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Gonadal Histo-Morphology and Antifertility Effects of Bonny
Light Crude Oil in Male Rats
*ictor A. ischer, /hristie 0. ischer, 1fon A$aso, )ladi$o A. Ashiru
+. e$art5ent of Anato5y, aculty of Basic 1edical Sciences, 6ni7ersity of /ala8ar, /ala8ar- Nigeria.2. Assisted 9e$roducti7e :echnology "A9:% /entre, 1aryland, ;agos < Nigeria.
05ail of corres$onding author= 7ictorfischer&2>yahoo.co5
Abstract
:he study in7estigated the antifertility effects of ingestion of Bonny ;ight /rude )il "B;/)% at a dose of .&,
+.& 2.& and 3.&5l?g 8ody weight in adult 5ale rats following oral ad5inistration for @days. :he ani5als were
sacrificed, the e$ididy5al s$er5atooa e$ressed out and a ho5ogenate 5ade for se5en analysis. :he testes
were re5o7ed for histological $rocessing. :he s$er5 count was significantly reduced "2+.!C.&D, +'.C.!&,
[email protected]. and +2.'C.'' 5illion?5l res$ecti7ely% when co5$ared to their corres$onding control [email protected]+.2D, 2&.&C.D+, [email protected].@', and 2&.@C.&D 5illion?5l% at #E.&. egenerati7e and necrotic changes
of cells in the se5iniferous tu8ules and interstitiu5 was o8ser7ed in the histology of the testes. B;/) has
ad7erse effects on 5ale re$roducti7e syste5. :his 5ay i5$ly $ossi8le antifertility for 5ale rats e$osed to
B;/) ingestion.
Keyords= Bonny light crude oil, testes, antifertility, 5ale rat
!"#ntroduction/rude oil is a 5iture of hydrogen 5olecules, which are organic co5$ounds of car8on and hydrogen ato5s that
5ay include fro5 one to sity car8ons "#etroleu5 Hand8oo, +''@%. It contains trace a5ount of sul$hur
containing che5icals, such as sulfides, 5erca$tans, thio$henes, and other 5ore co5$le co5$ounds. Although
the che5ical co5$osition of the crude oil 7aries 8y source, crude oil and $etroleu5 $roducts share certain toiccharacteristics and are toic to 8iological life "Falinson and Holt,+'!D%%. :he oil industry is the 8ac8one of
the Nigerian econo5y, accounting for o7er 'G of the total foreign echange re7enue. Nigerias 5arer crude
oil on the international 5aret is the Bonny ;ight /rude )il "B;/)%. It is $referred to others 8ecause of its low
s$ecific gra7ity and low corrosi7eness to refinery infrastructure. Industrialiation, through e$loitation and
e$loration of crude oil or total $etroleu5 hydrocar8on ":#H%, has introduced into the ecosyste5 su8stances that
are $otentially toic to life and en7iron5ent "ede and ag8o, 22%.:he 5agnitude of oil $ollution and da5age occasioned 8y 5ultinational oil co5$anies o$erating in the Niger
delta region of Nigeria is not only distur8ing 8ut incredi8le "A$ofure et al., 2%. Bioaccu5ulation of crude oil
in 5arine life $ossess $otential health haards to terrestrial s$ecies "Shore and ou8en, +''4%. :here is a7aila8le
e7idence suggesting changes in che5ical $ro$erties of soil following conta5ination 8y crude oil "Ifeadi and
Nwanwo, +'!D%. :he de7astating conseuences of the s$ill of crude oil and its $roducts in the Niger delta
region with its e7entual haards on 8oth aerial and terrestrial en7irons tanta5ount to an irre7ersi8le chain effect8oth on 8iodi7ersity and hu5an safety "A$ofure et al., 2%.
1any studies on the toic effects of crude oil of different geological for5ation in la8oratory and non-la8oratory
ani5als ha7e 8een carried out "#ayne et al., +'!DK +'!3K 9ice et al., +'DD%. 0$ide5iological data and results of
toicity studies in e$eri5ental ani5als consistently re$ort that there is significant health ris due to $rolonged
e$osure to $etroleu5 "idia et al., 23K Shee$ers and Bios, +''2%. :he che5ical co5$osition of crude oildiffers widely and these che5icals are ca$a8le of 5i5icing the inherent actions of re$roducti7e hor5ones and
hence ha7e the a8ility to disru$t the neuro-endocrine syste5 or the functions of the gonads directly "/ol8orn et
al., +''3%.
