HIV/AIDS
The Social & Economic Impact
Interact Worldwide
Interact Worldwide believes in the fundamental right of all human beings to access quality sexual and reproductive health services. We believe that unless people have access to these services they will never be able to lift themselves out of poverty. As such, we provide sexual and reproductive health services in some of the worlds poorest communities and campaign internationally for the right of all people to these services.
HIV/AIDS
• HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
? How can you get HIV?
BREASTMILK
VAGINALSECRETION
SBLOOD
SEMEN
CERVICALSECRETION
S
2. Through these acts:
H
INFECTED MOTHER:DURING1. PREGNANCY2. BIRTH3. BREAST FEEDING
UNPROTECTED PENETRATIVE INTERCOURSE (HOMOSEXUAL OR HETEROSEXUAL) WITH SOMEONE WHO IS INFECTED
1. INJECTION OR TRANSFUSION OF INFECTED BLOOD / BLOOD PRODUCTS2. SHARING UNSTERALISED NEEDLES WITH SOMEONE WHO IS INFECTED
1. Through these bodily fluids
1. You cannot catch HIV from kissing.
2. You cannot catch HIV from sitting on a toilet seat
3. You cannot catch HIV from coughing or sneezing
4. You cannot catch HIV from sharing cutlery
! HIV Myths 1
HIV Myths 2
5. You cannot catch HIV from drinking out of the same glass
6. You cannot catch HIV from
holding hands
7. You cannot catch HIV
from hugging
!
Adults and children estimated to be living Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV as of end 2005with HIV as of end 2005
Total: 40.3 (36.7 – 45.3) million
Western & Central Europe
720 000720 000[570 000 – 890 000][570 000 – 890 000]
North Africa & Middle East510 000510 000
[230 000 – 1.4 million][230 000 – 1.4 million]
Sub-Saharan Africa25.8 million25.8 million
[23.8 – 28.9 million][23.8 – 28.9 million]
Eastern Europe & Central Asia1.6 million 1.6 million
[990 000 – 2.3 million][990 000 – 2.3 million]
South & South-East Asia7.4 million7.4 million[4.5 – 11.0 million][4.5 – 11.0 million]
Oceania74 00074 000
[45 000 – 120 000][45 000 – 120 000]
North America1.2 million1.2 million
[650 000 – 1.8 million][650 000 – 1.8 million]
Caribbean300 000300 000
[200 000 – 510 000][200 000 – 510 000]
Latin America1.8 million1.8 million
[1.4 – 2.4 million][1.4 – 2.4 million]
East Asia870 000870 000
[440 000 – 1.4 million][440 000 – 1.4 million]
Country Level
• Swaziland 38.8%• Botswana 37.3• Lesotho 28.9• Zimbabwe 24.6• S. Africa 21.5• Namibia 21.3• Zambia 16.5• Malawi 14.2• CAR 13.5• Mozambique 12.2
• S. Africa 5,300,000• India 5,100,000• Nigeria 3,600,000• Zimbabwe 1,800,000• Tanzania 1,600,000• Ethiopia 1,500,000• Mozamb 1,300,000• Kenya 1,200,000• DRC 1,100,000• USA 950,000
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
25.8 MILLION INFECTED
66% OF THE PEOPLE WITH HIV LIVE HERE.
57% OF THE INFECTED ADULTS ARE WOMEN
HERE AIDS IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH
2.4 MILLION ESTIMATED DEATHS AT THE END OF 2005
AIDS HAS LEFT BEHIND OVER 13 MILLION ORPHANS
SWAZILAND HAS THE HIGHEST PREVALENCE OF HIV IN THE WORLD. 38.8% OF THE ADULT POPULATION INFECTED.
