Guideline of Pharmacology for International Student
I Character and Objective of the Course
1. Character of the Course: Basic Medical Course.
2. Preparatory Course: Physiology, biochemistry, and pathophysiology.
3. Textbook: Pharmacology (5th edition), Michelle A. Clark, Richard
Finkel, Jose A. Rey, Karen Whalen. LWW.com.
4. Objective of the Course: Master pharmacological effects, mechanism of
action, clinical uses, and adverse effects of the main and typified drugs.
II Contents and requirements of teaching
Unit I: Introduction to pharmacology
Chapter Content Hours
1 Pharmacokinetics 4
2 Pharmacodynamics 4
Chapter 1 Pharmacokinetics
Teaching requirements
Master
1. Absorption of drugs
1) The first-pass elimination
2) Bioavailability
2. Distribution of drugs
1) One-compartment open model and two-compartment open model.
2) Volume of distribution
3) Binding to plasma proteins
4) Blood-brain barrier.
3. Biotransformation of drugs
1) Enzyme inducers
2) Enzyme inhibitors
4. Excretion of drugs
1) Clearance
2) First-order kinetics and zero-order kinetics
3) Drug half-life (t1/2)
4) The steady-state drug concentration (Css)
3) Hepatoenteral circulation
Familiar with
Drug permeation across membranes:
1) Lipid diffusion and influence of PH on drug absorption.
2) The properties of filtration, facilitated diffusion and active transport.
Understanding
1. Influencing factors of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and
excretion.
2. The cytochrome P450 system (microsomal mixed-function oxidases).
3. Concentration-time curves.
Chapter 2 Pharmacodynamics
Teaching requirements
Master
1. Basic action of drugs:
1) Excitation and inhibition
2) Therapeutic action
3) Adverse reaction (side reaction, toxic effect, allergic reaction, residual
reaction, dependence).
2. Dose-response relationship (dose-response curves):
1) Graded dose-response relations: efficacy, potency.
2) Quantal response relations: LD50, ED50, the therapeutic index.
3. Agonists and antagonists
1) Agonists: full agonists, partial agonists.
2) Antagonists: competitive antagonists, noncompetitive antagonists.
Understanding
1. Drug receptor theory
2. Mechanism of drug action
Unit II: Drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system
Chapter Content Hour
3 The autonomic nervous system 2
4 Cholinergic agonists 2
5 Cholinergic antagonists 2
6 Adrenergic agonists 2
7 Adrenergic antagonists 2
Chapter 3 The Autonomic Nervous System
Teaching requirements
Master
Nerve:classification (according to transmitter).
Familiar with
Nervous system: anatomy, function.
Understanding:
Transmitter: acetylcholine and noradrenaline (synthesis/storage/release/
termination).
Receptor:classification.
Drug:classification.
Chapter 4 Cholinergic agonists
Teaching requirements
Master
Pharmacological effects, action mechanism, and therapeutic uses of
pilocarpine.
Familiar with
Pharmacological profiles and therapeutic uses of reversible
anticholinesterases (physostigmine, neostigmine).
Understanding
1. Neurotransmission at cholinergic neurons and cholinoceptors.
2. Pharmacological properties of bethanechol, carbachol, irreversible
anticholinesterases, and reactivators.
Chapter 5 Cholinergic antagonists
Teaching requirements
Master
Pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses, and adverse reactions of
atropine.
Familiar with
Pharmacological properties of scopolamine.
Understanding
1. Pharmacological properties of ipratropium and tiotropium.
2. Pharmacological properties of succinylcholine and D-tubocurarine.
3. Pharmacological properties of cholinesters and stimulating ganglionic
drugs.
Chapter 6 Adrenergic agonists
Teaching requirements
Master
The pharmacological actions, clinical applications, and adverse reactions
of epinephrine and dopamine.
Familiar with
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, clinical applications, and
adverse reactions of norepinephrine and isoproterenol.
Understanding
Pharmacological properties of metaraminol.
Chapter 7 Adrenergic antagonists
Teaching requirements
Master
Pharmacological properties, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of
β-adrenoceptor antagonists.
Familiar with
Classification and representative drug of β-adrenoceptor antagonists.
Understanding
Pharmacological properties, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of
phentolamine.
Unit III Drugs affecting the central nervous system
Chapter Content Hour
8 Neurodegenerative Diseases 2
9 Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs 2
12 Antidepressants 1
13 Antipsychotic drugs 2
14 Opioids 2
15 Epilepsy 1
41 Anti-inflammatory drugs and autacoids 2
Chapter 8 Neurodegenerative Diseases
Teaching requirements
Master
Pharmacological effects and uses of L-dopa.
Familiar with
1. Mechanism of action and uses:carbidopa, selegiline, tolcapone.
2. Pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and drug interaction of L-Dopa.
Understanding
1. Pathophysiology and clinical manisfestations of Parkinson’s disease.
2. Classification of treatment of AD, mechanism of action, and
representative drugs.
Chapter 9 Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs
Teaching requirements
Master
Pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of
diazepam.
Familiar with
1. Pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of benzodiazepines and
barbiturates.
