonnes to China
and 10 tonnes to Japan, while all of the seed went to Vietnam. The raw cotton sold for
$2,200 per tonne, and the seed $250.
Seladamex expects to export another 200 tonnes of raw cotton and 400 tonnes of seed to
these countries throughout 2010. The cotton plant is capable of processing 15 tonnes a
day with an overall plant capacity of around 5,475 tonnes per year.
Pepper
In 2009 half of the year‟s total Kampot pepper output of 14 tonnes remained unsold by
year end. But since gaining Geographical Indicator (GI) status early in 2010, stocks sold
out within months of being officially registered.
According to World Trade Organisation guidelines, GI strictly regulates every aspect of a
product‟s properties to assure both its high quality and regional distinctiveness.
Prior to receiving GI status, Kampot pepper sold for around $3 per kilo, but this has now
risen to $5.75 per kilo.
Around 17 tonnes of pepper was produced in the 2010 season on 9.75 hectares of
farmland in Kampot province. Only 10 tonnes met the GI quality standard, of which
around 6 tonnes were exported abroad.
In the 1930s almost all of the pepper consumed in France came from Indochina. Kampot
pepper in particular was of exceptional quality and rapidly became „the spice of choice for
French restaurants‟.
Sugar
In June 2010 Cambodia sent 10,000 tonnes of raw sugar to the United Kingdom ― the
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Kingdom‟s first shipment of sugar to an overseas market in over 40 years.
It was exported by Koh Kong Sugar Industry whose plant opened for operation in
January 2010. The company says it expects to harvest between 200,000 and 250,000
tonnes of sugarcane in 2010 and plans to increase its export volume to between 20,000
tonnes and 25,000 tonnes of raw sugar to Europe‟s markets in 2011.
d. Increase income
Agriculture in Cambodia remains relatively inefficient; hence there is considerable
potential for rapid growth in productivity and incomes from effective, well-coordinated
investments. Growth in the agricultural sector will bring considerable benefits to the
large proportion of the poor who are dependent on it, improving food security and
incomes, and reducing the rate of rural-urban migration.
Private sector growth can also be expected to be a driver for governance reform, given the
importance of a transparent rules-based environment for investment.
Australia‟s contribution to increasing the productivity and incomes of the rural poor will
build on our successes in the agriculture sector over the last 15 years. Australia will
continue to assist Cambodia‟s shift from a narrow focus on rice for food security towards
a broader emphasis on development of rice and other products for trade.
The program will support greater agricultural productivity, diversification, and value
adding. In particular, assistance will promote availability of effective extension and
research services and good quality agricultural inputs, making appropriate use of
government institutions and the private sector.
To enhance impact, Australia will develop effective models for agricultural assistance that
can be replicated by other donors. For example, with the CAAEP-II project Australia is
already playing a leading role in efforts to develop standard approaches to supporting
extension services.
Close coordination with key donors will be an important element of the strategy.
Integrated approaches will be explored, including assistance to address all of the barriers
to growth of particular agricultural industries at each stage of the production and
marketing process. NGO-led integrated rural development approaches will target specific
poor districts. AusAID‟s approaches will need to take account of the important role of
women in agriculture and seek to ensure that programs are sensitive to gender issues.
Land access issues will be taken into account in program development, and progressed
through policy dialogue and monitoring/coordination of other donor efforts to promote
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effective implementation of the land law. Improving the efficient, equitable and
sustainable use of water resources will be another important objective. Water policy
considerations will be integrated into agricultural research and extension work and
progressed on a regional basis through Australia‟s support for the Mekong River
Commission. Australia will also promote improved irrigation policies through
strengthened government-donor coordination.
Consideration will be given to how Australia can address other constraints to growth and
investment in the agriculture sector, including in areas such as barriers to trade and
foreign investment. Such issues will also be taken up in our policy dialogue with the
Royal Government of Cambodia.
The new Governance Facility will be used as a mechanism to provide flexible technical
assistance in these areas. Support related to accession to the WTO will also be provided
through regional programs. Options for supporting Cambodia‟s decentralized rural
development program (Seila) will be considered, where there are expected to be direct
benefits for rural productivity.
