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CHAPTER 21
~IMMUNITY~
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21.1 IMMUNE RESPONSE# Immunity
# Classes of antibody
# Humoral and cell mediatedimmune response
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21.1 IMMUNE RESPONSE# Roles of lymphoid organs
# Antigen-antibodyinteractions
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At the end of this topic, students should be able to:-
State the roles of lymphoid organs in immunity
such as:-
1) Thymus
2) Spleen
3) Tonsil
4) Lymph nodes5) Bone marrow
State the various types of antigen and antibody
interactions
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ROLES OF LYMPHOID
ORGANS
1) Thymus
Site where thelymphocytecells mature.
Secretethymosine.
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2) Spleen Contains
lymphocytes and
macrophages. Functions to
remove bacteria
and worn-out redblood cells.
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3) Lymph Nodes
Contain
lymphocytesandmacrophages.
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4) Bone marrow
Site of origin
of all types ofblood cells.
White bloodcells functionin immunity.
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5) Tonsil
Areas oflymphoidtissue oneither side of
the throat.
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ANTIGEN
Any foreign
molecule that elicits
an immune
response by bindingto receptors of B
cells or T cells.
Usually protein,glycoprotein or
polysaccharide.
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All cells posses antigen in their cell
surface membranes:
acts as markers
enables cells to recognize each other
Own antigen self
Foreign antigen non-self
ANTIGEN
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Epitope a small, accessible region of an antigen
to which an antigen receptor or
antibody binds an antigen may have several different
epitopes
each epitope is recognized by a
different antibody
ANTIGEN
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ANTIGEN
Different antibodiescan recognize
distinct epitopes on
the same antigen.Antibodies can
recognize free
antigens as well as
antigens on a
pathogens surface.
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TYPES OF ANTIGEN-
ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS
AGGLUTINATIONAGGLUTINATION
NEUTRALIZATIONNEUTRALIZATION
PRECIPITATIONPRECIPITATION
ACTIVATIONACTIVATIONCOMPLEMENTCOMPLEMENT
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1. AGGLUTINATION
Clumps of
bacteria being
held together &
easier for
phagocytes to
engulf.
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2. NEUTRALIZATION Antibodies bound
to antigen on the
surface of virus.
Neutralize it by
blocking its ablity
to bind to a hostcell.
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3. PRECIPITATION
Cross-linking of
soluble antigen
molecules &
immobile precipitates
are easily engulfed byphagocytes.
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4. ACTIVATION COMPLEMENT
CCombine with complement proteinswhich produce lesions in membrane
that result in cell lysis.
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1)There are five lymphoid organs involved
in immunity : thymus, spleen, tonsil,
lymph nodes, and bone marrow.2)There are four types of antigen-antibody
interactions : agglutination,
neutralization, precipitation, andactivation complement.
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21.1 DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY# Primary and secondary
immune response
# Concept of self and non-self
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