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Hazards, Risk and Ethics
Nor Mariah Adam, PhD PE
Fakulti Kejuruteraan,UPMSerdang
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Definitions
Incident: Happening, event
Hazard: Something with potential to causeharm/danger
Crisis: Touches all levels of society e.g. water crisis,economic crisis, affect emotions, stress, long term:weeks, years
Risk: The likelihood that the danger from a particularhazard is realized
Ethics: The science which treats nature and groundof moral obligations
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Definitions
Directive MKN 20:
Incident involving large number of loss oflives, extensive property destruction, withpotential to affect public safety and security,not expected, affect routine activities
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Prevention
Prepare Emergency Response Plan e.g.
hysteria, food poisoning, pregnant staff Practice safety culture
Duties of Safety Committee,
OSHA 1984,
CIMAH?
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Hazard
Acronym USA Department of Justice:
Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)
B-NICE for biological, nuclear, incendiary,chemical and explosive incidents
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Hazard
Biological: SARS, exotic diseases e.g. ibola,re-appearing e.g. smallpox, TB, anthraxinvolves insects, plants, birds, animals,human, bacteria
Nuclear: radiation, natural e.g. radondaughters (half-life 2days), man-made
e.g. X rays
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Types of Hazard
Ergonomics e.g. repetitive movements,improper set-up of workstation
Physical: radiation, magnetic fields, extremepressure, noise, poor IAQ, extremetemperature
Psychosocial: stress, violence Safety:slip/trip, inappropriate machine guard,
equipment malfunction or breakdown
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Hazard
Incendiary:
Weapons of mass destruction Botox, sarin,
Batu Pahat
Jenalik 2000 JRA 1974: AIA Building
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Mechanical Hazards
Common mechanical injuries: puncturing,
cutting and tearing, shearing, straining etc Risk assessment in machine operation
Machine guarding self assessment
Feeding and ejection system
Robot safeguards
Control of hazardous energy (lockout/tag out)
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Hazard of Temperature Extremes
Thermal comfort
Heat stress and strain Cold stress
Burns and their effects
Chemical burns
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Pressure Hazards
Sources of pressure hazards
Boilers and pressure hazards High temperature water hazard
Hazard of unfired pressure vessels
Hazard of high pressure systems Cracking hazard in pressure vessels
Pressure dangers to humans
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Chemicals
Applications in buildings, plants, ship, port,
aircraft, vehicles Not adequate to know dangerous, must how
it is dangerous
Meaning of unit e.g. ppm, LD50 dan MSDS
(Material Safety Data Sheet)
Entry through oral, skin, breathing
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Chemicals
15 million chemicals (natural or man-made)
60,000 at work 2000 new chemicals each year
2000 fauna flora extinct
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Hazard
Explosions:
Pepper Carbide
Terrorism: MKN Directive18
Public security : MKN Directive 19
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e Crime 1995-1999 MalaysiaCheat CC Breach Forge Palsu Card1995 2348 26 1245 298 368 28
1996 2321 42 1288 276 364 24
1997 3917 328 1876 443 115 471998 4840 522 2521 541 139 104
1999 4195 1100 2191 380 152 72
total 17621 2018 9121 1938 1138 275
RM m 1336 4460 2316 194.9 8.1 3.62
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e Crimes
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Malaysian e Acts
Computer Crimes Act 1997 enforced 2000
Digital Signature Act 1997 enforced 2000 Telemedicine Act 1997 enforced 1999
Copyright (Amendment) Act 1997 enforced1999
Communication & Multimedia Act 1998enforced 1999
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Regulations
Safety in Transportation, can not carrypetrol/diesel in public transport
Classification, Packaging and LabelingRegulations 1997
Use and Standards of Chemicals Hazardous
to Health Regulations, 2000 Scheduled Waste Regulation 1989
Declaration of Dangerous Goods (DG)
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Regulations
OSHA 1994
Environmental Quality Act 1974 Chemical Industry Major Accident Hazard
Uniform Building By Law 1984
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Regulations
Maritime Laws
Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952 EQA 1974
Fisheries Act 1985
Continental Shelf Act 1966
Petroleum Mining Act 1966 MARPOL Protocol 1978 (pollution from
ships) & OPRC 1990
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Fire Safety
Prank calls > 1 million per year,
Fire triangle Active fire protection fire extinguisher, hoses,
sprinkler systems, PA system, control panel)
Passive fire protection (compartmentation,means of egress, dead end limits)
Prevention Unit
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Fire Incidents
Long holidays, at night 12- 4 am
Not enough water supply Hydrant has clearance
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Building Regulations
Uniform Building By Laws 1984
Sarawak Building Ordinance 1994 Keutamaan adalah perlindungan nyawa
Fire Services Act 1988 (341)
berkuatkuasa 1 Januari, 1989, untukpelabuhan, kapal (vessels)
VTS- vessel traffic services
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Quotation
We can never guarantee that our plans and intentions will notbe thwarted by disaster. Even when we think we are as safe ascan be, we can never disregard completely the possibility thatsome unforeseen destructive event may put us in danger, orupset our orderly everyday affairs. Sometimes we say suchevents occur because of bad luck or misfortune, implying thatwe are subject to external and unfathomable forces which wemust accept, since we have no possibility of controlling or
influencing them.
