~ ~ -0CKET GUIDE T& ,

NORTH

A P O C K E T G U I D E T O

NORTH AFRICA

W A R A N D N A V Y D E P A R T M E N T S

W A S H I N G T O N , D. C.

P O C K E T G U I D E TO N O R T H A F R I C A

C O N T E N T S

1"tmducrion. . . . . - . . . . . . . . . 1

Ihm Yurr ofStruggle . . . . . . . . . . r Springbo.rd m Evrope . . . . . . . . . . ) W c Wcrc Them Bdarc . . . . . . . . . . 4 People of North Africa . . . . . . . . . . T h , B m d d l d m . . . . . . . . . . . . % Politid Diriionr . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Counq d CMuartr . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Town and C o u n t ~. . . . . . . . . . . . l o Dining Witb Mcalanr . . . . . . . . . . r, Colmmr a Meplthnthn . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Druila of Natim D m . . . . . . . . . . 17 Shapr and Muka. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Worth Afrian Sadnl Li . . . . . . . . . 7.6 iKunin k Wornen . . . . . . . . . . . r8 3tvdy & a,,,,, : . . . . . . . . . . ,The Faith of Ir , . . . . . . . . . 30

t LznddLivingSli"ta . . . . . . . . . . . )I Rules fm He& . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Sobe General Rules . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Check Llat of Do's and Dmr'B . . . . . . . . 39 ,,. Other Arabic Phnws .. . . . . . . . . . . 43

IIIT"..USTIOY

YOU uc to do duty m N o h A f n o nr a mldxr of the UnM States, and thw gvrdcbmk has bxn prepred to awsl you lo xmmg m a strange country as wcLl a to ave you a more mmplcte undermdmg of why you ~rr

fighung thcq and to make your .crvlce r marc worrh WWc pur0n.l upenencc No orhv Amen- force hPI t e n ~ v e os more m.

ptmt mrm. A h the cloae of the Rlst World War, mc of rhe p a t stnteflnr of Eumpc prrdrued that the

next g m war would bc won in North Afriu. He fore. u w such r rise in eir power as would make rhc Mcditer. mnsan Sea vmually a defil for all shipping. If their cnc-mier wnc to mmc into complete P ~ J W S J ~ M ~ of the Mcdi-terrancan rhoru, an almost imupporrable strain would be put upon the nuions dcpcndent on sea power. On the other h a d , if the North African -r muld he held by the x?-power nationi--Grrat Britain end thc United Statceitr air and wa brrca would become the spring-board to the mmqucntof Europ and the &I&t of the forces deminsting that continent.

Tnnrr rrrms or s n u a e ~ r

FOR more than t h m yean,e v a u have sustained thk prophecy, and the armed forcer of md of the Axis have k n locked io glc for North Afriu. One rampig odvr a-r its d u u t spaces. None For a time it seemed as if the who1 m d h e land which surrounded i aide. Fighting against tmendonr

ing thdr war vesdr over mast of them t c the British had to curc mnvoyiog rhmug

rmun curp m <arcs of c r r m e cmgcooy U l r supply h d to MLC the I ) O O D ~ O Gjourney around the C a p of Cmd Haoc u,s u m n thc N l r d forccs m rhr Mxddk Ear a d E&

But wh~lc rhc Mcd!vrnnnn l ~ f d ~ n c *randwar nl mon to the rmppng porn lo thoa &ffimlt years, n ncvcr broke Ac the nuern cad the Bnurh rallied a r d the d e b d Alexandrln and the Suer At the wcatcrn end of the sea the great f o m n of G W n r held In thc Ecn tcr, menrclng the German Imllm supply ltne to Afrkca, the trkd of Malta mnmtluud of the maM hcrov d,of rhc ww wpportsd by ~onvoymavlng In u tuner f m cuher end of the M c d t t a m a n

1.11~0.01~0 TO iUI0.E

SLENDER though they d,Allled h r p s for a sue ccssful turning d rhc wnr wen fiicd on there three poxnu T1mIS provmg thu this w a s the dclsaw crlnrluron The strang hh m rmr v l d rupPy lme are agaln helog

together by Allled -pons and manpowu Our f a m a r e brrnglng Nonh Afrrca u d c r c o a d , and

fmm thu basc they w ~ l ld c themuy uyntoEurope whuch udl hecame the death wound of the Nau a d F u u n &ct.mrr m d of bforce*

You are a p r t of this great Fnrcrprsu How well you

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6 6 1 and work and how propuly you &~~rn North hfrrca will m a much m f u r t h a g the rnrv of your -try and her AUlca

WE weat T W C ~ C~CIML

ITa nn%rangeg m d for an I \ m n ~ ~ n men More thrn toe ycan ago, tn the enrly days of the acplE.Iie, Amcrrcno. fought over thtt ram rod for thew tcrmq's h w and on khalf of the prrwplc of frrcdq. d ths rerr "Tothe r h a o of Tnpal? a s refeat" ausg pmt& by Ammcan Mvlm The Amer- &g Ben lhave dm fortress cd&ma m L I ~ by qlam 1805, pm cam roldlar who hsmpdgned h w g h the dewn ar rrrp~tforthcunludstrtrrorrdthchr~efarlor-cmgn w r s rcwlted from the atnap by rulers of 11Bu. brry Sum to hqnck our .hrp when we wuc a9t nntan E r a ta thrt earl, dry, thc &fauc of the V d Steres mcam dcfmd~ngthe r@t of an canmaoc to move heelg throu& the moat d- w.ms