Estimated number of adults and childrenEstimated number of adults and childrennewly infected with HIV during 2005newly infected with HIV during 2005
Total: 4.9 (4.3 – 6.6) million
Western & Central Europe22 00022 000
[15 000 – 39 000][15 000 – 39 000]
North Africa & Middle East67 00067 000
[35 000 – 200 000][35 000 – 200 000]
Sub-Saharan Africa3.2 million3.2 million
[2.8 – 3.9 million][2.8 – 3.9 million]
Eastern Europe & Central Asia270 000270 000[140 000 – 610 000][140 000 – 610 000]
East Asia140 000140 000
[42 000 – 390 000][42 000 – 390 000]South & South-East Asia
990 000990 000[480 000 – 2.4 million][480 000 – 2.4 million]
Oceania82008200
[2400 – 25 000][2400 – 25 000]
North America43 00043 000
[15 000 – 120 000][15 000 – 120 000]
Caribbean30 00030 000
[17 000 – 71 000][17 000 – 71 000]
Latin America200 000200 000
[130 000 – 360 000][130 000 – 360 000]
From “Health Issue” to “Development Crisis”
• Destruction of social capital– Knowledge base of society
– Production sectors: agriculture, industry
• Weakening of institutions- Civil service, judiciary, armed forces,
education, health
- Inhibition of private sector growth
• Wider, deeper poverty
Estimated adult and child deaths Estimated adult and child deaths from AIDS during 2005from AIDS during 2005
Total: 3.1 (2.8 – 3.6) million
Western & Central Europe12 00012 000[<15 000][<15 000]
North Africa & Middle East58 00058 000
[25 000 – 145 000][25 000 – 145 000]
Sub-Saharan Africa2.4 million2.4 million
[2.1 – 2.7 million][2.1 – 2.7 million]
Eastern Europe & Central Asia62 00062 000[39 000 – 91 000][39 000 – 91 000]
East Asia41 00041 000
[20 000 – 68 000][20 000 – 68 000]South & South-East Asia
480 000480 000[290 000 – 740 000][290 000 – 740 000]
Oceania36003600
[1700 – 8200][1700 – 8200]
North America 18 00018 000
[9000 – 30 000][9000 – 30 000]
Caribbean24 00024 000
[16 000 – 40 000][16 000 – 40 000]
Latin America66 00066 000
[52 000 – 86 000][52 000 – 86 000]
Percentage of 15-year-old males who will die of HIV/AIDS based on current risk levels
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Honduras Thailand Cote d'Ivoire Zambia South Africa Zimbabwe Botswana
Series1
Projected population structure with and Projected population structure with and without the AIDS epidemic, Botswana 2020without the AIDS epidemic, Botswana 2020
80757065605550454035302520151050
020406080100120140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Males Females Deficits due to AIDS
Projected population structure in 2020
Population (thousands)
Ag
e in
yea
rs
Source: US Census Bureau, World Population Profile 2000
Women
• Women are infected up to 10 times more easily than men
• Social and economic factors increase women’s vulnerability
• In SSA 75% of 15-24 years olds infected are women, globally 47% of total infections are in women
• Women bear the social and economic burden of the epidemic
Household Impact
• In Zambia and South Africa household incomes fall by 66-80%
• In Vietnam one fifth of children in AIDS households had started to work
• A study from Uganda shows that 25% of households are providing for an orphan
• In Zambia when a mother dies 65% of households break up
Demand & Supply for Education
Demand:
– The school enrollment rate among orphans was 39% in Central African Republic, two thirds of the national rate of 60%Source: Survey from CAR, UNICEF, 1999
Supply:
– Over 30% of all educators in Malawi and Zambia were estimated to be HIV positive in 2000
– In Tanzania 27,000 teachers will have died by 2020
Non-AIDS bedsNon-AIDS bedsAIDS bedsAIDS beds
1990199019901990 2000200020002000
Source :Source : UNAIDS, 2000 UNAIDS, 2000
Bed occupancy required for AIDS patients, Zimbabwe
Bed occupancy required for AIDS patients, Zimbabwe
Potential AIDS treatment costs as a percent of the Ministry of Health Budget
00
1010
3030
4040
5050
6060
7070% of MOH Budget% of MOH Budget
Ethiopia 2014Ethiopia 2014
2020
Kenya 2005Kenya 2005 Zimbabwe 2005Zimbabwe 2005
Source: Source: Stover & Bollinger, 1999Stover & Bollinger, 1999
HIV/AIDS affects rural areas
• 69% of the population of the most affected countries lives in rural areas
• AIDS affects economic sectors with mobile/ migratory workers (agriculture, mining)
• AIDS-related traditional practices are more prevalent in rural areas
• AIDS-affected urban dwellers often return to rural areas
Poverty and Inequality
New HIV infections
Malnutrition
Faster progression HIV to AIDS
Food Insecurity
Risky survival activities
Source: Mullins
HIV/AIDS and food insecurity: deadly
NAPHAM Malawi
“We go to schools to warn youth about the
dangers of HIV. We teach about HIV/AIDS
stigma and discrimination and after we
summarise with a play. And also we go to
community outreach. When we go to
community outreach we just perform a
play. We first find out what problems the
community has, and we do a play about
their problems, their concerns such as
about VCT (voluntary counselling and
testing), about HIV/AIDS information in
general, positive living, stigma and
Discrimination.”Victoria Kambemba, voluntary youth worker for
NAPHAM, performing to a lively crowd at a
marketplace to raise awareness of HIV/AIDS.
SOME POSITIVES
UGANDA, ZAMBIA, SENEGAL UGANDA: HIV PREVALENCE RATES DROPPED TO 7%. GOVERNMENT TALKED OPENLY ABOUT HIV AND IT IS NOW FIRMLY ON THE POLITICAL AGENDA
SENEGAL: HIV HAS BEEN KEPT AT PREVALENCE RATES OF 0.8% THANKS TO VIGOROUS PREVENTION PROGRAMMES
ZAMBIA: PREVALENCE AT 16.5%BUT: URBAN MEN & WOMEN REPORT LESS SEX, FEWER PARTNERS AND A HIGHER RATE OF CONDOM USE
UGANDA
SENEGAL
ZAMBIA
2005: success stories
• Zimbabwe: number of new HIV infections has gone down, mainly due to increased use of condoms and fewer partners
• Caribbean: Haiti may be turning a corner, particularly in urban areas, due to increased abstention and faithfulness to one partner, however condom use among young people has decreased as has the age of first sex.
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