Turner, 1998
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Port
55,000 registered sailors in Malaysia, IMO/SOLAS
Largest single plant in the world at MLNG Bintulu
Dedicated berth first in the world 1962
Bintulu most modern and expensive port(RM700,000 min per call)
Handling of dangerous goods DG
Declaration of DG , associated goods VTS (Vehicle Traffic Surveillance)
Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)
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Lock-up
Putrajaya, Cheras, Sentul, Brickfields,Gombak dan Petaling Jaya, Kajang, Ampang
Safety Checklist Nebraska Jail Standards(1995), Prison Act 1955 (Act 537)
Less drill, poor lighting
Overcrowded
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Rehabilitation Centers: Pusat
Serenti
Graduates more knowledgeable on loopholes in the law
70% IPTA/IPTS students are female all overthe world
Security staff not aware on safety, use of
PPE, CCTV, back-up, training and motivation
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Vandalism
Tahun Kos (RM) Pusat
1 1996 3,399,430 Karangan Kedah, Besut, Jeli
2 1997 350,750 Perlop Perak, Jelebu
3 1998 968,915 Karak,Perlop, Perlop, SgPetani, Jeli, Dengkil
4 1999 1,015,930 Jerantut, Sg Ruan Pahang, BtMertajam, Perlop, Karak
5 2000 500,000 Muar
6 2001 1,536,900 Tampoi
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Eco-tourism
Safety of tourists to follow internationalstandards e.g hassle to ladies
Grading of river
Grading of accommodation
Registration
Embassy information Multi lingual tourist guide
Toilets
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Traffic
2 million cars enter KL, 1 million leaves KLPoint duty
Noise from vehicles, whistle
No suitable PPE gloves, sunglasses
Protection from oncoming cars
Human rights
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Greg 1996
Heavy floods, rain intensity1 in 100 years
Handling of bodies, rubbish gloves Foreign unregistered workers, kind neighbors
Non Muslim, different culture
Basic needs of responders, debriefing
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Longhouse
10-110 pintu
One longhouse fire involves1000 persons Combustible materials
Location away from main roads
Elderly High fire load
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MHI, NMHI Selangor
Major hazard installation
Nom major hazard installation Illegal factories
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Carnival
High occupancy (5,000 becomes 30,000)
Basic needs: toilet, accommodation, tagging, trafficflow, registration, water supply, electrical supply,food, special diet, safety, rubbish, food poisoning,empty water bottles
Food handling and food handlers: freezer, fridge
Tent from combustible materials
VIP
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Modes for Hazard
Dormant: the situation has potential to behazardous for environment
Potential: hazard in position to affectpersons, property or environment
Mitigated: potential hazard has been
identified but actions have been taken tocontrol hazard
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Understanding Hazard and Risks
Example ofHazard
Risks likelihood harm will occur dueto exposure to hazard
Electricity Worker may be electrocuted due toexposure to inadequately insulatedwire
40 kg bag Worker can suffer back strain fromlifting
Carbonmonoxide CO
Suffer from CO poisoning becauseusing petrol operated pump in a well
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Mitigation
worst scenario becomes IAP (incident actionplan)
Add SOP (standard operating procedure)and ICS (IC cannot FLOP)
Combination becomes ERP (emergency
response planning)
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IAP + ICS = ERP
IAP = Incident action plan
(primary, secondary) ICS = Incident Command System
(written emergency management)
ERP= emergency response planning
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Scenario
Plane landed in the streest on an Indonesianpregnant woman Sg Buluh
Hazardous chemicals flowed into e.g. RhineRiver
Flash flood: safe to stay in the car?