Now wc haw returned n am& to fihr 6 mtbttlet enuny, but we m dduudmg the -a p k So long as we malnb~nthan, men w>U h and humnn~rywrll hve the cham for a d ~ n te cncc Thc Nonh M v r n rlnrce rr n dcrokte md

under Preblc .nd Drrpu.r ntuclid Tnpoll and Eatmi rcnrch arm). of Amnlrnnr snd natrvca mn, Cymnatca Bur h d d u p did Mt .tap A then snd a will not sop (hem now

lmrumon m how m cope wtth the mural of your puton, meludmg haw to mnlnulh &s.rt counmy .nd how to drrl wrth prnmarrly the rcspmhlity of )mur parpore d t h ~b d s to keep you taker m your dolutgr w1d1the pee& that the United Suder wdl have thur vmcd forruMIIhverhdr c m p r a w n

lh0,LI 01 l 0 D T l l AIRIC.

pc Your chrf urncuns W ~ r hthr urnmth4 ar has= Irved abty thlr const k=mm%

hoe MC fc st111regdated b snmr u Pcr the mar put, they are a h r a k lorn. have thc sanrrhtn~whrch 1s =

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dby th yard. They wonhip tbc s a c God m the Christians a d the Jews, and l p k with reverence of A b h , Mwcs, and Jnur. Except for thek religbuaidus, most of t h m unnot r u d or writc. The i opinions are fonned on what they see and hur . Their apuimcc has been that thc European roldiem, &inlg and mlonirtr bnve ofon bccn domineering nnd unprin&plcd, and thdr n a n d indimti'on is m reprd any invading fmce with rwpicion d l its gmd inrentions are pmved beyond a msoolble doubt.

The Nonh Afr~unr have no& aarpluus, and Lw mnchioc gun..But they are pmd-9 of fmd, nnd they can ulbu supply tu wrtcr or palon rhc w d s , gude ur tbmugh mouotslnr md d- or lead ur astray. l h y a n pll ur v h u the Germans md l d w r u c doxne d thcv" ,like ur or& cm tell the Germans and Idivls what we are doing if t h y did& us. Winning thi friendship in t h c r c 6 0 r r m i m ~ ~ f ~ p i n t h ~ g d t h ~ ~ r .

T W I 8010 O r I S L I I

AS you movc thmugh Nonh Afriu you will k muck hr rhgreat variety of ito peoples. You will hear a damn mogue.spokminthcmuneofanafrunmnrwllorsee m m y d3km.t uibd mrruma during a v i i t m oos -Let plncc. Camgucntly, it is na pasribk m makc

m y genenliutiolu about tbepopultinn. The onebond hismuchesnurlg d hmu is th digion f0-w by ~ o h a m m d . he p&e do I;otwmhip MU as Chrinians Christ; they think of him as a

I& t h m of the Old Taumeat. ?be religion b d c d Islam (iSLAM, mcming ''submission m Gad") and the believers are d e d Modems. Their Bibk is rhc Koran.

TwcIvc anwries ago Maslcms from Anbia wept over North A f r h and fired thcir religbn on tbc inhabitants. While not dl of the p e d e abrorkd the "car bclicfs in thdrentktq and dung m remnlntr of their old religbn, Nam k a m e the unifyiig fmcc in Nonh A. The MesLm~swep on to LMqw mar of Sprio,their g m t Empire d n g its vnith in th Middle Ages and beginning iu nvih dedinc just ,before the dirmveq of h r i u . The prcrcnt day North M i u n r have not fo r gotten thdrpriod of glory and they M m ~ r o u dof their history nt any demourtk people.

POLI I ICIL DIYIU.*S

6

dim line h m the wcann bordu of Eggp which menos that our f o m nrc brmpog undcr canuol a shm 1Lr as mcnded as our own A h u c C w s t sad Gulf Can mm-bined. But away from the cwn them is lit& populnthn or ncrivity, and it ismore than zpao miks from thc Mcdi-m m a n to that p r t of the African interior wherc dwdl the -tribu. Thc Fmch have caotmllcd Algem for more than a

hundred years, Two& for 60 gw,and M ~ o mfor thc Ina p yarr. Spin administers n put of n o n h M o m d the far mrhun psrt. Libya wsa r.l m h paua~ionwhen thc MI bep. N- of thue.mnquesu was d y made and although Eumgenn erfioitarionhnr bren h -r for more than s ccntuq, thcrc have becn hmmimnt wars and r&ant c*-tn pmonr the native popuhtlomm of the N ~ A~ f n u nmwKghtup to the prexnt tlme

Mnny of thc mbcnncnuc now f"s4upknlhfight-us,as Mdy to fight for thew hrmla or vdlngc. as for thclr mbc. Confmnted by mmmon d m p , the mta r m g h t ~ j o m h r s c a , o r d y t o ~ d t o f i & t f o r I ~ But the dunce would pmhably d d v e as qwddy sa the 6ght gbt om, suuce h e I* no mnonnl uolfimg-f--~thembu n ~ h h n r b c e n ~ f m ~ m - t o

b Evmpsn pova

COUNTRV 0, EOI ImISTS

NORTH AEXlGA tr *-try of pronounced gmgraphlc and h t a c mntm*ta Along rbe cws th. land M aLnow sa plerrantMSoutbern Calxfmn, mth hot, dry rymmer~ sodmmmntly buvy ram m wmm Theforcttcd mun. m m of Mmmo and A l m a have a hmvg water uuw. fd,sod ercellmt dung gmundr Tcmpnmres ro thc hisheraltltudu of dl the martlnnda fallWow b m g on w W lughu Sou& of the lMUnmr a d plateaus the uve dean bcgrnr

It lsnotamntmuouorrofarndsuchu~plavralm Hdgarmd mwses about the French Foragn Legmn Some pam of Sshnra are grnr ruetshrs of thuepmu.. aque dunes, but 0 t h ate rlm mk sod gravel, and one myUaYelfDr&ysmdaeexrrrelyqrand In+ the bnmn r pcrfmly &at whdc c k w h the * p h m y bc b m h by jagged hda or tablclrnds not unl*c rhemanrofNewMcumdAn-

h 4 m t o f t h c d e r u t u ~ b n c n o f ~ ~ t o 0 ~ p p m aukgrazmg, though dsod p w may subput u p a h f a b b u t m n l p y , t h o u g h r h e n m d ~ ~ t h hnuc mmmmde1 should tnkc a r e not to mak - p m a n v w a r m t h e b o f t o m o f a d e p a v ~ . A f t e r svnretthcderutsodsotlnpldly Thennmuhofthc