C. Analyze by using SWOT analysis
a. Strengths and Opportunity
Agricultural development policy of the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) is
strongly focused on the enhancement of agriculture sector to be as the leading
sector among the main sectors for the growth of the national economy. The
agriculture will be contributing to the reduction of the poverty for the Cambodian
people.
The RGC encourages the participation of private sector in the agriculture
development by providing the land titles, properly distributing the agricultural
land through the social land concession framework.
The RGC promotes the construction and management of irrigation system for
agricultural production and also effectively manage the existing irrigation system.
The RGC takes strongly in consideration in the responsiveness measures for the
natural calamity.
The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) enhances the
productivity through the attempts made for further provision of supporting
services such as: research and extension service, marketing development,
distribution of seeds as well as other agricultural inputs.
MAFF and concerned institutions, local authorities, national & international
communities and all people, especially farmers fully support the development of
agriculture.
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Laws and the regulations had been properly improved and newly formulated to
fulfill and facilitate the implementation in effective manner.
The management of the whole economic development as well as the management
of the agricultural sector has been reformed to be in consistent with the movement
in economic integration and competition in the region as well as in the world.
The physical infrastructures to support the development activities of the Ministry
are improved in better condition.
The human resources have been also enhanced the capacity with better working
condition that these resulted in the effective works.
The natural resource management, forestry, fisheries, wildlife, land resource has
been improved for the sustainability by using the existing laws and regulations,
techniques as well as adequate human resources. The success of the mentioned
management is due to the strong commitments from the Government, full
supports from the concern institutions, local authorities and international
communities.
b. Constraints and Weakness
Relying on natural factors which are irregularly changed and limited capacity in
agricultural irrigation resulted in the imbalance growth of agricultural production
from year to year.
Limited investment capital resulted the country relies on foreign assistance for
development.
Poor Irrigation system
Unskill farmer
Natural disaster
Farmer understanding is limited in the use of fertilizer. It is observed that most of
agricultural inputs supplied are no registration and no instruction for use in
Khmer language recognized by MAFF.
Limited capacity for laboratory to analyze the quality of agri-industry production,
agri-food and there is no training center for agri-food processing.
D. Explore the Government Strategies to Make the Agricultural
Sector Increase
a. Generate Income and Employment through Increasing the
Agriculture Productivity
The government sets up and implements some strategies under Agricultural Sector
Development Program (ASDP) to improve farmers‟ ability to raise productivity and
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diversify toward high-value products by providing farmers with better access to
productive resources such as land and water, improved seeds, and high-quality inputs.
Improved Access to Land
Land and water are the two fundamental natural resources, which are the basis for
economic development and poverty reduction, especially in the rural areas where people
rely on them for agriculture. Due to Khmer Rouge, collective system of agriculture and
protracted civil war combined with land grabbing, and disputes access to land for
particularly most poor Cambodians become a major issue. Up to 15 percent of farm
household do not have agricultural land. Many of which are headed by women. As such
secure access to land for the poor in Cambodia‟s countryside will greatly contribute to
reducing poverty and ensuring economic growth with equity. To deal with issues of land
use and management, the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and
Construction (MLMUPC) was created.
Providing Better Access to Productive Land
The revised Land Law was formulated with assistance from ADB, and passed in August
2001. But the Government required a wide range of support to implement the revised law
so that the Cambodian people could benefit from access to available land and secure
individual land rights. Through ASDP, the Government hoped to facilitate the
implementation of the revised Land Law by transferring state land to the landless poor
for social purposes and giving farmers secure right to their land, thereby increasing their
incentives and ability to raise productivity through better farming and land management.
To achieve this objective, the Government undertook to formulate, through an
interministerial working group under the Council for Land Policy, a sub-decree reducing
economic land concessions.
In March 2003, the Government issued a sub-decree stating the procedures for the
distribution of unused state land to eligible poor households for productive purposes. The
Government also agreed to establish a mechanism for implementing this sub-decree and
to provide the beneficiaries with adequate agricultural extension services to support their
productive and income-generating activities. On 12 December 2006 Ministry of
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF) and the Ministry of Land Management,
Urban Planning, and Construction (MLMUPC) was also prepared for interministerial
collaboration to implement the measures provided in the manual, and signed by MAFF
on 26 December 2006.