2. Pharmacological effects of novel benzodiazepine receptor agnoists.
Understanding
1. Clinic uses of flumazenil.
2. Pharmacological effects of chloral hydrate.
Chapter 12 Antidepressants
Teaching requirements
Master
Pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of
imipramine.
Familiar with
Mechanism of action and uses: fluoxetine, desipramine.
Chapter 13 Antipsychotic drugs
Teaching requirements
Master
1. Pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, clinical uses, and
adverse effects of chlorpromazine.
2. Pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of
lithium carborate.
Familiar with
1. The action characters of phenothiazines, thioxanthines, and
butyrophenones.
2. Mechanism of action and uses of clozapine.
Chapter 14 Opioids
Teaching requirements
Master
Pharmacological effects, uses, and adverse effects of morphin and
pethidine.
Familiar with
1. Action characters of codeine, fentanyl, methadone, and pentazocine.
2. Action and uses of naloxane.
Understanding
Tolerance and physical dependence of opioid.
Chapter 15 Epilepsy
Teaching requirements
Familiar with
1. Pharmacological effects, uses and adverse effects of phenytoinn sodium,
carbamazepine, sodium valproate, primidone, ethosuximide, phenobarbital,
and benzodiazepines.
2. Effect of carbamazepine on peripheral neuralgia.
3. Pharmacological effects, mechanism, and uses of magnesium sulfate..
Understanding
Classification of epilepsy.
Chapter 41 Anti-inflammatory drugs and autacoids
Teaching requirements
Master
1. The effects and their respective mechanisms of NSAIDs.
2. The pharmacological effects, therapeutic uses, and adverse reactions of
acetaminophen and aspirin.
Understanding
The characteristics of effects, clinic uses, and advantages of selective
COX-2 inhibitors (celecoxib).
Unit IV Drugs affecting the cardiovascular system
Chapter Content Hour
16 Heart failure 4
17 Antiarrhythmics 3
18 Antianginal drugs 2
19 Antihypertensives 4
21 Hyperlipidemias 1
22 Diuretics 2
Chapter 16 Heart failure
Teaching requirements
Master
1. Pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, clinical uses, and
adverse reactions of angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors (enalapril).
2. Pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of AT1
receptor antagonists (losartan).
3. Pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, clinical uses, and
adverse reactions of cardiac glycosides (digoxin).
Familiar with
1. Pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of
β-adrenergic receptor antagonists (metoprolol).
2. Pharmacological effects and mechanism of diuretics (thiazides and loop
diuretics).
Understanding
1. Pathophysiology of congestive heart failure: regulation of sympathetic
nervous system activity.
2. Ventricular remodeling in CHF.
3. The rennin-angiotensin system activation.
Chapter 17 Antiarrhythmics
Teaching requirements
Master
Pharmacological effects, clinical uses, and adverse effects of quinidine,
lidocaine, propafenone, propranolol, amiodarone, and verapamil.
Familiar with
1. Mechanisms of antiarrhythmic drug action.
2. Classifying of antiarrhythmic drugs.
3. Pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, and clinical uses of
procainamide and phenytoin sodium.
Understanding
1. Principles of cardiac electrophysiology.
2. Common arrhythmias and their mechanisms.
Chapter 18 Antianginal drugs
Teaching requirements
Master
1. Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of nitrates
(nitroglycerin).
2. Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of Ca2+
channel blockers and
β adrenergic receptor antagonists.
Familiar with
The advantage of concomitant use of nitrates and β-blocking agents.
Understanding
Pathophysiology and classification of angina pectoris.
Chapter 19 Antihypertensives
Teaching requirements
Master
Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin Ⅱ-receptor antagonists, Ca2+
channel blockers, βadrenergic antagonists, and α1 adrenergic antagonists.
Familiar with
Mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of mixed adrenergic
antagonists, centrally acting agents, diuretics, direct vasodilators, and K+
ATP
channel openers.
Understanding
Classification of antihypertensive drugs.
Chapter 21 Hyperlipidemias
Teaching requirements
Familiar with
Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors,
cholestyramine, fibrates, and nicotinic acid.
Understanding
1. Definition and classification of hyperlipoproteinemia.
2. Adverse effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, cholestyramine, fibrates,
and nicotinic acid.
Chapter 22 Diuretics
Teaching requirements
Master
1. Sites of action, mechanism of action, clinical uses, and adverse effects of
loop diuretic (furosemide).
2. Sites of action, mechanism of action, clinical uses, and adverse effects of
hydrochlorothiazide.
3. Sites of action, mechanism of action, clinical uses, and adverse effects of
potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone and amiloride).
Familiar with
1. Pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide and loop diuretic.
2. Clinical uses of osmotic agents and carbonic anydrase inhibitor.
Understanding
Mechanism of action, clinical uses, and adverse effects of bumetanide.
Unit V Drugs affecting the blood and other systems
Chapter Content Hour
20 Blood drugs 3
27 Respiratory system 1
28 Gastrointestinal and antiemetic Drugs 2
Chapter 20 Drugs acting on the blood system
Teaching requirements
Master
1. Anticoagulation features, mechanisms, clinical applications, and adverse
reactions of heparin and warfarin.