(I

winter sunrhine isu s d y Dm@ by n rwdy wind, u rhe winter n i g h a s p i d l y in the l~ghhlands of the rr rrd Sahara or on t6sLibyan Plateau- bimrly cold.,

Town AND COUMIIV

NORTH AFRICA ha but r fn. important c i t i c b T ~ . gier, Carabhca, Pn,nnd M a d c c h in Mo- Algiers, h,nod Cenrtnntins in Algeria,Tunis in T u n a , d Tdpli nod h p z i in Libya,the Inr- of which src h u t the size of Bkminghnm or W r As mwt of the h o w are crowded closely wgahn dong narmw r u a the wwnr mw leu gmund thn. Amcricln molmuniti

dements, however, are u r d y built rcpratc fmm tbc old Modem rccrionr and rrr:marc deanly nod npdous.

T b c coastal &ins nod thc vrlley~arc thc farming xctionr. In northern Morocco and Algeria, you will see vsrt o p n r c s of wd-famed country, mainly grain fields and vineyards belonging w rhc Frcnch.The Moslems farm

A mare hrghl? rpc~almud type ol firrn~ng hsr dcvcl-~ p damund tbr oslcs of the Sahsrn Thnc desert corn. munitle* wcrc l-dcd ~nthe Mtddlc Agcr whco uravanl were c ro~ ing thc wastes br~nging rlav&, ivory, and mhcr trwuc from the interior. ThcNonh African wardand* were tbrn wracked by incerrnnt t r ihl warn and rdugcca by the thouund moved south into the dcrcn. They mok porwnion of srmll rpxing-fcd water holq dug wells, nod inatnned irrigation syatcmr. In these runounding. the d m pdm flovrirhed as nowhere else. When the .lave trade arns suppressed a d the commuccof rmpicll Ahicn war diverted z m y hom the *an rouw m Amuiu and ~ u r o bmarkcu, the eves r u & d a depression from which they hpve never recowred. Thos in rhe north sur-vive pmg d,however, on their expan of dates.

In thc Sohnn thcnomadic p p k o depend on cpwIs for msporut ion nod s. a of milk. Though ill- mnpaed nod ~hjilect to various rorcr and dircnren, the urnel ir praty m l y indirpensaMe, for it u n travd up m five day* without water or pmrngc and is a freight miier. Thcnomads valw their camels m d horm abw dl h e r psxuionc. Raising camdr, nulingumclr and riding camels into a fight are regarded ar thc r a o s

honorable of employments. Mvly camd d s r s of the Man a* pmf&d M i u . It is a rum4 d o n

to thcmr mrmundingr. The countq oarrr lhem "cry Enlc other &mcc for rumcss. ' l h c y bclvve that pmpcny bdongr to thc nrmgcn rlaimu and they I r k the f ighug Idc.

.IWI.0 WbT" UOILcm.

AS to fwd, ~f a Moslem PEL(YOU m dmner, you will probably he rcrved hrbccued sheep, mwtmn stew, ducken or squab, a t will h n ugn that youare rated an honored guca for mart Moalcmr eat r c q l ldc meat Amnab are d d t mo preuous to hll, and nd b r d m prrrcnrr k n w of the lack of Rfnpah~n.

The mammy of moa Moslems I.gram, mndc loto ntbrr brud or mu&. A*o the Mod- nuLc thc gram mm a fluffy drsh &led kurkua (KOOSkmr] or &u (SEK-RX))wh& u mty when rcaloned wtth pepper or clnnunon '~udius1s to be caten nudy w ~ t h the fingers d the nght h n d though rt s ndvsablc not to dnnk mush ~ q u t d pfterlwtmg ngt ar the grnm Ir only WIY cmked nod Wtmg w d mdt.

Nanh Abluo. nrr p t e a r n of bnnd If you ranr I haw, leave y o u rhoa nr the dmr, zr the hker allde the loaves our of the o m onto the &or vld rhe olsmmen oblm to hsrog dtrr -Led m born the a t m

Frultn mme second on the lut of staple fwdr Ptg% d a e , grqxs, and npnmo are pmbnhly the most mmmon

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pnd arc UMfresh in wnron n dried for ure during the, kgb or lebqi (LEGG& or LEBkee) n mnde from the m t of the year. As with d l fruits, dam rhould be &inned fermented rap of the date palm; grape wlnu are a h beforeeating. This w be done by dipping off onc end of mmmon m the m p n . bbt Moslems rmdrs mbilsco, the date and squeezing it out of is +in. If the dam have thowh ~t ls pmbbred by romc of the d t p bmthu. begun to dry, you had buor boil them in water for r hmi;md o&&rs are = d u d not to mwke in the prrr few minutes a d then kt thrm m L

Vcgeublu nre pknriful, cspcc*lly onions, towms, a. d w u s bmk. Amen- cmpmkr are mush appe turnip, &a, peppers, and string bnns. Dried lent& &red h i both men a d w a n . whkh Imk likc split pax used for sup. You will dm seMorlanr d i n g an herb which thcy