To complement the social land concessions, the Government on 27 December 2005
approved a sub-decree reducing unused or excessive economic land concessions
according to the Land Law of 2001. In collaboration with MLMUPC, MAFF set up a
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technical unit to draft the necessary circulars and decisions implementing the
sub0decree. On 27 November 2006, the Government approval a sub-decree specifying
the responsibility and procedures for state land management.
Improving the Legal and Policy Framework for Better Access to
Irrigation Water
The Government had submitted a draft Water Law to the National Assembly for
approval, and drafted a National Water Policy in line with the draft Water Law. This legal
and administrative framework, once in place, would improve water resource planning
and management. In parallel, the Government looked forward to promoting the
formulation of FWUCs in priority irrigation schemes during the ASDP period. It was
agreed that the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) would form
FWUCs in 11 pilot irrigation schemes included in the MAFF work program. The
Government finally passed the Water Law in June 2007 and id preparing a sub-decree to
formalize the creation of the FWUCs. With this legislative framework in place,
MOWRAM plans to further expand the irrigated areas under FWUC management
through ongoing and future development projects with external assistance.
Establishing the Legal and Institutional Framework for Better
Access to Improved Seeds
Despite growth in production of higher-value crops, farmers still had limited access to
better seeds. An appropriate legal and institutional framework for the seed sector was
needed to increase the delivery of certified-quality seeds to farmers. The Law on
Managing Seed and Hybrid Plant Authorization was submitted to the National Assembly
in February 2008, during the ASDP period, and approved on 8 April 2008.
Improving the Regulatory System to Ensure the Quality of
Agrochemicals Traded in the Market
Together with improvements in the availability of seeds, the Government also wanted to
improve the regulatory system to ensure the quality of agrochemicals traded in the
market by training provincial staff and private traders, and strengthening the quality
inspection system in the country. In October 1998, the Government issued sub-decree
No. 69 on Standards Management of Agricultural Materials, the first legal instrument in
Cambodia that specifically mentioned agrochemicals and provided the regulatory
framework for sale and use of agricultural and agrochemical materials. Then it issued
implementing guidelines specifying administrative procedures for the registration, sale,
import, labeling, packaging, storage, disposal, etc.. Of such materials. To strengthen the
inspection and control of agrochemical, MAFF‟s Bureau of Agricultural Materials did a
study on the agrochemical inspection system, which was approved by MAFF on 20
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December 2006. On the basic of this study, the bureau drafted a government circular
establishing and implementing specific measures to improve coordination between key
government agencies in monitoring and control of agricultural materials, and
strengthening the inspection system for those materials; The circular was approved on 15
January 2007. The bureau also developed a database of agrochemicals traded in
Cambodia, with fields for the trade name, active product name, manufacturing company,
country origin, provinces and districts where inspectors have found the materials for sale,
etc. To raise awareness nationwide, the bureau produced the first set of media packages
in December 2006.
b. To contribute to sustainable industrial development by
providing locally produced agro-based raw materials.
The main objective‟s Government was to improve the market environment for private,
agro-based enterprise growth and thereby promote private investment in agriculture. The
Government had begun divesting state-owned enterprise in agriculture under ASP by
making the enterprises financially autonomous, and wished to continue this process. It
was committed to divestment to promote the development of market-based agriculture
and the participation of the private sector in the agricultural input and output markets.
Completing the Divestment of the State-Owned Rubber Estates
(SOREs)
Over the last decade, the Government has sought to modernize Cambodia‟s rubber
industry, which is dominated by the SOREs, to improve the market environment for
private, agro-based enterprise growth and to promote private investment in agriculture.
The SOREs were converted into autonomous public enterprise in March 1999. In parallel,
the government has been promoting smallholder rubber plantation with financing from
the Government of France. But the rubber sector in Cambodia has significantly
underperformed despite these actions and sector‟s high potential for contributing to the
national economy. Although a rapid increase in the price of natural rubber (by about 22%
from 2005 to 2006) has recently pushed up revenue from the sale rubber, industry
productivity needs to be improved through structural reform and market improvements.
