Geographic Advantages Lack of natural
barriers Location
Early Rome, 753-509 B.C.E. Romulus and
Remus, 753 B.C.E.
Etruscans
The Roman Conquest of Italy The Struggle of the Orders:
Social Divisions in the Roman Republic Struggle between patricians
and plebeians Assembly of Plebeians.
Punic Wars Causes Effects
The Eastern Mediterranean Roman Imperialism
Stages of expansion Changing motives and tactics
Growing Unrest and a New Role for the Roman Army Latifundia contribute to
the decline of small farms
Tribunal Reform: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Politics and the Army: Marius and Sulla
First Triumvirate: Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar
Second Triumvirate: Civil war between Antony and Octavian
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Augustus as imperator Army Governing the provinces Stabilization of the
frontiers Augustan society
Social stratification Growing power of the
equestrian order
Pax Romana Five Good Emperors Capable men adopted as successors Public work projects
Frontiers and Provinces Rome withdrew from some areas Built defensive fortifications Finally all free inhabitants became a citizens Greco-Roman world: Latin in the west, Greek in the
east Cultural Diffusion
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Roman Literature Roman Art Roman Law
Twelve Tables, 450 B.C.E. Civil law – applied to all
Roman Citizens Law of nations – applied to
both Romans and foreigners
Law of nature – universal law based on reason
Revival: end of the 3rd century; beginning of 4th
Diocletian and Constantine and The Late Empire New governmental and economic systems New state religion Both enlarged the administrative bureaucracies Larger army New Capital – Byzantium (Constantinople) Shortage of labor and a “caste” system
Religious World of the Romans Polytheistic Importance of proper ritual Toleration Mystery religions from the east
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By 6 C.E. Judea was made a Roman province
Unrest among the Jews Revolt of Jews in 66 was
crushed by Romans four years later The Jewish temple in
Jerusalem was destroyed
Jesus of Nazareth (c. 6 B.C.E.-29 C.E.), Christos
Paul of Tarsus (c. 5-c. 67) Increasing intolerance of
Christianity by the Romans Would not worship state gods
or the imperial cult Refusal of Christians to
recognize other gods Persecution never systematic
How did the geography of Italy affect Roman development?
Give a brief description of the Punic Wars and the reasons why Rome went to war with the Carthaginians.
How did expansion undermine Republican institutions? What led to the third century crisis? How did the Romans
respond to threats facing their empire? How would you explain the growth of Christianity in the
second and third centuries? How did its appeal change as it grew?
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