So5e $eo$le "ala8aris, ILaws, )gonis% ingest crude oil for 7arious 5edicinal $ur$osesK as laati7e, anti-
$oisoning agent, anti-con7ulsion agent, used for treat5ent of arthritis, snae antidote, es$ecially in rural areas
where the con7entional antidotes are not a7aila8le "ede et al., 22%. Ani5al studies ha7e shown cyto toic
effects on so5e organs fro5 e$osure to crude oil co5$ounds "idia et al., 23, 0yong et al.,24K 0yong,
2K han et al., +'''% and gonads contain ra$idly $roliferating cells that are $ro8a8ly susce$ti8le to da5age
8y #AHs "AS:9, 24%.
:his research wor was therefore undertaen to in7estigate the histological changes and antifertility effects
associated with ingestion of B;/) on 5ale wistar rats.
$" Materials And Methods2.+ Bonny ;ight /rude )il
:he 8onny light crude oil used for this study was o8tained fro5 Shell #etroleu5 e7elo$5ent /o5$any, #ort
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Harcourt, 9i7ers state with authority fro5 the e$art5ent of #etroleu5 9esources, NN#/, ;agos Nigeria.2.2 0$eri5ental Ani5als
Sity "@% 5ale al8ino wistar rats o8tained fro5 the ani5al house of the e$art5ent of $har5acology,
6ni7ersity of /ala8ar were used for this study. :he ani5als whose weight ranged fro5 +& < 2g were
accli5atied for three "3% wees 8efore the co55ence5ent of the e$eri5ent in the ani5al house of thee$art5ent of Hu5an Anato5y. :he ani5als were housed in well-7entilated cages and e$t under controlled
en7iron5ental conditions of te5$erature "2&C&Mc%, relati7e hu5idity "&C&G% and +2-hour light?dar cycle. :heani5als were fed with growers 5arsh and ta$ water ad libitum
2.3 0$eri5ental esign
:he ani5als were assigned into four "4% $arallel grou$s A, B, /, and consisting of ten "+% e$eri5ental
ani5als and fi7e "&% control ani5als, the doses used were 8ased on $redeter5ined ;& 7alues o8tained fro5
$re7ious studies "0yong, 2%. :he e$eri5ental ani5als in grou$s A, B, /, and recei7ed .&, +.&, 2.& and
3.&5l?g B.F of B;/) res$ecti7ely, the control ani5als in the corres$onding grou$s recei7ed .&, +.&, 2.& and3.&5l?g B.F of nor5al saline res$ecti7ely 8oth 8y oral gastric intu8ation. :he treat5ent was done once a day
on alternate days for a $eriod of sity "@% days. At the end of the sity "@% days, the ani5als were euthanied
under chlorofor5 7a$or and sacrificed. :he s$er5atooa was e$ressed out, a ho5ogenate was 5ade and then
used for se5en analysis. :he testes were surgically re5o7ed, and sus$ended in 8ouins fluid fiation, $re$aratory
to histological $rocessing.
:a8le +. 0$eri5ental design
rou$ No. of :reat5ent with B;/) rou$ No. of :reat5ents with "nor5al% Ani5als
5l?g 8.w "control% Ani5als saline 5l?g 8.w
A + .& A & .&
B + +.& B & +.&
/ + 2.& / & 2.&
+ 3.& & 3.&
2.4 eter5ination )f S$er5 /ount
:he s$er5 count was deter5ined using the new i5$ro7ed neu8auers hae5ocyto5eter. :he ho5ogenate "dilute
se5en% was used. i7e $ri5ary suares were countedK the counting was $erfor5ed with the hel$ of a handcounter.
2.& Statistical Analysis
:he results were analyed for statistical significance 8y one way and two-way analysis of 7ariance "AN)*A%.
All data were e$ressed as 5ean CS01. # 7alues E.& were considered significant.
%" Obser&ations And Results
3.+ S$er5 /ount
:he ta8le 8elow "ta8le 2% show data o8tained fro5 caudal e$ididy5al s$er5 count following oral ad5inistration
of B;/). :he s$er5 count was significantly reduced in the treated grou$s A, B, /, and K 2+.!C.&D,
+'.C.!&, [email protected]., +2.'C.'' res$ecti7ely when co5$ared with their corres$onding control grou$sK
[email protected]+.2D, 2&.&C.D+, [email protected].@' and 2&.@C.&D res$ecti7ely at a $ro8a8ility le7el of #E.&. :he reduction
in the nu58er of s$er5 cells was also seen to 8e dose de$endent.
:a8le 2. 0ffect of B;/) treat5ent on s$er5 count"+ %
rou$ /ontrol :reated
A [email protected]+.2D 2+.!C.&D
B 2&.&C.D+ +'.C.!&
/ [email protected].@' [email protected].
2&.@C.&D +2.'C.''
