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GreecesGoldenAge
GreecesGoldenAge
• Duringthe400sBCGreekciviliza:onreacheditsculturalheight,especially
inAthens.Thisperiodhasbeen
calledGreecesGoldenAge.
• Agoldenageisaperiodofgreatachievementsintheartsand
sciences.
Greek Philosophers
Philosophers – lovers of wisdom
Sophists – workers of wisdom
– Teachers
phileo = love
sophia = wisdom
If sophia = wisdom and moron = fool, then a sophomore is a
wise fool.
Sophists
• TheSophiststheproblemofman
• Sophists—(Wisest)–
• TravelledaroundgeJngpaidtobescholarly–
“experts”inRhetoricandPhilosophy–
• Sophistwerepowerhungry‐‐‐saysPlato–• FocuschangedfromNATURALtoManand
Society
The Three Most Famous Philosophers
Socrates Plato Aristotle
Socrates
469 - 399 B.C.
The unexamined
life is not worth
living.
Socrates
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Socrates
469 - 399 B.C.
Socratic Method:
I. Admit ignorance.
II. Never rely on tradition.
III. Continuously question.
IV. Formulate your own
opinions.
V. Test your opinions with
others.
Plato
427 - 347 B.C.
• Preserved and perpetuatedthe work of Socrates
• Most important source of info on Socrates
• Founded the Academy
• Wrote dialogues
– Universal Forms wasa recurring theme
– The Republic – most important dialogue
Those things which are
beautiful are also difficult.
Aristotle
384 - 322 B.C.
• Most famous student of Plato
• Most famous teacher of Alexander the Great
• Developed Logic as a field of study
• Devised a complexsystem of classification
– Used in biology
• Views on Government
Aristotle
384 - 322 B.C.
• Views on Government • 3 Good Governments:
– Monarchy
– Aristocracy
– Democracy
• 3 Bad Governments:
– Tyranny
– Oligarchy
– Mob Rule
Aristotle
384 - 322 B.C.
• All things in
moderation
• Man is by nature apolitical animal.
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Architecture
• Thestyledevelopedduringthisperiodiscalledclassical,whichis
verysimpleandelegant.(Thestyle
wascopiedbytheRomansandiss:ll
usedtoday.)
• TheParthenonisthebestexampleof
Greekarchitecture.Itwasbuilt
undertheruleofPericles.
• TheGreeksworshippedeitherattheirhomesoratoutdooraltars,so
theybuilttemples.
• TotheGreekstheParthenonexemplifiedtheiridealofnothingto
excess.
• BecauseoftheGreeksgreatunderstandingofperspec3vethey
madethetemplescolumnsthicker
inthemiddleandthinneratthetop
sothatthecolumnsappeared
straightwhenviewedfroma
distance.(Thestepsarelowerinthe
centeralsotoappearstraightfroma
distance.)
Sculpture&Pain:ng
• Vasesprovideourmainexampleof
Greekpain:ng.Po[erydesignstold
anobjectsfunc:on.They
illustratedscenesofeverydaylifeandmythology.
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• PhidiaswasinchargeoftheParthenonssculptures.
• Praxiteles,reflec:ngthechangesinGreeklife(a^erthePeloponnesian
War),favoredlifesizestatues,
emphasizinggraceratherthan
power.
Drama&Theater
• TheearliestGreekplaysweretragedies.Comediesaroselater.
Theaterwasdevelopedtohonorthe
Greekgod,Dionysus.Theywere
preformedinlargeoutdoortheaters,
withli[lescenery.Menwerethe
onlyactors,theyworemasksplaying
allroles.
• Aeschyluswasthefirstofthegreattragicplaywrightsinthe400sBC.
(Althoughhewrote90plays,only7
survived)Oresteiaisatrilogy
showinghowtheconsequencesof
onesdeedsarecarrieddownfrom
onegenera:ontoanother.
• Sophocles,authorofOedipusRex ,
saidhuman
sufferingwasunavoidable,yet
hestressedhuman
courageand
compassion.
• Aristophanesisthemostfamous
writerofcomedies.Hewrote
Lysistratawhichshowsthewomen
ofAthensworkingtogethertoforcetheirhusbandstostopfigh:ngwith
Sparta.
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ImportantPeople
• Herodotus–fatherofhistory,firsttoseparatefactfromfic:on,wrote
HistoryofthePersianWars
• Euclid–mathema:cs,planeand
solidgeometrywroteElementsof
Geometry
Euclidc.300 B.C.
• One of the most prominent mathematicians
• Wrote The Elements • Widely used till about 1903.• 2 nd only to the Bible in numbers
of translations, publications,and study
• Greek – Arabic – Latin • Said to Ptolemy: There is
No Royal Road to geometry!
• Pythagoras–Pythagoreantheorem
a2+b2=c2
• Aristarchus–Earthrotatedonitsaxisandheliocentric(sunisthe
centeroftheuniverse)
Pythagoras582-500 B.C.
• The universe could only beunderstood thru numbers.
• Sun, moon, and earthrevolved around a central fire.
• Each planet produces a tone!• Famous for the Pythagorean
Theorem: a2 + b2 = c2
Pythagoras582-500 B.C.
• Pythagorean Theorem: a2 + b2 = c2
a2
c2
b2
• Archimedes–measured
volume,invented
cylinderscrew,lever,
compoundpulley
• Eratosthenes–Earthisroundandaccuratelycalculatedits
circumference
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Archimedean Screw
Modern application of the Archimedean Screw
• Hippocrates–fatherofmedicine,said
thatdoctorsshould
takeanethicaloath
• Hismedicaladvice
goodhygiene,good
dietandgetplenty
ofrest
• Addi:onalSlidesonGreekPhilosophersfrom
intranet.wcastl.org/sites/tjohnston/upload/
47c2df9a6088e.ppt
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