The SOREs‟ inefficient management and weak marketing have conspired to prevent
international recognition and keep the prices of Cambodian rubber products low. The
Government wishes to complete the divestment to benefit the entire rubber sector,
including stallholders, and to increase the sector‟s overall value added.
As a first step, the Government wished to remove the regulatory constraints on the
marketing of unprocessed and processed rubber products. In tandem with its effort to
divest to SOREs, the Government began assessing the rules and regulations for the
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marketing of rubber products. In June 2005, MAFF announced its new rubber marketing
policy giving rubber smallholders better access to private collection site for their
unprocessed latex rubber. A rubber certification project financed by the Government of
France also helped improve the marketing of Cambodian rubber. Reports prepared by
MAFF‟s working liberalization, identifying the regulatory constraints were not binding
constraints on rubber marketing in Cambodia.
A key condition of ASDP was the divestment of the seven SOREs. Despite initial delays in
the valuation of the estates and acceptance of the auditors‟ reports, the divestment
started in earnest in May 2007 when the three estates (Chamkar Andong, Boeung ket,
and Memot). All seven were offered for sale through international bidding managed by
NDC, and sold to domestic investors between 28 September 2007 and 12 February 2009.
The Government considered various options for the divestment of the estates, such as
joint ventures, but eventually sold all the estate (Chamkar Andong), and government
elections in mid-2008 led deferral of key decisions of the final three estates until the new
government took office.
As part of divestment, the Government has paid compensation to laid-off workers of the
SOREs from the proceeds of the sales, and has prepared resettlement plans to provide
compensation to affected persons according to the resettlement framework agreed on
under the ASDP. An external monitor has been appointing has been appointed to
monitor the progress of the divestment, and to report regularly on the resettlement to
NDC and ADB.
Keeping the State Out of the Agricultural Input and Output Markets
Although the Government had begun divesting the state-owned enterprises in agriculture
by making them financially autonomous, two enterprises-AIC and KAMFIMEX- could
not adapt to the market conditions, generating uncertainty in the agricultural input and
output markets, and requiring the use of scarce public resources for redundant activities.
In this context, the government decided to complete the divestment of these enterprises.
Despite delays, KAMFIMEX was liquidated through a sub-decree that was issued on 25
July 2007 and took effect on 1 August 2007. The Government first sought a joint-venture
operation for AIC but, for lack of any response, the Government issued on 29 June 2007
a sub-decree liquidating AIC effective 2 January 2008. Some workers were reabsorbed
into MAFF, and those laid off were paid compensation. All assets have been disposed of
according to government procedures.
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c. Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Competitive
Agricultural Commercialization
The Government strengthens the capacity of public institutions for competitive
agricultural commercialization. The Government define five activities in this regard such
as : (i) rationalizing the roles and responsibilities of MAFF departments; (ii) formulating
an operating strategy for gender mainstreaming in agriculture; (iii) improving MAFF‟s
agricultural market information service; (iv) ensuring proper coordination of national
agricultural research activities; and (v) improving the quality and coverage of the
agricultural extension services of the Government.
Rationalizing the Roles and Responsibilities of MAFF Departments
The Government saw the need to strengthen the department functions of MAFF by
rationalizing the roles and responsibilities and the organizational setup of the
departments, particularly in agricultural policy planning, monitoring, and marketing
information services. The Government agreed to implement a new sub-decree for this
purpose, and to have MAFF institute a programming and budget planning mechanism
for the use of the MTEF for the sector.
With the help of TA 4228-CAM (footnote 5), the MAFF working group on organizational
restructuring finalized in January 2007 its report on the strengthening of MAFF‟s
planning functions. Two options were proposed: (i) creating a new general directorate of
administration with planning functions, or (ii) setting up a permanent planning and
budget formulation until in the existing general directorate. The Government decided to
go with option (ii), and MAFF issued a ministerial declaration (prakas) on 8 January
2008 creating the new planning and budget formulation until in the general directorate
of administration, even as it considered further restructuring. In June 2007, MAFF was
further restructured and streamlined in November 2008, with the creation of a
department of administration, planning, finance, and international cooperation, and
within the general directorates of forestry and rubber, and fisheries administration.
