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GlobalUnemployment
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The world faces a challenge of
creating 600 million jobs over thenext decade
After three years of continuous crisisconditions in global labour markets and
against the prospect of a furtherdeterioration of economic activity, thereis a backlog of global unemployment of200 millionan increase of 27 million sincethe start of the crisis. In addition, more
than 400 million new jobs will be neededover the next decade to avoid a furtherincrease in unemployment.
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Global labour markets showlittle improvement
If downside risks materialize and globalgrowth falls to below 2 percent in 2012,
global unemployment would rise morerapidly to more than 204 million in 2012, atleast 4 million more than under thebaseline scenario, with a further increase
to 209 million in 2013, 6 million more thanunder the baseline scenario.
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Youth are particularly hard hitby the crisis
Globally, young people are nearly threetimes as likely as adults to be
unemployed. In addition, an estimated6.4 million young people have given uphope of finding a job and have droppedout of the labour market altogether. Eventhose young people who are employed
are increasingly likely to find themselves inpart-time employment and often ontemporary contracts.
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The global economy has
substantially reduced its capacity toadd new jobs
Based on current macroeconomicforecasts, the ILOs baseline projection for
the employment-to-population ratio is notencouraging, with a flat to slightlydeclining trend projected to 2016. T
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To address these issues
policies need to coordinate globally
First, global policies need to be
coordinated more firmly. Deficit-financedpublic spending and monetary easing
simultaneously implemented by many
advanced and emerging economies at the
beginning of the crisis is no longer a feasible
option for all of them.
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repair and regulate the financialsystem Second, more substantial repair and
regulation of the financial system would
restore credibility and confidence, allowingbanks to overcome the credit risk that has
dogged this crisis. All firms would gain from
this, but especially SMEs, which not only
need the credit more, but also end up
creating more than 70 per cent of jobs.
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target stimulus measures toemployment Third, what is most needed now is to target
the real economy to support job growth.
Faltering employment creation and ensuingweak growth in labour incomes have been
at the heart of the slowdown in global
economic activity and the further
worsening of public finances.
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and encourage the private sectorto invest Fourth, additional public support measures
alone will not be sufficient to foster a
sustainable jobs recovery. Policy-makersmust act decisively and in a coordinated
fashion to reduce the fear and uncertainty
that is hindering private investment so that
the private sector can restart the main
engine of global job creation.
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without putting fiscal stability at risk Fifth, to be effective, additional stimulus
packages must not put the sustainability of
public finances at risk by further raisingpublic debt. In this respect, public spending
fully matched by revenue increases can still
provide a stimulus to the real economy,
thanks to the balanced budget multiplier
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FoodInsecurity
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The State of Food Insecurity inthe World 2012
presents new estimates of the numberand proportion of undernourished people
going back to 1990, defined in terms ofthe distribution of dietary energy supply.With almost 870 million people chronicallyundernourished in 201012, the number of
hungry people in the world remainsunacceptably high.
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Improved undernourishment estimates, from 1990, suggest that
progress in reducing hunger has been
more pronounced than previouslybelieved.
Most of the progress, however, wasachieved before 2007/08. Since then,global progress in reducing hunger hasslowed and leveled off.
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In order for economic growth to enhance
the nutrition of the neediest
Growth needs to involve and reach thepoor
the poor need to use the additionalincome for improving the quantity andquality of their diets and for improvedhealth services;
governments need to use additionalpublic resources for public goods andservices to benefit the poor and hungry.
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Agricultural growth is particularly
effective in reducing hunger andmalnutrition.
Most of the extreme poor depend onagriculture and related activities for a
significant part of their livelihoods.Agricultural growth involving smallholders,especially women, will be most effectivein reducing extreme poverty and hunger
when it increases returns to labour andgenerates employment for the poor.
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Economic and agricultural growthshould be nutrition-sensitive
Growth needs to result in better nutritionaloutcomes through enhanced opportunities
for the poor to diversify their diets improved access to safe drinking water and
sanitation
improved access to health services; betterconsumer awareness regarding adequate
nutrition and child care practices targeted distribution of supplements in
situations of acute micronutrient deficiencies.
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To accelerate hunger reduction, economic
growth needs to be accompanied bypurposeful and decisive public action.
Key elements of enabling environmentsinclude provision of public goods and
services for the development of theproductive sectors, equitable access toresources by the poor, empowerment ofwomen, and design and implementation
of social protection systems.
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ClimateChange
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Climate change
is a significant and lasting change in thestatistical distribution of weatherpatterns
over periods ranging from decades tomillions of years
may be a change in average weatherconditions, or in the distribution of
weather around the average conditions.
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Causes Internal forcing mechanismsNatural changes in the components
of Earth's climate system and their
interactions are the cause of internalclimate variability, or "internal forcing's.
Ocean variability. The ocean is afundamental part of the climate system, somechanges in it occurring at longer timescales
than in the atmosphere, massing hundreds oftimes more and having very high thermalinertia
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External forcing mechanisms
Orbital variations. Slight variations in Earth'sorbit lead to changes in the seasonal
distribution of sunlight reaching the Earth's
surface and how it is distributed across the
globe.
Solar output. The Sun is the predominant
source for energy input to the Earth. Both
long- and short-term variations in solar
intensity are known to affect globalclimate.
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Volcanism. Volcanic eruptions releasegases and particulates into the
atmosphere. Eruptions large enough toaffect climate occur on average severaltimes per century, and cause cooling (bypartially blocking the transmission of solarradiation to the Earth's surface) for a period
of a few years.
Plate tectonics. the motion of tectonicplates reconfigures global land and oceanareas and generates topography. This can
affect both global and local patterns ofclimate and atmosphere-ocean circulation.
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Human influences. anthropogenic factors
are human activities which affect the
climate. These anthropogenic factors is theincrease in CO2 levels due to emissions
from fossil fuel combustion, followed
by aerosols (particulate matter in the
atmosphere) and cement manufacture.
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Physical evidence for andexamples of climatic change
Temperature measurements and proxies
The instrumental temperature record from
surface stations was supplementedby radiosonde balloons, extensive
atmospheric monitoring by the mid-20th
century, and, from the 1970s on, with global
satellite data as well.
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Glaciers are considered among the most
sensitive indicators of climate change.Their size is determined by a massbalance between snow input and meltoutput.
Vegetation. Some changes in climatemay result in increased precipitation andwarmth, resulting in improved plantgrowth and the subsequent sequestration
of airborne CO2.
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Pollen analysis. Palynology is the study of
contemporary and fossil palynomorphys,including pollen. Palynology is used toinfer the geographical distribution of plantspecies, which vary under differentclimate conditions.
Sea level change. altimetermeasurementsin combination withaccurately determined satellite orbits
have provided an improvedmeasurement of global sea level change.
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