Download - Govt in History

7/28/2019 Govt in History

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The Silk Road


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Spice Trade Route


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Christopher Columbus, 1492


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The Navigators

Vasco de Gama Christopher Columbus


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The Navigators: Ferdinand Magellan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg


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The Spanish Conquest

The conquest of the Philippines was anaccident in history; inspired by economicgain, rationalized by religious zeal.

Alexander VI and the Treaty of Tordesillas(1494) made it possible for the Spanishnavigators to reach our shores.

Magellan discovered it; Villalobos named itand Legazpi officially set off the work ofconquest


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The Pre-Hispanic Philippines

No Philippines yet as a single polity (or political body)

What we know now as Philippines were a group ofislands which share the same political features as its

Asian neighbors, specially the Malayan Peninsula

Philippines were splintered into several smallcommunities which were maritime / fluvial; eachcommunity was a center of its own; political power was

preserved through kinship, alliances and use of power;religion was already an influential element in theexercise of power (Hindu, Buddhism, Islam); : socialstructure was in place; community was clannish


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Government in / of the Philippines

Pre-colonial: Native Colonial:

a) Spanish (1521 1898)b) British (1762)c) American (1898 1946): the third republic under the American-sponsored

constitutiond) Japanese (1941 1945): the second republic under the Japanese-

sponsored constitution Pre-republican:

a) La Liga Filipina (1892)b) Katipunan (1892)c) Revolutionary Government of Tejeros (1897)d) Revolutionary Government of Biak na Bato (1897)e) Dictatorial Government (May 4 June 23, 1898)

Republic (post colonial):

a) Malolos Republic (September 1898 January 1899): the first republic underthe Malolos Constitutionb) Pre-martial law: Roxaz, Quirino, Magsaysay, Garcia, Macapagal, Marcosb) Martial law: the fourth republic under the 1973 Constitutionc) Edsa: the fifth republic under the 1987 Constitutiond) Post-edsa: Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo


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Spanish Government in the Philippines

The government was established through the so-called patronatoreal.

The king governed territories like the Philippines either through themain viceroyalties, Mexico (New Spain) or Peru. The Philippines

was under the vice royalty of Mexico until 1821.

Smaller territories like the Philippines was under the directsupervision of a governor.

The viceroy and the governor represented the authority of the king;the king for his part ruled his territories with the advice of a councilcalled audiencia.


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The datu class became the new principalia; they remained the head of theircommunities as cabeza de barangay whose main duties were tax collection andrecruitment of polistas (laborers) for public service.

A barangay had around 40 to 50 families; together with other barangays, they formeda barrio.

An entire barrio could be under the care of an encomendero who collected tributesfrom the cabezas and assigned polos on certain men

When the tributes totaled 500 or more reales, a pueblo was elevated into a municipioheaded by a gobernadorcillo together with four other local officials: teniente mayor(town deputy), juez de policia (peace and order), juez de sementeras (crops andlands), juez de ganados (livestock and butchering of animals for sale).

Several municipios formed an alcadia or later on, provincia, headed by an alcaldemayor or later gobernador provincial.

By 1885, the alcalde mayor was also referred to as gobernador civil to distinguish himfrom gobernador politico-militar.


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The highest royal official in the Philippines was the governor general. Hereported to the king and the Council of the Indies, the advisory council of theKing.

The governor general was referred to as president as the presiding officer ofthe audiencia; captain general as the chief military commander and vice

patron of the church by virtue of the patronato real.

The governor general was aided by a local audiencia composed of oidoresor judges: fiscal (prosecuting attorney), alguacil mayor (chief constable)and teniente de gran canciller (deputy of the chief chancellor)

Three checks on the power of the governor general: the Archbishop ofManila, the audiencia and the juicio de residencia.

The first governor general was Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1565-1571) andthe last was Gen. Diego de los Rios (1898).


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Until 1837, the Philippines enjoyed representation in theSpanish cortes (1810-1813; 1820-1823; 1836-1837)

In 1837, the Spanish cortes abolished Philippinerepresentation and in 1863, colonies like the Philippineswere overseen by an office called Ministerio de Ultramar(Overseas Ministry).

The law that applied on the Philippines was no longer aspecial piece of legislation called Leyes de Indias

The aim of the Propaganda Movement was initially torestore the same political order through assimilation;later, assimilation gave way to the call for nationalization.


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The First Republic (Malolos Republic)

The Filipinos briefly succeeded in establishing their own republicangovernment in Malolos (the first republic); it folded up in 1899 whenthe Philippine-American broke out.

It succeeded the dictatorial government put up by Aguinaldo whichlasted from May 24 to June 23, 1898.

The Malolos Congress was convoked by Aguinaldo on Sept. 15,1898.

The draft as proposed by Felipe Calderon was presented on Oct. 8;discussion started Oct. 25.