In 2000, the Government decided to introduce the MTEF approach to fiscal planning and
management, but progress was slow. MAFF was one of ministries four ministries that
piloted the adoption of the MTEF, to increase the effectiveness of public expenditure in
the pursuit of development objectives in agriculture. MAFF‟s working group on program
budgeting, with support from TA 4428-CAM, prepared manuals on (i) accounting and
financial management; (ii) monitoring and evaluation; and (iii) training in accounting,
finance, planning, and monitoring and evaluation. The final TA report was submitted on
30 September 2006. For a sustainable program budgeting system, MAFF needs future
support in (i) strengthening planning and budgeting capacity, particularly in the
provinces: (ii) streamlining accounting and finance procedures; and (iii) implementing a
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computerized accounting system. ADB approved in November 2008 grants for the rollout
of the MTEF program in MAFF, MOWRAM, and the Ministry of Rural Development, and
assistance to the Government in the aforementioned areas.
Formulating an Operating Strategy for Gender Mainstreaming in
Agriculture
The Government recognized that gender issues had to be incorporated into the
agricultural support services more effective. But here, too, progress was slow, and efforts
were made project by project and not well coordinated. MAFF, which had started
promoting gender mainstreaming in collaboration with the Ministry of Women‟s and
Veterans „Affairs, sought support to establish a sector-wide gender policy and strategy
with specific action plans. To address this issue, MAFF drafted a policy and strategy
document, which was approved on 28 March 2006. Implementation took place with
funding support from ADB and was completed on 31 March 2007.
Improving the MAFF’s Agricultural Market Information Services
MAFF wanted to strengthen the capacity of its agricultural marketing office in market
analysis, surveys, and data and information management. To do this, MAFF agreed to
implement an effective strategy for its agricultural market information services. MAFF‟s
working group on agricultural market information services drafted a strategy for
improving the system through consistent and uniform data collection, management, and
dissemination, and staff capacity strengthening. The strategy document was approved by
MAFF on 26 September 2006, and is being implemented partly with support from the
Government of Canada. This condition for the release of the second tranche has thus
been met.
Ensuring Proper Coordination of National Agricultural Research
Activities
The Government also hoped to strengthen the coordination of national agricultural
research, with the help of a master plan to be drafted and initially implemented during
the ASDP period. The national agricultural research strategy drafted in October 1998
with assistance from the Government of Australia is now being implemented. The
Cambodia Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) has been
established, and appropriate operating procedures have been introduced to improve the
local service delivery. It was agreed that MAFF would approve and start implementing a
master plan for agricultural research satisfactory to ADB. The master plan that was first
drafted under ADB was further developed approved by MAFF on 22 May 2006. CARDI
and other agencies are implementing many research projects in the priority areas
identified in the master plan. In particular, the Australia Centre for International
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Agricultural Research (ACIAR) has implemented 80 Cambodian Agricultural Research
Fund (CARF) projects since 2002. A workshop hosted by ACIAR and AusAID in Phnom
Penh on 5-6 February 2008 gave an overview of agricultural research programs now
being undertaken by CARDI and MAFF‟s department of agronomy and agricultural land
improvement and proposed new research in priority areas identified in the master plan.
Improving the Quality and Coverage of the Agricultural Extension
Services of the Government
Given the limited coverage of extension services offered by private and civil society
organizations, MAFF has made substantial efforts over the years to strengthen and
expand public agricultural extension services, necessitating higher budgetary allocations
in the MTEF. It agreed to institutionalize agricultural technology broadcasting programs
to disseminate the information cost-effectively by improving the weekly information
services, which started in 1997, MAFF‟s working group at the agricultural extension
education office proposed an improved framework for the preparation of broadcasting
programs through institutional changes and revisions in extension materials. The
proposals of working group have subsequently been implemented by MAFF‟s agricultural
extension education office. The report of the working group was approved by MAFF on
22 February 2007, and official copies were disseminated on 11 April 2007.
IV. Conclusion
Cambodia is the developing country, so the economic growth is very slow. The economic
growth of Cambodian people is mainly depending on agriculture, agriculture is the
primary occupation of people live the rural area it include Rice, Fisheries, Forestry, and
Rubber. Livestock also one of the most important source of income generated for people
in the rural area: swine and poultry. Through the finding another source of economic
growth which help Cambodia to get rid of the poverty trip are tourism and construction.