Amon* the Moslem nomads p a t ' s mik h.nimp0-t dkf.It is 8 vnr*11 d Indim kmp, the pwdard fmd. Morrof it hcurdled,n w d c in10 bumex and k.Ilea€ d which h kmwn in our wrqu mu&-. It Y o u n u y m W r c t h e t m e o f ~ u r m i W q b u t i ~ h ~ ing Ms hot day. PIC&milk should danp be boiled b Im drinkio.. Shick m& trned in small c u p h hunk lo the bge

mam, when Tvrkuh cwtoms prrvUl though in mDlt d No& Africa the hehvorite bewaec is -n M.It iwmcd wet,and h v d with rmnt $ *rher drink 6 P native hwt, you should not duy a or thmw amy-sn; p v t o f a T h e p o l t c t h m g u t o ~ p t b ~ p d t h c y sic &red, but under no arcumnnnsato wept a four&. Todrint*olhthreelsunddedpld-brcduf~~

d pmduccr rapid moral deteterimrtion in Ih smoker. k l u n aubnrxcr m n h n In. Frcwh hw pmhrbar it, but k c La lnrm bmda tdkin kocf.

host w r h t maulmg hrm, to makc hm nupectthpt you f a r

for the hort to drp mto the fmd before mkmg p u m e Eprmly WE* l c right hand, Maotunr n e w us

Do ~t cut native brad with a knife,but teat it with your lingerr.

Obpm the ahu guuo, and y to f&w thdr -pic.

.ITAIL8 O r NATIVE DRESS

THE rrudy d mnwnc. a d of ofnllivc dreas Lone key to an undernoding d the pcopl. While thc MoLmr of Momcm sod Lxbva do not ar s rule wear =*ern drcrr m y m Algena and Tun1.a do ro, nddtng a red Fedto thar amre to mdlratc that they arc not Chnnuns Amy fmm Ih mwnr,one rardy ra Eumprn dm% nod a u usually nry m guess from n man's costume the pn of North or the mbe to wluch he M a g s

l h c umlnderr of the southern Snh.n,T~urrgqwear P drcs of m&go blue with a nuban wh~chu w-d a d thc lo- half of thc Face to h e l d thc mouth and -11s Lom blovrrngrandand the &xn w~ndl kmen ofthe Tamg urbew u r a hrevex1 PO a mmr ofm a y smd mrmn In Ih mountunr d M- and Algnln the mmm-t garment for the men u rhc ,ell&t h e ~ J ~ m p v t a l u n ~ o f ~ b c ~ ~ t h ~ t h ~ n d u u a e

aclurrvely ~nauendrng m n d of nrnue TI- d c sum& nrla WLU able IOU m play wdl y o u pan I guutu a M d u n md.

P n t m t h y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d o u t o f t h e ~ ~ b m l

w - m )whsh u n c o l t of ceasewml with r p t e d & d ~ o v u r m e ~ d e ~A r m n w s l n g r v u a l . kp's nuom m h ~ shosd smd the mlol bhda @cdy Wlth the Landscape

18

Among thc Lbyln nomads the q p m l apparel u thk "gerd," a rectangular woolcn closk =bur rr feet long by 5 fca wsde whxch ta ncd o m the Irk shoulder and wnppd wound thc body In wxntcr rt p m t m thc wcmr fmm the mld,md at naght M be usedasP blanket It r a n be dnwn acmrr thc fare to shut out and M o ~ n grun hghq and nu Mda can u r ~ l yc o n 4 a knlfc oc s gun In U y s w&y men weu a gud lnkc that of the nomdr

made of whlte sdk mrtesd of wml When reen m pubbc, a Ma~lemw o r n u usually

mwcd from h a d to foot m r phm whte wnppcr, WI& a whlu vcd e t c h e d -8 her Lce lurt beneatb tht e y u But under thu vnatvactlve m n m , the women wcu garmu of v u y bnghl d o n whch are revenled only m the privacy d thcu homes, the ~dea bemg tbnt a U e m womPn u not supposed to Imk e n n a v e I. publrc ?hc vcd LLew~se u dua rrgn of respccubd~~, t m g p h g ladm from ruub w e n In the mvntry &trtm, where women do the h u v g labor of the farm d hourehdd, they d d m mver thur Lcer Oddly enough,hmrrvu, when a gul fmm the d 4 l g h t duma &at=cad,rheumdedwthecye.mwhtewnppa d val. a r e fnv rules are to be d p obwrrcd w~th & w w t h e M & w m n c n

Never rtarent one Never lode hcr m a smwd Ncvu speak to her m publ~c Ncvcr try to m v e the vcd Thbs u mon Impomnt Smour nnlury d not death

at the hands of Mdcm men may msult d thne few rules arenn follaucd

.He.. 1". MA111S7S

AS to your dcalmg wrtb the undermen, a u w d o m w g m t the rhopkepu nr ccrcmon~oudyar d hc were your hmt Bsrguolng and hagglmg ovcr prxe are the apected thmg By -pang a as a game, you should h able tom born one to twMhuLk n d off the orrgmd s*mg prrce But bnrgslwg u always to h donc p.LuIy and ndbbunrvenar ta a nuc way to provoke the hondnq of c v a thc humblcrt M d n n

In the unwnr the pnmlncnt m& u usually b d t wound an opn sq- Many v~llnge, a+Iy m I.Mo mcmmdAlgeIm,Md.mnrkaonceawecLdaome am nnmcd ~cmrdzngto thc day, fa uamplc Suq d Khsm" (Irnq-eLkha ME&S) lmammg Thundn7 Market"

d udmngcd, munrp ue nrnngcd arc l ~ d eL,fc thr& lhm a* &

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a I

dx m of Nonh Afrlrn munqs~dcDmcmg gulr and bops, axngers lugglcn, fomoc tellen, mngcmns, p~uh. men.and m k m k a r dl mnurbutc m the clcllancnr

~ u r m g ' r e i g m ferovah such nr M a d en Nebt (MMlltdcn -1) manme thc Roohet's B d d a v . Which m e . Fcbruaq lo m 1% r ~ j ,and Jaounry 30 id. P e b m q 7, IN+,cvcq large mwn holds shi.Yourmur dduty will be more enjoynbk if the situation pumiu you m prticipltc in of North African fairs an$ -lieu. It g a r dmmt without saying that gnu coaduc( must be d i m e at all timu, md you PIC besr advised MV todib NS the mi1iu.g itwim with or within of h-g of my of of theiuots, as the market ir n denring gmuod for rumorj and any mld is gi- a wide eirmlation. lhe Axir may be upcted to have planted agenu in Nonh M r n befar.our fo- arrived. T h q may be nil1 oper-ating, w mnvmaztion* on milimr), rubjccu mF& should be wdl gtwded.