Aguinaldo promulgated what is now known as Malolos Constitutionon Jan. 21, 1899; on Feb. 4, 1899, the Philippine-American Warbroke out. The Philippine republic lasted until March 23, 1901.


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Philippine Declaration of Independence
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Philippine_independence.jpg


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American Occupation

Spain ceded the Philippines to the Americans atthe Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898 for$20M and this without any official representation

or consultation with the Filipinos.

On December 21, 1898, Pres. Mckinley issuedthe famous Benevolent Assimilation

proclamation, articulating the American policieson the annexation of the Philippines.


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American Occupation Military Government started August 14, 1898, after the capture of Manila;

the first military governor was Adm. Wesley Merritt

Civil Government inaugurated July 4, 1901 upon the recommendation ofthe so-called Schurman Commission; headed by a civil governor whoseposition was created October 29, 1901; the civil governor had bothexecutive and legislative powers; the first American civil governor wasWilliam H. Taft.

William Taft created a cabinet which included Filipino elites like CayetanoArellano as chief justicer of the Supreme Court; Trinidad Pardo de Tavera,Benito Legarda and Jose R. Luzurriaga as nonvoting members of the TaftCommission; Felipe Buencamino was director of the Bureau of CivilService.

The civil governor was likewise the president of the Philippine Commissionwhich during the American colonial period acted as the upper house of thelegislature and the Philippine Assembly as the lower house.


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The Second Republic Commonwealth of the Philippines: enacted by Tydings-McDuffie Law which

passed by US Congress on March 23, 1934 ; the law provided a transition

period of ten years at the expiration of which the Philippines would begranted independence.

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated on November 15,1935 with Manuel L. Quezon as President and Sergio Osmea as VicePresident.

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was republican and presidential inform. Executive branch was headed by the president; the legislativefunction belonged to the unicameral National Assembly in the beginning andthen later on, to the bicameral Congress; the judicial power was vestedupon the Supreme Court.

The Commonwealth was the second republic. During the Japanese period,it functioned in exile in Washington from May 13, 1942 to October 3, 1944.It was re-established by Gen. Douglas MacArthur on February 27, 1945.

Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino were the last President and VicePresident of the Commonwealth. They would also serve as the Presidentand Vice President of the post-war era.


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The Third Republic during Japanese Occupation

The Philippines was attacked by Japan being a colony of the US. The offensivewas launched four hours after the attack of Pearl Harbor.

On January 23, 1942, Japan, thru the Jorge B. Vargas, created the ExecutiveCommission which will reorganize the national government into a puppet civiliangovernmentunder a military rule. It was named as Central AdministrativeOrganization aided by the so-called Council of State.

To win the Filipinos sympathy, Japan sponsored the establishment of a puppetrepublic (the third republic) under the auspices of the so-called Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

The establishment of the republic was facilitated by KALIBAPI or Kapisanan saPaglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas). KALIBAPI headed by Jose Laurel asPresident and Benigno Aquino Sr. and Ramon Avancea as Vice Presidents. Itprepared the constitution of the third republic.

On September 25, 1943, Jose Laurel was elected by the National Assembly (aunicameral legislature created by KALIBAPI) and on October 14, 1943, the thirdrepublic was inaugurated.

The third republic was dissolved at the defeat of Japan here in the Philippines

on February 1945. Pres. Laurel proclaimed its dissolution on August 17, 1945.


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The Fourth Republic

Created under the 1973 Constitution which was drafted, ratified andpromulgated during the Marcos martial law.

Martial law paved the way for the establishment of a constitutionaldictatorship.

When amended in 1981, the form of government was changed frompresidential to parliamentary.

The 1973 took effect from January 23, 1973 until it was replaced bythe so-called Freedom Constitution of 1986, the constitution thatprovided legal foundation for the revolutionary government of

Corazon Aquino.

Ferdinand Marcos was first elected and re-elected under the 1935Constitution; through the imposition of martial law, he remained inpower from 1971 to 1986. All in all, he was president for 21 years.


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Conclusion Despite its many drawbacks, our colonial experiences (Spanish, American,

Japanese) helped likewise to mature politically.

These experiences enabled us to be aware of and to launch social, legaland political infrastructures required of a modern republican democracy.

After the War, the greatest threat to our democracy came from Martial Lawimposed by Ferdinand Marcos. Martial law started with benign hopes but its

implementation and continuance for twenty years greatly outweigh whatevergains it achieved or hoped to achieve.

Throughout history, we also see how the local politics remain to bedominated by the political and economic elites; the 1987 Constitution hopedto remedy this by promoting an egalitarian democracy.

Today, the greatest threats to our democratic life come from thegovernment itself in the form of massive graft and corruption, economicgreed, patronage politics, etc. The result of this is massive poverty whichtogether with all the factors cited explained why Philippine democracyremains in its incipient stage up to this day.