Although Cambodia is depending on Agriculture but the agriculture infrastructure is not
yet improve at all, we have poor irrigation system and knowledge of Cambodian farmers
are limit, land, tool, and fertilizer are still the problem. Another problem is the natural
disaster like foods and insect.
Case Study
Mr Khut Khoeun
Mr Khut Khoeun lives with his wife Sam Thoun, their four daughters, two sons and two
granddaughters in Krosachet Village, Romchek Commune, Prey Veng Province. Twenty
years ago, they moved from the house of Khouen‟s parents and began to establish their
own farm. Khoeun, who is an experienced carpenter, built the family home, which they
Norton University Agricultural Economics
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still live in today. For many years the family grew only rice on their farm and they
struggled to get enough food to eat each year. Khoeun worked as a carpenter and chef to
earn extra money for the family. On the farm they had no water source for irrigation and
had to walk to the neighbour‟s well to get their drinking water. Over the years the number
of family members grew but the size of the farm stayed the same and Khoeun knew that
they had to improve their farming system if they were going to be able to feed everyone,
pay for education and healthcare and improve the family assets.
In 2001, a non-government organization that was working in Prey Veng Province helped
the family to drill a pump well near their house. The family had saved up enough money
to buy a second hand pump and this new water source enabled them to start growing
some vegetables and fruit trees on their Chamcar land during the dry season. In 2002,
started to work in Romchek Commune and began to train farmers on new crop and
livestock production techniques, compost making and the benefits of ecological
agriculture. This inspired Khoeun to try some of these techniques on his farm and he
hasn‟t stopped experimenting and improving his farming system. Khoeun and his family
have reshaped their farm into a series of canals, ponds, rice fields and banks for growing
a great diversity of fruit, vegetables and herbs. They also raise cattle, ducks and fish on
their farm, mostly for subsistence purposes. All of the rice produced on their 2.1 hectares
of rice land is needed to feed the 10 members of their family so they concentrate their
income generation activities on their 0.35 hectares of Chamcar land by growing a
locally adapted herb, called eryngo (Eryngium foetidum) and a number of other crops
such as cassava (Manihot esculenta), gourds (Cucurbita sp.), chilli (Capsicum annum)
and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), which they sell in the Neak Leung market. In
2004, Khoeun attended the International Farmer‟s Dialogue in Chiang Mai, Thailand,
where farmers from around the world met to share their experiences on ecological
farming. At this event Khoeun learnt many new techniques such as mulching, making
liquid fertilisers and biological extracts (BE) and improved pig feed from banana trunks,
salt and palm sugar.
He has since applied these techniques on his farm and trained many other farmers in his
village, commune and even from other provinces. Through a combination of hard work,
experimentation and good design, Khoeun and his family have managed to improve their
food security and standard of living without needing to buy more land. They use no
pesticides on their farm and by learning and applying various organic soil improvement
techniques they have managed to eliminate the use of chemical fertilisers. Khoeun wants
Cambodian farmers to work together to escape poverty and he continues to share his
farming experience widely.
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V. Recommendation
Government and stakeholders should improve farmer knowledge relate to
skills, using fertilizer
Government should provide more and improve irrigation system.
Government and key stakeholder should find market accessibility for
farmer and eradication monopoly market
VI. References
Economic Institute of Cambodia, Cambodia Agriculture Development Report (2006)
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Rice Production Responses in
Cambodia
Agrifood Consulting International, Cambodia Agriculture Sector, Diagnostic Report
(2006)
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Partnership for Development in Kampuchea (2005), A Case Study of sustainable
Agriculture Farmers in Cambodia
http://www.investincambodia.com/agriculture.htm
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF), www.maff.gov.kh/en/policy-a-
planning/39-strategies/58-asdp2010.html
National Institute of Statistics (NIS), www.nis.gov.kh/index.php/statistics
Cambodia‟s leading Independent Development Policy Research Institute (CDRI),
www.cdri.org.kh
Asia Development Bank (ADB): www.adb.org/cambodia
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