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Portraying Earth
The Nature of Maps
Map Scale
Map Essentials
The Role of Globes
Map Projections
Families of Map Projections Isolines
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The Nature of Maps
2-dimensionalrepresentation of
Earths surface
Show 4 key properties
of a region
Size
Shape
Distance
Direction
Maps are imperfect, since
Earth is a sphere
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Figure 2-2b
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Map Scale
Maps are usually smaller thanthe area they represent
Map scales are necessary to
understand realistic distances
on map
Scale is relationship between
area on map and area on
Earth
Three primary types Graphic
Fractional
Verbal
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Figure 2-3
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Map Scale
Large versus small map scales
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Figure 2-4
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Map Essentials
Need several propertiesof maps to help with
interpretation: Title
Date
Legend
Scale
Direction
Location Data Source
Map Projection
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Figure 2-5
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The Role of Globes
Advantages of Globes Maintains correct geographic
relationships between points
Can accurately represent spatial
relationships between points onEarth
Disadvantages of Globes Only can see a hemisphere at a
time
Large and bulky
Cannot contain much detail
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Figure 2-6
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Map Projections
Challenge of the cartographer (mapmaker) Combine geographic exactness of globe with convenience of
flat map
Definition of map projection
Principle behind map projections
Two primary types Equivalentratio of areal size on map and Earth is the same
Conformalshape of locations on the map is the same as on
Earth
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Map Projections
Equivalence versus conformality dilemma
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Figure 2-10
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Families of Map Projections
Cylindrical Projections
Wrap the globe in a
cylinder of paper
Paper tangent to Earth
at equator
Conformal projection
Mercator projection is
most famous
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Figure 2-7
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Families of Map Projections
Plane Projections
Project globe onto a
paper that is tangent to
globe at some point
Displays onehemisphere well
Equivalent projection
An example is an
orthographic planeprojection (Figure 2-13)
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Figure 2-9
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Families of Map Projections
Conic Projections
Project the map onto a
cone tangent to or
intersecting the globe
Principal parallel
Good for mapping
small areas on Earth
Impractical for global
mapping
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Figure 2-8
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Families of Map Projections
Pseudocylindrical
Projections
A mix of conformal and
equivalent
Central parallel and
meridian cross at right
angles
Oval shaped; distortion
increases as you moveaway from the center
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Figure 2-11
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Families of Map Projections
Interrupted Projections
Minimize distortion
Discontinuous map,
shapes and sizes
maintained
Typically oceans are
distorted; land masses
maintain original
shape and size Goodes projection
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Figure 2-14
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Isolines
Definition
Many types
Isobar: line of constant
pressure
Isotherm: line of constant
temperature
Isohyet: line of constant rain
Isoamplitude: line of
constant wave amplitude
Construction steps/rules
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Figure 2-16
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Isolines
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800
700600 500 400
300
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Isolines
Topographic Maps
Show elevation
contours
Contour lines
Lines closer together
represent steeper
terrain
Often used in
geography
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Figure 2-15
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Isolines
Topographic Maps
Show elevation
contours
Lines closer together
represent steeper
terrain
Often used in
geography
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Figure 2-15
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GPSGlobal Positioning System
Global navigation satellite
system for determining
location on Earths
surface Wide Area Augmentation
System (WAAS)
Continuously Operating
GPS Reference Stations(CORS)
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Figure 2-19
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Remote Sensing
Measurement by a devicenot in contact with Earths
surface
Common types include: Aerial Photographs
Orthophoto maps
Visible Light and Infrared
(IR) Scanning Thermal IR scanning
Radar and Sonar
Many others
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Aerial PhotographyFigure 2-20
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Remote Sensing
Orthophoto maps
Photographic maps that
are multicolored and
distortion free
Useful in low-lying coastal
regions to show marsh
topography
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Figure 2-21
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Remote Sensing
Visible light and IR
scanning
Based off of visible light and
IR part of electromagnetic
spectrum (Figure 2-22)
Shows false color
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Figure 2-23Figure 2-22
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Remote Sensing
Radar Imagery
Radio Detection and Ranging
Useful for identifying atmospheric moisture
Sonar Imagery Sound Navigation and Ranging
Permits underwater imaging
Thermal IR scanning
Scans in the thermal IR part of spectrum
Shows images based on temperature
Often utilized in meteorology
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GIS G hi I f ti
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GISGeographic Information
Systems
Computer systems used to
analyze and display spatial
data
Layers of data used inmapping
Requires high powered
computing to process
multiple maps
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Figure 2-29
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Tools of the Geographer
Vast array of maps, remotely sensed satellite
imagery, and computer applications
Difficult to determine the best way to use all of
this information Some tools better at identifying features on
Earth than others
Ultimate goal: To better understand Earth.
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Summary
Maps are essential to portray features on Earths
surface
Need a map scale to identify how a map relates
to the actual surface features on Earth Many other map properties are essential to
interpreting a map
Globes have several advantages and
disadvantages
Representing Earth in 2 dimensions can be done
through map projections
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Summary
Many different map projections exist
Dilemma of equivalent versus conformal
Plotting isolines on a map can help with
interpretation of features on the map The global positioning system (GPS) helps to
identify location on Earths surface
Remote sensing is a measurement of Earthssurface from a system not on Earths surface
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Summary
Many different remote sensing instruments
exist, including satellite, radar, and sonar
GIS are computer systems used to analyze and
display spatial data, often in layers The geographer has many tools, but the
ultimate goal is To better understand Earth.
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