Geometry ofGeometry of MMoleculesolecules
VSEPR TheoryVSEPR Theory
Valence Shell Electron Pair Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion TheoryRepulsion Theory (VSEPR)(VSEPR)
The geometry of the molecule at The geometry of the molecule at any given central atom is any given central atom is determined by the repulsions of determined by the repulsions of both bonding and nonbonding (lone both bonding and nonbonding (lone pair) electrons in the valence shell.pair) electrons in the valence shell.
HybridizationHybridization
When atoms join When atoms join to form molecules, to form molecules, the electron the electron density regions density regions change.change.
HybridizationHybridization
The process of mixing different The process of mixing different orbitals of the same atom to form a orbitals of the same atom to form a new set of equivalent orbitals is new set of equivalent orbitals is termed termed hybridization.hybridization.
The shape of the molecule The shape of the molecule depends of the number of electron depends of the number of electron pairs on the central atom and the pairs on the central atom and the orientation of the hybrid orbitals.orientation of the hybrid orbitals.
VSEPRVSEPR
Shapes expected for different Shapes expected for different numbers of electron pairsnumbers of electron pairs
Two Pairs of ElectronsTwo Pairs of Electrons
BeHBeH22
Linear moleculeLinear molecule
There are two pairs of electrons on the There are two pairs of electrons on the central atom, beryllium.central atom, beryllium.
sp hybridsp hybrid
Linear MoleculeLinear Molecule
Three Pairs of ElectronsThree Pairs of Electrons
BClBCl33
Planar triangular, 120Planar triangular, 120oo
spsp22 hybrid hybrid
There are three pairs of electrons on the central atom, boron.
Planar Triangular Planar Triangular MoleculeMolecule
Hybrid OrbitalsHybrid Orbitals
Four Pairs of ElectronsFour Pairs of Electrons
CHCH44
Tetrahedral, 109.5Tetrahedral, 109.5oo
There are four pairs There are four pairs of electrons on the of electrons on the central atom, carbon.central atom, carbon. spsp33 hybrid hybrid
Tetrahedral MoleculeTetrahedral Molecule
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
A huge number of the compounds that A huge number of the compounds that exist on Earth are carbon-containing exist on Earth are carbon-containing compounds that have the tetrahedral compounds that have the tetrahedral shape around each carbon atom.shape around each carbon atom.
Four Pairs of ElectronsFour Pairs of Electrons
Molecular shapes with four electron pairs around the central atom.
Five Pairs of ElectronsFive Pairs of Electrons
PClPCl55
Trigonal bipyramidalTrigonal bipyramidal
9090oo and 120 and 120oo
spsp33d hybridd hybrid
spsp33d and spd and sp33dd22 Hybrid OrbitalsHybrid Orbitals
Six Pairs of ElectronsSix Pairs of Electrons
SFSF66
Octahedral, 90Octahedral, 90oo
spsp33dd22 hybrid hybrid
VSEPR TheoryVSEPR Theory
Molecular geometry affects the Molecular geometry affects the characteristics of all compounds.characteristics of all compounds.
Learn more with the Learn more with the
VESPR Molecular Model KitVESPR Molecular Model Kit
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