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Integrated Mitigation
Directive MKN 20 integrated multi-agencyapproachfor:
Natural disaster: e.g.storm, landslide,drought flash flood
Industrial disaster e.g.explosion BrightSparklers,fire, CIMAH
Transportation: road traffic, river, maritime,air transport
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Directive MKN 20
DG
Building collapse, special structure Aviation accident
Rail accident
Open fire
Dam burst, gas release, nuclear, haze(API>300)
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Disaster Stages
Incubation Stage/ Pre- Disaster
Turning Point Disaster Occurs, reaches peak
Towards normalcy
Post Disaster
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What next?
Use ICS- Incident Command System,international standard based on Californian
forest fire IC (Incident Commander) cannot FLOP
(finance, logistics, operations, planning)
Snowball effect:
1 s require 1 bucket water air, 10 minsrequires 1 fire engine, 1 hour late nothing
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MKN 20?
For all
premise/ factory/ office lanjutan Fire Act 3411988 effective February 2006: ERT
JKKP (OSHA 1994)
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ICS
Incident Commander Chief
- Safety officer
- Liaison Officer (LO)
- LO for VVIPs
- One for 5-7 items
- According to expertise
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Incident Commander
Finance Logistics Operations Planning
Safety Officer Liaison Officer
Spokesperson
Subordinate Subordinate Subordinate Subordinate
Subordinate Subordinate Subordinate Subordinate
Information Officer
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MKN Levels
MKN Level 1 District level (> 2 mukim)(DO, OCPD)
MKN Level 2 State level (> 2 districts)(MB, KP)
MKN Level 3 National level (> 2 states)
(PM atau wakil, SUK, IGP) e.g. Tsunami Kota
Kuala Muda, Aceh,Head Operations Bomba except biological nature or no
PPE e.g. anthrax
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Operations
Hot zone red
Warm zone orange Green zone
One entry/exit: tag in tag out
Accountability
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ERP components
Mission, objective
Accountability and authority
Distribution of plan
Supplies MoU with suppliers e.g.warehouse, lorries,face mask, blankets, mobile toilets, first aid kits,gloves, medicine
Register volunteers, experts data list Location data
Hazard evaluation
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ERP Components
Reporting procedure
Evacuation procedure Mitigation procedure
Special procedure e.g. President, OKU
Equipment shutdown
Normal operations
Training, record
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Hazard Identification
Common during long weekend holidays
Back track event Identify incubation period
Retard incident growth
Probability of incident
Effect of incident
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Competent Authorities
Identification and hazard analysis conductedin systematic way
ERP management to relevant authorities
ERP elements practiced and drills conducted
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ERP
Development ERP
Tabletop excercise Improve ERPdrill annually or every 6
months for different scenario
Frequency
Commitment from top management
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Safety
PPE (personal protective equipment)
e.g. tag in tag out, (near miss), improvehabits
No replacement for LIFE
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Safety Audit
Electrical fault (overload, arching)
Chemical Biological
General safety
Fire prevention
Natural disaster potential
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Safety: TB, HIV victims
Use disposable gloves
During CPR use disposable pocket mask Medical garbage e.g.blood, vomit, pus
disposed according to Act EQA 1974
Please be kind to yourself first
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Training and drill Chemical properties (toxicity) Reporting procedure in emergency Know the trigger system Location fire protection system and how to use it PPE, BA Procedure leaving scene, debriefing, declaration end of
exercise Frequency Reporting Lessons learnt
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Data
Data analysis e.g. weather, height of waterlevel at river, dam
Applications for handling DG
Static electricity
Control of relative humidity
Public domain: internet, tv
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Fail to plan Plan to FAIL
Plan your work, work your plan
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Something to Ponder
Develop procedure : 12 months
Check procedure: 1 month Destroy procedure : 1 day
Message:dont GIVE UP
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