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Page 1: His 101 ch 14a thirty years war

The Thirty Years WarReligion, Warfare, and Sovereignty:

1540-1660

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Thirty Years War: 1618 to 1648◦ Longest continuous war in modern history

Fought primarily in the German Provinces Began as religious war between Catholics

and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire Developed into general conflict over power

of Kings and National self determination in western Europe◦ Can be called a European Civil War (but there

were more than two sides)

Introduction

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Thirty Years War ◦ Religion◦ Self-determination◦ Power of Princes, Emperor, Pope◦ Territorial, ethnic alliances versus religious

alliances◦ The War Feeds Itself

History is Complex

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1517 Lutheran Reformation breaks out in Germany- spreads throughout central and northern Europe.

1520’s Henry VIII agitates for annulment of his marriage and begins his breakaway from Rome.

1522-1522 Ignatius of Loyola writes Spiritual Exercises and ushers in the Counter-Reformation.

1525 Zwingli begins agitating for new religious practices in the Swiss Confederation.

1529 Princes in German Provinces protest that they should decide the religion for their provinces.

1534 Ignatius of Loyola founds the Society of Jesus 1536 John Calvin writes The Institutes of the Christian

Religion

Reformation Review

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Early Reformer from Bohemia (will become Czechoslovakia in the 20th century).◦ Argued against Doctrine of Transubstantiation

At the Council of Constance, Huss was accused of heresy and burned at the stake in 1416

Huss execution did not extinguish anti-Roman Catholic sentiments in Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Poland

We Can’t Forget Jan Huss

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Religious Wars in 16th & 17th Centuries

Protestants fought between themselves over doctrine and power

Zwinglians, Lutherans, Anabaptists, Calvinists sought dominance in central Europe

Roman Catholic princes and Holy Roman Emperor fought to maintain order, bring Protestants back to Church

Issue: who controls religion in a particular territory—the Monarch or the Pope◦ Early compromise--Peace of Augsburg 1555: Prince

controls religious choice in his territory

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Roman Catholics Lutherans Hussites Calvinists

◦ Zwingligans◦ Moravians

Anglicans (Britain) Orthodox Christianity Islam Everybody wants religious freedom for

themselves—not so much for anybody else

Religions Practiced in Europe in 1618

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France◦ Surrounded by Spanish Hapsburg Emperor in the Netherlands and

Spain◦ Ruled by members of the Bourbon family

Holy Roman Empire: a non-contiguous kingdom ◦ Some territories were in revolt◦ Independent Princes ◦ Ruled by members of the Hapsburg family◦ The Spanish Road

Austria-Hungary and Bohemia also ruled by Hapsburg princes

Netherlands divided into independent provinces and Spanish provinces

Sweden and Denmark wanted control of northern German States on border of the Baltic Sea

Territorial Kingdoms

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Not yet a nation Collection of Principalities within the Holy

Roman Empire Princes were electors of the Holy Roman

Emperor Religious affiliations of principalities after

Lutheran Reformation settled by Peace of Augsburg (1555)◦ Each of the 225 German princes could choose the

religion in his kingdom

Germany

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King of Austria King of Hungary Elected King of Bohemia in 1618 by a coalition

of Lutheran and Catholic princes on the understanding that he would leave religion to the princes ◦ Lutherans and Catholics supported Ferdinand over

Frederick, Prince of Palatine, who was associated with Calvinists

Bohemian princes in dispute with Catholic Bishop over building Protestant Chapels

Ferdinand sided with the Bishop

Ferdinand II (1578-1637)Ruled as Holy Roman Emperor 1619-

1637

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Defenestration of Prague May, 1618 Ferdinand sent four Catholic

Counts to meet with the Bohemians in Prague

An assembly of townspeople (burghers) led by Count Thurn of Bohemia was to meet the delegation

When the Counts entered, the crowd threw two of them and their secretary out the window

They were saved from death because they landed in a pile of horse manure

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Defenestration of Prague

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War Spreads to Germany & Austria

March 1619: Ferdinand II succeeded his cousin Mathias as Holy Roman Emperor.

Bohemian Princes refuse Ferdinand and supported the Saxon Prince, Frederick V of Palatine, as Holy Roman Emperor.◦ Frederick V is a Calvinist◦ Frederick V is son-in-law of James I of England

Ferdinand II (Spanish Hapsburgs).◦ Austrian Princes (Austrian Hapsburgs-- cousins of

Spanish Hapsburgs) join revolt against Ferdinand. Count Thurn of Bohemia leads army to walls of

Vienna.

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Meanwhile in Transylvania 1620 Protestant Prince, Bethlen Gabor,

(with support of the Muslim Ottomans) leads campaign against Catholic forces of Ferdinand II (Spanish Hapsburgs) in support of Frederick V (Austrian Hapsburgs).

Ottomans provide troops and funding to attack Poland who supported the Catholic, Ferdinand II.

Polish-Ottoman War of 1620-1621 changes nothing (status quo ante).

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Battle of White Mountain 8 November 1620

◦ Bohemian Army of 30,000 men met Catholic forces of 27,000 men (including Rene Descartes) on a hill outside Prague.

◦ Catholic forces won decisive victory. Battle of White Mountain lasted about an

hour.

Back in Bohemia

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War Spreads

1621: Ferdinand orders all non-Lutheran Protestants to leave Bohemia or convert.

1622: Ferdinand II orders all Lutherans in German principalities to convert or leave.

1625: Danish King goes to war on the Protestant side. Danes fight from 1625-1629

1630: Sweden enters the war. Swedes fight from 1630-1635

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War Spreads Again

Gustavus II Adophus King of Sweden, secretly funded by France, enters war on behalf of Protestants.

After many victories, Gustavus Adophus killed in Battle of Lutzen in 1632.

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CARDINAL RICHELIEU

France enters the war on Protestant side in 1635◦ French fear power of Ferdinand and being encircled

by Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs German lands lay in between French, Spanish

and Austrian forces

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25-40% of German population die during the 30 Years war.◦ Principality of Wurttemberg: 75% of population◦ Principality of Brandenburg: 50% of population◦ Across German territory:

Swedes destroyed 2,000 castles; 1800 villages; 1500 towns 50% of male population of Germany died

Disease:◦ Bubonic plague◦ Typhus◦ Dysentery

Famine: ◦ wholesale destruction of agriculture◦ armies supported food needs through plunder.

THE WAR FEEDS ITSELF

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The Miseries and Misfortunes of War◦ Depicts the invasion of Lorraine by Cardinal

Richelieu ◦ Scenes depict the horrors of war but French

identified as a band of renegade soldiers Inspired Goya’s Los Disatastres del la

Guerra depicting the Spanish War with Napoleon 1808-1814.

Jacques Callot (1592-1635)

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Scene of a Pillage. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia

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Plundering a Farmhouse. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia

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The Stappado. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia

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The Wheel. Jacques Callot ,1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm. Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia

.

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The Stake. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia

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The Hanging. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia

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The Hospital. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia

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Dying Soldiers by a Roadside. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia

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The Distribution of Rewards. Jacques Callot 1632, etching 8.1 x 18.6 cm, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sidney, Australia

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The Third of May, Francisco Goya, 1814, Prado Musuem, Madrid

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Peace of Westphalia 1648

Series of treaties Affirmed ruler’s right to determine the

religion of his state Created territories of modern states in

Europe

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France becomes dominant power in Europe. Austrian & Spanish Hapsburgs lose territory

and power. Germany will not be united until the 19th

century.

Long Term Results:Thirty Years War