You will 'nd rcvcrd diRerent monq ryr- u d in Noah Africa md you should know d i n g about rhem. k are four chief kids of ~mncy:two for FruJ, M-, Algain. and Tunisia, one for Spanish M o m ; and ole for Lsbp. (1) F m C- CamW. Ths mdudcr p p u f-d m r t n l p m d t h c ~ d M o m m d A l -

: gcrra, and money rrswd by the Bmk of Algm The me& p e c a are ltrued m denmuuuonr of 5, ro, 4,and

I P 50 mums,and r and 2 f n n u Most of rhc old mppcr

1 m ~ mfor 5 and 10 ccnumcr bave ken wtthdnwn The nnvcr m ~ mof 5, ro, and 15 ccnumcs I d lnke an Amern-

ndd, bur haw r ~e m the m t a hey are com-/ 5 p a d of Itght . l u m ~ n ~ m ralloy Comm of 50 m-s, ' ' f r m , nnd z fnnu h e P l~ghtdded app"p0cc and are probably made of 1 mppcr-nlummum doy. Papu nan,rn vulous d o r , are snvd for 5.10, m, 54 rw, gm,llld I+ ~ n c s

i (2) SmCumry. Thrr $r used m the Spmrh Zone d the Internruod Zonc of M o m b u ordlavy Spnuh money, mnumng of 5 d ze ccrmmo rmng mrdc

i I O , ~ ,50, rm, gm, and tpw pa^^ The p~ ISdlvlded mto loo C e n w

(a) ltdhCummy. ~cfarethe I u l m mnqwt of L b p , Wpuan and TurLub mm were used tbroughwt Lbp, md they m y d l be u d u n g m rnnc of the mom &rcddlrtncr.'Iheo&d r m n o f L b y ~ u n w t h e I r p l ~ ha, whr& u dlvldcd *om r m smferuru Silver muu ue lrrued m + U O ~ of 5, 10, aid no lm, ruckel mmr m denommu001 d 2o Ccntem", 50 cememb r ~ . n d I L r r , d b ~ m u u c L ~ d l o ~ -

a

---

term! Since ,936, Itsly hrr mud "Imprul" muu of the =me denomnmumr as . b e , with the addrum of so md t m l r n gold ptem 1nL.n p a p moncy u mued m state nom of lo 11% md ~nbank naer of $0,

xm,~ w ,and r,wo Ire The ro-lur naen have recently hem tuud to+thc zorndmlo-lm dvrrnm A few of the hner m y be lrrll m arculaaon The Mod- of Lbya sull fed that preelous med-pspcrllg go!d-~r the best mntcrrd fm money, md they may FAYSto -pr mmr cumns when luee va~mcntsare to be m d e. . (4) Tbl "H1LUPI" (Mae) %r tr a roln used m Moraco before the Fzench tmk rontrd.It u ather dver or q p r The silw rmo M b a d an the Pdue d the dw m a Hnrum monq hu becn'&cnllY w ~ t h d w n from cvculauon for many yam, but p p k m smc re mas puts d M-eo stdl ua IL The l o 4 nrma for currency are oftm dtflerrnr frm

rhc F m h a d Spa& The North Afr~unrd l 5 francs r d (mYAL) For thcm, the nd conn~suof rm d d r (Sol&), each dlbring thw 5 F m c h cceomep The u m c 1s uue of 5-h money, the Nonh Ah- con. s ~ d u ~ p u m r c o h z r d

It Is 1mpmsIbIe to pvc the cxaU rrter of ushimg.for thcrs d&nm qp. of mmq, ma m y h t raw rueh as 4,he, dnfq curcency, nc, are m

tamncc, and thex nm vary m n n h b l y from ame m nme The o8isn.l rate for r k fnnc m Fr-h Nmh Afma 1% zr8 &nun mts and for the pcsta m Spnuh Momm 9 13 Amrr~anm u Thc l ralm Ira has recently bccn umrth about 5% Amcrtcan cents GEn cnlly spukmg, pw- of Amencan money can mually make purch~xsst a g w dvantag~,erpemlly rrncc the N d Amuns yc ofm w P q to p y & exchange mter for Amu- E-nq

The rvrtem ofwaehts -nllv uacd m Nanh Afncm towns i t h e mcur: &om The mtru: kllqgram n abu t t.(raromdoo*fifth)ofo"rpod

M c a m d drstlncc arr a h m c Thc met= u 3937 uvlEa A r h d muu3 u r UDmnr or )uu abu t fivoetghths of a mile AU highway d-ca are d& m U-en The macr 8s dtvrdod mto ~a, ccnmcterr whtch are rrmcth~ngleo than halt an meh. A ~ n r m r u r n l a z o r m l l m e t e r a

Lquxdds m the mrtnc system are u r d y m a d m Lars whxh uozt u a It& more than om of our Ilqwd

I ' n,nnr

In the muaq &masyou wdl hnd few M d m who Lnawthrrnrrtncrya~lhcwvnweqhamdmas lusr vmry locally a d Moldom z d e d wlth prrcm.