2. Pharmacological effects and clinical applications of folic acid and
vit-B12.
Familiar with
1. Antiplatelet mechanism of aspirin, dipyridamole, and abciximab.
2. Pharmacological effects of streptokinase and urokinase.
3. Pharmacological effects of VitK and PAMBA.
Understanding
Pharmacological effects and application of erythropoietin, GM-CSF, and
TPO.
Chapter 27 Drugs acting on respiratory system
Teaching requirements
Familiar with
Pharmacological effects and mechanisms, clinical use, and adverse
reactions of aminophylline and adrenergic receptor agonists.
Understanding
1. The types of anti-asthmatic drugs, representative drug of each type.
2. Pharmacological effects and mechanisms, clinical use, and adverse
reactions of glucocorticoids, M receptor blockers, and mast cell stabilizing
drugs.
Chapter 28 Gastrointestinal and antiemetic Drugs
Teaching requirements
Master
Pharmacological effects and clinical uses (H2 receptor blockers and
H+-K
+-ATPase inhibitor).
Familiar with
1. The classification of inhibitors of gastric acid secretion and
representative drugs.
2. Pharmacological effects and clinical uses (M receptor blockers, gastrin
receptor antagonist, mucosal protective agents).
Unit VI Drugs affecting the endocrine system
Chapter Content Hour
23 Drugs acting on thyroid 1
24 Insulin and other glucose-lowering drugs 2
26 Adrenal hormones 3
Chapter 23 Drugs acting on thyroid
Teaching requirements
Master
1. Pharmacologic effects and therapeutic uses of thyroid hormone.
2. Classification of antithyroid agents.
3. Pharmacologic effects, therapeutic uses, and adverse reactions of
thioureas.
Familiar with
Pharmacologic effects, therapeutic uses, and adverse reactions of iodine,
radioiodine, and β adrenergic receptor antagonists.
Understanding
Synthesis, release and regulation of thyroid hormone.
Chapter 24 Insulin and other glucose-lowering drugs
Teaching requirements
Master
1. Pharmacological effects, clinic uses and adverse reaction of insulin.
2. Pharmacokinetics, mechanism, clinic uses, and adverse reaction of oral
hypoglycemic agents.
Familiar with
Pharmacokinetics and mechanism of insulin.
Understanding
Pharmcological effects and clinic uses of insulin sensitizer.
Chapter 26 Adrenal hormones
Teaching requirements
Master
The pharmacological effects, anti-inflammatory mechanism, clinical
application, and adverse reactions of glucocorticoids.
Familiar with
1. Dosage and schedule of glucocorticoids.
2. Structure-activity relationships of adrenocorticosteroids.
Understanding
Pharmacokinetics of glucocorticoids.
Physiological regulation of glucocorticoids.
Unit VII Chemotherapeutic drugs
Chapter Content Hour
30 Principles of antimicrobial therapy 1
31 Cell wall inhibitors 2
32 Protein synthesis inhibitors 5
33 Quinolones, folic acid antagonists 2
Chapter 30 Principles of antimicrobial therapy
Teaching requirements
Master
1. Terminology.
2. Classification and mechanisms of antibacterial drugs (targets).
3. Mechanisms that bacteria produce drug resistance to agents and
mothods of avoiding drug resistance.
Understanding
Knowing the relationships among the human body, pathogenic
microorganism and antiinfective drugs.
Chapter 31 Cell wall inhibitors
Teaching requirements
Master
1. Mechanisms of action of beta-lactams.
2. Antibacterial spectrum, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of
penicillin G. The measures used to prevent the anaphylactic shock of
penicillin G.
3. Pharmacologic characteristics of semi-synthetic penicillins such as
acid-stable penicillins, penicillinase-resistant penicillins, broad-spectrum
penicillins, and antipseudomonal penicillins.
4. Pharmacologic characteristics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of
cephalosporins of 4 generations.
Understanding
1. Pharmacokinetics of both penicillin G and cephalosporins, and
drug-resistant mechanisms.
2. Pharmacologic characteristics of carbapenems and beta-lactamase
inhibitors.
Chapter 32 Protein synthesis inhibitors
Teaching requirements
Master
1. Mechanisms of action, antibacterial spectrum, therapeutic uses, and
adverse effects of macrolides, lincomycin, and clindamycin.
2. Mechanisms of action, antibacterial spectrum, therapeutic uses, and
adverse effects of aminoglycosides.
3. Mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of
tetracylines and chloramphenicol.
Understanding
1. Pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides, tetracylines, and
chloramphenicol.
2. Pharmacologic characteristics of glycopeptide vancomycin.
Chapter 33 Quinolones, folic acid antagonists
Teaching requirements
Master
Mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses of quinolones, sulfonamides, and
trimethoprim.
Familiar with
Antibacterial spectrum and adverse effects of quinolones, sulfonamides,
and trimethoprim.
Understanding
Pharmacokinetics of quinolones and sulfonamides.
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