Values are expressed as MeanSEM, *=significant at P0.05 s. c!ntr!l
3.2 Histology )f :he :estes
:he cellular architecture and integrity of the testes were ea5ined in this study, results in the control grou$s
"shown in 5icrogra$hs +, 3, & and D%, re7ealed se7eral layers of s$er5atogenic cells such as $ri5ary
s$er5atocytes, s$er5atids, s$er5atooa and sertoli cells.)n the other hand, testes of treated rats "5icrogra$hs 2, 4, @ and !% showed 5ini5al to 5ared disintegration of
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the 8asic cellular outline and histology of the se5iniferous tu8ules.:he testes of the treated grou$ A ani5als showed si5ilar features with the control 8ut fewer s$er5atids in the
se5iniferous tu8ules. :he se5iniferous tu8ules of treated grou$ B rats showed less interstitiu5 and interstitial
cells "of leydig%, sertoli cells were found singly. :his suggests degenerati7e and necrotic changes. :he testes of
grou$ / ani5als were si5ilar to those of grou$ B, 8ut the interstitiu5 was scantier and lesser s$er5atids wereo8ser7ed. :he ger5inal e$itheliu5 of the grou$ ani5als were distorted, tu8ular la5ina was scanty with few
s$er5atids seen.
H AN 0 S:AIN
(+#;A:0 +a #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes of control rats in rou$ A
(4#;A:0 +8 #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes of control rats in rou$ A
H AN 0 S:AIN
er5inal 0$itheliu5
Interstitial /onnecti7e
:issue
Interstitial /ells of ;eydig
Blood *essels
Se5iniferous :u8ules
i8ro8last
S$er5atids
S$er5atogonia
Sertoli /ells
Base5ent 1e58rane
#ri5ary S$er5atocytes
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(+
#;A:0 2a #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes treated with .&5l?g 8.w of B;/) rats in rou$ A+
(4
#;A:0 28 #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes treated with .&5l?g 8.w of B;/) rats in rou$ A+
H AN 0 S:AIN
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(+
#;A:0 3a #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes of control rats in rou$ B
(4
#;A:0 38 #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes of control rats in rou$ B
H AN 0 S:AIN
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(+
#;A:0 4a #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes treated with +.&5l?g 8.w of B;/) rats in rou$ B+
(4
#;A:0 48 #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes treated with +.&5l?g 8.w of B;/) rats in rou$ B+
H AN 0 S:AIN
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(+
#;A:0 &a #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes of control rats in rou$ /
(4
#;A:0 &8 #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes of control rats in rou$ /
H AN 0 S:AIN
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@+
(+
#;A:0 @a #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes treated with 2.&5l?g 8.w of B;/) rats in rou$ /+
(4#;A:0 @8 #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes treated with 2.&5l?g 8.w of B;/) rats in rou$ /+
H AN 0 S:AIN
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@2
(+
#;A:0 Da #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes of control rats in rou$
(4
#;A:0 D8 #hoto5icrogra$hs of testes of control rats in rou$
H AN 0 S:AIN
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attri8uted to $olyaro5atic hydrocar8ons "#AHs% contained in B;/) which has the $otential to induce ad7ersede7elo$5ental effects such as ter5ination of $regnancy, 5alfor5ations, sterility in offs$rings, testicular changes
such as lac of s$er5, i55unosu$$ression, and tu5ors "lyons, +''!K ischeret al.,2DK 2@K 2&%.
:his study re7ealed 5ared changes in the histology of the testes. :he degeneration and necrosis of
s$er5atogenic cells o8ser7ed in this study corro8orates re$orts in $re7ious studies ")8idie et al., 2D and)risawe et al., 24%. In addition, the sertoli cells which a$$eared to lose their connections to the de7elo$ing
ger5 cells, $ro8a8ly did not su$$ort the 5aturation and differentiation of these ger5 cells ")rth et al.+'!!%.:his $ro8a8ly indicates that B;/) da5ages the sertoli cells and their nu58er decreases, i5$airing
s$er5atogenesis. :his leads to a decrease in the nu58er of ger5 cells with co5$lete differentiation "Steger et al.,
+'''%. In this study, degeneration and necrosis of the leydig cells following eudation into the interstices was
o8ser7ed in the testes of the rats that recei7ed B;/).
In conclusion, results fro5 this in7estigation indicated that B;/) ad5inistration can cause deterioration in
se5en uality, degenerati7e and necrotic changes of cells in the se5iniferous tu8ules and interstitiu5 of thetestes as e7idenced in the histology of the testes o8ser7ed. :herefore, ha7en shown re$roducti7e cyto -toicity in
rats, B;/) liely $oses re$roducti7e riss to ani5als and hu5ans in areas where continual oil s$illage occurs.
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instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ The IISTE
editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a
fastmanner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the
world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from
gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available
upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information:http://www.iiste.org/book/
Recent conferences: http://www.iiste.org/conference/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar
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