T h e N d A f n c a n . & k q e r d w m c s m m m s

U

of days' journey They wdl tell you that a 18 u, m y days' nurch from place A to phcr B Thsmean* b t d

m n , rune, msdnrght rppmurmtlonr

Even then thcr arc v s p Thcrc p&manlt have a unrqus socd pnaon. not u

IO.TW h I I I C I N SOCIAL L I I S ~W-O?YO.DIO

. THE s l a l Lk of North Afrm s "erg d k n t fmm our awn, not only h u r c of as losudy chnrpctu, but be cnur Moslem men do na mskc compn- of then women A man's lulk n m d r to the home, bears chnldren,

I

nnd m y work m thc fields, but she rr m the poutton of n &tDl If her husband cannot afford m suppat more tbu,one wdq hc suU cnn drvmcc her mrh u s a d be fmto marry agarn b rr not m n v e a d for men end women a mnke

daks Should a rerpmbk woman be found wvuomg wrth a man na of thc M y , sandal wrll d t and sud den death r~ apt a ovuuLc one or W;pnruu When

low that of thWUNU,but stdl somcwhsz dcgrsd~dT h q are .red to k mmc lntucrtlng r m p y than thc Modem wife bus= they gn arrmnd n great deal and know all the annucrs They &nce krthe men not ~ t h t h m Mcn have B p c n d thm mnabut when; M d m

Modem bours erc *ranged to obeln thr gmteat p. =Hepnvaq Wmdowt are d l a d hlgh The mom of th larger houses are gmnpd smund a pano w k e the women worb m the opm asr The &t\mof rr*sr rr a private terrace whcrc the f a d y csn get th aua m w-md sleep on thwarm summer nrghrr

M m h b t s do nM thew thths*gorsts intothekd-to l n v e thnr mvr and hats If yau are m v ~ t dto dmoer, vwtt th ror &re you go, rlncc your hnr MU new der to hau you to the mla and a rcq- to be &en kwould nure mfuuon Oaly thc mom m whwh y m arc m w e d a c1e.d for wlm

WA111M0 l l l L l O l L Y

IN towns such Pczwhere mall hewer arc -a, rev-ual famrllel map occupy thc rnmc d.wellmg Thc r a m fcrmls occvpnu wrU thca m g l c hcely m thr murtgard end on the roof but the males are r r r v ~ c t dto theu own

k r l y apartmenu U p comtng to the m a n entrrna at any wnc they gtve wmmg to the womm. You wtll vrnr to kww how thw s done, t tna m n a e you d to go through. Moslrm hame f01 any p u r p e , %be say for urme mcrnkr ofthc hmdy to -we all of th ammen bdorehand When you arc about w enmPhouse or a yard, a l l out to the m c n m <ova thew faces or gn out of the way These arc m n u e m w l way8 of do,-thsr m wt ofthe towns, but d you haw not learned the 1-1 cusmm, you may u*r thc word taghzuu ( G H A T too) which means '%wuplm

STU-Y IRI UUOUAOEI

THE a l g m l Imnpsgc of North AfrtLz Is ullcd Berber It rn stdl spoken by thourands of p p k m Momco uld by t-red c-unlrur m Alwcna, Tumau, and Llbys he h b ~ cImguage whzh rprr;ld orn North A f m

~ , t hthe dun rcl~wn,snow undurtoad almmt every I w h m mccpt ,n the ~ u n ~ c vdlrges Even wherenuunta~n

rhc w ~ and~chlldrrnn a+ only Berber, yar wlU a1 ways find mcn who n n npcak Arab% You do not nn.4 to know many words ro get by 1" Amab~,* few wdl go 1 tang wry Tdk to the Nmrh Afrtcens ~ntheu own Ian guaF Theywdl hke you for 11 and WWII nM k a&nded .t pcculu~tlsrm )mur pmnunuatvln

29

1

TO undcrrtvld thc M&m you wnll need to lrnow uunr thxng of hr dngion. Idnm dcvdoped ngunn a b.di p n d of Chruunnrq and of the relagon of rhe Jews Mahammed trxed to dnw the prnple h c k to theding d the pmphcra He drrlrd that thcrcs only oneCod u whom ow nan s d d v remnublc wrlaut mrnr or ~nrumcdurxuof ray kmd, a h hc mndunncd &c uu of tmrgcs nod & h e : n&, and prprdd rgrxnnth ~u vrcn whrch an the urgers of the axrage Amnrur c v m ~ ~ c l mHu teachmgr am re&& la Morlvn practice The mmqun ere mi temples bur mrtlllg h- wha the magrcpuonr forepther for pmym pnd mcdmua There are M pnenr Ibemun & p u 1 obltgawn+u +rmtheolype~ofGod,mg~vc&stothe~rnr,to pray, and to fast--re fdi%cd by a hgh pmpmaon of rh. p q l e

All uuc Mmlemn &sew. a manth of fzmfaungach year d e d Ramndrn (rsma DAN) whvh ra aunrkr to our Luncn pnrcd. Durrng Rvnndan rhe M o b s do not at, dnnk, a moir between -rc and sonrt Thur tempera am amrdmgly shortand they have to be treated wrth urn mnstdaaaon A.to r p d prccamons, the= pnnts are wonh rcmmbenng

MWIUDSshculd not be offered fmd, dm& or rmokcs .dwrng Ramadan erccpr rftcr dark

They wdl mr p z t m y ~ubrtanoto k prt m~ thar W r dunng thc days of Ramadan

~ng'accdcntto r Mmlun whwh rerulo tn thedrewmg of b h d la apt to hrvs capeunlly wrrour mnoqucnw m th" p o d They shouldmr be ukcd for IYW- of m y h d In Nonh ALm the Morlons have somewhatelnbontcd

M c b n m d ' ~ tuclngr Oneoftheadded t w h u u s bcl~efm w b t u d c d "d 'Am:' or the Evll Eye. Peoplemy have rh.povcrwuhopr kmurmg or wrrbma ~t, and 11 n s u p p d they put r cum upon -).we on v h they lmk wth envy &urnof bcld m thc Evtl Eye a Ma*m haw m have you say to h ~ m"Hmv w s U p t r I 4 d m " or '6Whsts hnc ron p u have d y P Compluncnuof thu knd tf cxprwaed at d l should be prrcadcd by 'W Elhrmd. It 'dlnhl" (d HAMdm IIILA) nmmg"F'~.~~~betoGodl" w h i ~ h & t h e c u n c o f f ~ ~

E ~ ~ ~ t h P w g t h e u ~ ~ b e u U XthnbcLexthn the urnera IS m merit of the Evil

EG. L1". .F ',"I". .LI*T.

ANOTHER Lnpomnt p.cua a me w&p cd m. Mobrmwd ddn't hdd wth thu t d a ya rpinu' t&nb

E w h t s are of d h d s Thy rmy h l~vxngor dead Thy ma7 bdrmg ro 61lndy f a d m who* reputsam for P"I goea far hack or they rmy be s~mplyvery doer .oddtgour people wxrh s capmq for Icadernhldllr. Biter McPhemm or Fa& hvmc Agam thcy m y h xdmts a- No& Afhcanr tend to belurc that humans whoemam keepthew mmda m earthly h n g . may have a drvll~csprk

A d e wlnr u called "-abutt' (ma-R.4 but) md a fa&"musbua" (ma.R.4-buu) They &e are @ to paew s myaeMus pauu called "hrrLs" (BA-n-h) h o u r p p l e appmvblog a ulnt bow md s2

b&mg thdt the heoh wdl do them gmd

wm d a p u s M&r ln Nonh Afnca are organ-

I& Thc*md bsr h o w n of thew bmthuhmdr m rhe e r n pan of Nnth Afrm s the Snnlul (wc NO-) ahch was founded about 150 years sgo. It luncd m punfp the M w h mLpon and taught m man hen m lrve mnpaaVly Coffee and rmoku~g were for

, brddol. M~ruonnrcrkd by -bcn ofthe hanun MY n up huodredr of &~IOUP ochwls (4one 1

2.4W) throughout Liimd the carrun Sahara They d e d md RlluvaDd several kg?oaga Mmt of Lxbyby. m e undu thar matml

B U ~they Urrd them m to hold thclrmunw rgvnrt -red an,plnna, and mrrhm gun. B Y 1935 the 1dms had iaLm thur luld and mnrracd the &c b, r h o d r W~thnuhelp theS a m ~rmg srrgc a mme-tack They e an e x w p o d y hoc people

deep &gous hthof Moslsmr IS espccml$ evldm h thr fcebg h tthurp b of w a a h l p t h c mo4u-

zd

and thc tomb of mints. Keepaway fmtnmosqurr md d c Umbr of rirn. The Mdemr will nn rderats Cbristkr inside d them.

Moat of the amtudca of Nonh Afrionr am of religiour origin. LiLc d hrm belkvus they fnl thrt the rauL of b 6 o r of other faiths will na be a x d . It followsthrt non-belicvcrs am infuMr p o p 1 4 nor in this world eu-tnioly in the next.Conxqucndy C h r i s h ot Jnynyaccmn. ridered inferior by orcry true M w h . lo r-t time, however. Mmlcms have W lide aoartuoin to ex-t hc i f&1ing of =pimiry wwanj'&i&s, but'thcy have domiruted n native Jewish modation for m n v rep.. NI*L Thei ettitude toward Jnn ir religious, and not mid as in Germany, but it is a topic which should na be ditcuued with my Modem.

-0SITIOM O I T Y I l r l S

IN thc Large towns of North Africa you GUfind thou. sands of Jews who have lived on inti- re- with thc Moalans for hundredr of pn.Many of them re & vended from Jewish families which w m crpclled fmm Spin with the Mmlcms a f& ycnrs befm the discovery of America. In Narh Africa, howcvu,the Jews =sly live among MmI- but mcupy a d i s t k t pcrionof the t m , ,

a4

which m i o n is uUcd the Mellah (-ah). The mcn w c u s m d bid skullcaps; the women wear fringed shawls and do not veil their faces. Thc Jew$ tend to engage in apccinl mder and pmfnnons, such as money lading, jewelry making, mculworking, and the kccphg of m i l rwru. Mmy d them spcsk Swish as well rr Acabis.

m U L U PO1 HEALTH SANITARY mndidonr vary in Nonh Afnu. In the Europun -ions of the bigger tow- Empans and Amuicrn~have w &ern mom preuutiom rhanat how. But in the rural pvts of much of North Africr, upecdly ia the Spnish Zone of Momcm, unitation is very p r . .bimprant rule to follow: do nof a t fmdrdd by ~ t i v e rcndms in the streetw in m U shop.

I T k ptincippl di-s of the -try .re typhus, ma.

lark syphilis, d l d the t p h d +in d iwrs , md unabic d v m t w . One form d nohur in North ~ i is suri;d by ~ C I ;s n h r f-:'alnilaru to our M y Mountain fever, ia trammimed by ticks. Syphilis a d yaws are vu). prevalent. In some a r e almost rw p u m t of thc population are &tcd.

Red and black whti- d th ~mrpioncan Qe 1nasty sing, a d an unsmnded bite fmm e I d cobn or asp 4 kill you.

qucntly for lice and ticks. Thcac animals frequent scam of dothing. Slncc they carry typhus they should dlrpoaed of er quickly ar pwable. You should use yo m-qulm ncr if you do nor want to contract malaria.

You should do little run bathtng, and though carer 01 sunnmkc are rare, you should particularly be on p a r against mo much sun in summer. In a hot, dry dimate

cxpmure. This is upccidly rrvc at the msidc. Nc walk about in the run without some form of heads It L n a always neasary m wear a conventional r

wgnrblcr. Since rhuc f c d contain vd. it is duimbk s ear them pmvidcd

-pant military authorities. But bg dl all fruin and vsgruble w h i i have been

it in the form of tea. nlhatit what the natives do and make sure to boil the watcr r long time.

You will often hear it mid that you mvrt never ul

36

so

9uo~'lnn-~JPPT=OP9I-adqm Ipoqq p =mood= Q a

.**.a,*.. w m 1. I S 1 1

. . 8.w MI e 1m'qod >nL q pue '-A"? 1(11a ~qag sml S o n -11xpq 3~ 6 ~ ~ 3 " v peadr wmp,qppuno~~ ppoa pm* pma nob a m IT rrobno lo Iol3or m q r l u p l ~ a nod .uaop ruqqq r qmq ppoa a=!xp uo q811 o w :roqot laoq mom( IOU op I% ' ~ 2 1 1

u d i ~'1p 3 ~ q y.b8oe IS1,uop ! I , qs 'no( la qlnal ay, 31 61ms somzmzrs m ~omnq as bv a m -

V W 310101 1pq1p >I pUlj MU "!*M A '0-q 30 sun ~mlpur>ua a~eq5Sq poa I q ' s m ~ q vqw3t.l

I W ~Us h p mq ' l~~d14m3m

rm sS'mtp 3 0 3 ~dn 8mp-8 r op qdod w2 or qIFlp tm Il.-b 1r op L'u. = m a d nap m 4arnm loo q pqm onyl n+ad IT ul lo= op $ 9 ~ 4

IP* mnl n o u ~MIqunp n d p mna'lea dm ur b p q poqnqq3nm JO mrq qava q m m m h lo my 01uml qmd 4oo op 'mnl

xp m q n t pie =-w 3 3 - q ~ '1p07mu op pm p'q uo mrq dqs 20" op 'IF 30qV1- aopmMN II&p lplm puv &as TI* rr>wtlod I m m q p h m mq oz a 'rmq q8nq loo m maZpsm~*apq 0 I w ~-- '(I p m m q sdq nq 01 sagoq n q mu ra 'pueq d q+q v m dpq ~AII>Bnay xmba I n n 9m p .nq a n 2 IIUImqnoyy v ' v q Ipn3 n qxllm %Po7an3 nxp rn rspsmo Sn.oluzaurw h p m oneq r ~ p o y y610 3qa I I I ~ I > ' w q p ImyY P T ur ~ 0 0 ~ 1 d o m

Always my HmduUah st the md of the meal. m t o r hourc If n woman Star camg 03dmyourhmt hrr b c p ulrhehnrhadumewrmre Always tear your head mrh F u r fingersam cut Eat w~thyour ngk bad-mu wuh gour kft,cvcn,

you ue r southpaw h v e fwd m thcmnm h h h a t you lervc goa to tl u the s& m go,dur you src mu)a d &,Id-

L t d y p a r t o f t h c h c f u n ~ ~ ~ y bcfwrmfifi more mrmng. u e m o r t l y h o n e s t ~

Don't pvc Mod- food conummgpork,ham, or lim ~ ~ ~ ~ d y d p u c a n s p a = u . amom IOpork products

h ' t at pork or pork psodunr au Mmlunr B e p l u r n n t d M o d r m r l e h u c w ~ t m c a t ~ y ~ o & d a t e to ruvmt&The Madunr ut ymay mnude. a d&y undue.

DantpveMod-nlsoholrdnahr h ' t &nk I- m the pocohc of Mod-

-

Speak Arabic to the p p l e if you can. No matter hm badly you do it, they like it.

Avoid talking about or praising Europeans. Don't use the French word indrgmr, maning "native."

This is an insulting term. Aacpt with reserve what l o d Euro-r tcU you about NO* Africnnr.

Don't imitate the attitudes or Mavior of many of the laal Europnr. Some arc not held in high rerpct by the North Afriunr.

Shake hendr gently on mccting and leaving. If you wish to gtvc romcone a prcscnt, make it a,sugar,

or cigarcm. A politegift is t h m of the largeomid lolve of %"gar.

If you arc stationed in the counq, it is n gmd idw w uke tca, sugar, and cigarette with you when you visit a Nonh M c a n home.

Bargaio on prices. Donlt let Jhopkeepn or muchmta o v e r h g c you. But bc polite.

Trclt p p l e of all d r ~ u a s q u d s . Be polite. North Africans appreciate c O W T . Bc gcncmur with your cigarcnu. ure mmmomswe on all aarions.?bew popleare basic-

d y nodi&rcnt fraqnanyonc else. II

Gmd morn-,bah '1 @hew Goad aftcr~onorevcnmgmre'lkhnr InthcnvneofGod(wdwhcnyousmnmujerc)-

Thank you. ar pkare (us n wh-r poswb4e)--BA-

I am be, h k d a &so h b L"fik If Gad u wxhng (uxd wbrnovn you say you aR gar$

w domcthmg Toomtt t h s phmx s lrrel~grmr)-

Thnnk G~d&hard"l.Z.A

-THE. a11h.15 PHmASES

[Engluh-Anrbic]

0 K-Al-wa, NA-m (m M m m ,W A h )

hope la u p r r r s e d ~ H A U a snl (m Momcco, r h HAL). TEER, rer YAdo (to Momcco, h Z E F

43

Take it cnry--rhwl*.~hnrd Go! ScramMM.sheel rshhl urn fcc HALs@l Comc krc!-A-jcc HIN-no1 When?-f&P Wh.re2s the rold to . . .f-fba d ta.REEQ ti . When? is water?-fais el MA? TatelGnb holdl--@had! (in Mormco, ho@l) It b v.ry m l d - B A d ic-TEER (in Mar-, bir

dCZEFI It s wry ha-@+ t c T E E R (m Momco, s@ho.

h Z E F ) Gcc up' (tos bone m mulc)-~&l Get up1 (to a d d e g ) - - n l W h a a l - ~ L Help u r l 4 W s r r w I w a r water-AW vlz M0Y.w ( m Macao, mbrr

el M A )