Download - GENETIC MATERIAL I - gatotciptadi.lecture.ub.ac.id · SPZ + Ovum Sigot mitosis : 2,4, 32 sel dsr (1/2 sel) (1/2 sel) (1 sel) G: Pengaruh ... saat terjadinya fertilisasi/pembelahan

GENETIC MATERIAL I:((Chromosome and Gen)

Basic Knowledges:Cells

Chromosome

Gen

Normal and Abnormal Chromosome/Gen

Kariotyping

Sex Chromosome

Interspecies Breeding/Mating::

Duck-Goose: TIKTOK

Domba -Kambing

GTC-2012 Klh-4 Genetika (Materi

GenetikI: Kromosom/Gen

Tell me what I am ?????

1. By the beginning of the 20th century,

cytologists had observed :

chromosome number is constant in all

cells of a species, but varies widely

between species.

2. Sutton and Boveri (1902)

independently realized the parallel

between Mendelian inheritance and

chromosome transmission, and

proposed the chromosome theory

of inheritance: that Mendelian factors

(genes) are located on chromosomes.GTC-2012 Klh-4 Genetika (Materi


30

60

60

30

30

30

30

30 60

sperm

mother

cell

ovum

mother

cell

sperms produced

by meiosis

fertilizationzygote

ova produced by meiosis

but only one develops to

maturity

ROLE: SPERM AND OOCYTES



23 unpaired

chromosomes23 unpaired

chromosomes

23 unpaired

chromosomes23 unpaired

chromosomes

Fertilisation

Child

Father

23 pairs of

chromosomes

Sex cells

Meiosis

Mother

23 pairs of

chromosomes

23 pairs of

chromosomes

Genetic Material Trasmission: Meiosis and fertilisation



CHROMOSOME = Genetic Materials?

Sifat fenotipik : G + L + Interaksi G+L

G : Saat Fertilisasi

SPZ + Ovum Sigot mitosis : 2,4, 32 sel dsr

(1/2 sel) (1/2 sel) (1 sel)

G : Pengaruh dari gen gen (Terdapat dalam kromosom(



Theory of Inheritance: Chromosome

• Inherited traits are controlled by genes that reside in

chromosomes

• Chromosomes are transmitted by gametes to offspring



Cytogenetics: Cells and chrom arrangement

• Study of chromosomes

• In early 19th century used

light microscopy

• Used to prepare

karyotypes: arrangement

of an organisms

chromosomes in

homologous pairs

• Today, use high-resolution

electron microscopy to see

the genes directlyGTC-2012 Klh-4 Genetika (Materi


KROMOSOM SEBAGAI MATERI

GENETIK

Tubuh : ta Milyard Sel, berkembang

dari Singgle Sel

Organ: Fungsi tertentu, Jutaan Sel

(Spesifik)

Sel : 1 set diploid (Somatik Sel)

1 set haploid Krom seks (Germ

Cell)

Kromosom: lebih dari 1000 an Gen,

rangkaian DNA, non gen

Gen: lebih dari 1000 pasang basa DNAGTC-2012 Klh-4 Genetika (Materi


KARIOTYPINGGambaran (typing) kromosom dalam inti sel

Pedoman:

kromosom berpasangan, homolog dan jumlahnya tertentu

masing-masing spesies, dan bentuknya juga spesifik

Klasifikasi Krom : metasentris, akrosentris,(submetasentris).

telosentris

Manfaat:

•Pewarisan sifat (normal-abnormal)

•Penentuan sex (jantan-betina)

Ukuran :

•diameter 0.2 – 2 um

•Panjang: 0,2 – 50 um



Metodd of Kariotiping:•Kultur sel (darah limfosit, dll)

•Penambahan kolkisin: stop metafase

•Penambahan lar. Hipototik

•Fiksasi

•Preparasi objekglas

•Keringkan dan warnai



CHROMOSOME IDENTIFICATION

Chromosomes can be identified by:

• Their size: Ukuran

• Their shape (the position of the

centromere) : Bentuk

NB Chromosomes are flexible

• Banding patterns produced by

specific stains (Giemsa) :Pita?pola

Chromosomes are analysed by

organising them into a

KARYOTYPE

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http://www.biologyreference.com/Ce-Co/Chromosome-Eukaryotic.html


GenetikI: Kromoom/Gen

Karyotyping

RESULTS OF

KARYOTIOPING: Metode:

Disusun besar- kecil

Besar,bentuk, homolog

Urutan:

Besar—kecil

Besar dan kesamaan

bentuk

Letak/bentuk

acak

Jumlah dapat

dihitung

Manfaat 2 : Penentuan Sex

Manfaat 1:

Penentuan normal-abnormal



Animals Chromosome



Animals are selected based on structural &

numerical variations

Eg. Structural and Numerical Variations

Structural- Deletions, Insertions etc.

Numerical- Trisomy, Monosomy, Nullysomy

Disadvantage: low polymorphismGTC-2012 Klh-4 Genetika (Materi


Chromosome Abnormality:

•Muncul dr kesalahan kromosom melakukan replikasi,

saat terjadinya fertilisasi/pembelahan

•Kontribusi terhadap performans reproduksi/kematian embrio

Euploidi: multiplikasi

bilangan dasarMoniploid: N kromosom

Triploid : 3N (N+2N)

Tertaploid : 4N, penggadaan

somatik krn, indukdsi kimia

Atau 2N+2N (tanpa reduksi)

Poliploid: pd tumbuhan gandum

(6N) arbei (8N)

Chromosome Number Variation

Aeuploidi: Tidak melibatkan

semua set krom/hanya bagian

krom.

Monosomik: 2N-1. mortalitas tingi :

memecah (N) =(N+1)

Trisomik: 2N+1, memecah (N+1) =(N)

Tetrasonik: (2N+2)



STRUCTURAL CROMOSOME VARIATION

Translokasi: krom putus, lengket, bergabung kombinasi

krom non homolog

Resiprok: dua krom non homolog patah di dua segmen diikuti

dengan pertukaran

Fusi sentris: salah satu sentromer krom akrosentris fusi menghasilkan

kromosom metasentris, julah kromosom berkurang satu,

f enotip normal ( beda dengan monosomik,)

Inversi: tjd pemutusan, disisipka kembali terbalik: (1,2,3,4,5,6)

Menjadi (1,2,5,4,3,6) atau A.B.C.D.E.F.G -A.B.C.E.D.F.G

Delesi: kehilangan satu segmen krom ( A>B>C>D>E>F>G --- ABCFG

Duplikasi: Segmen-segmen tambahan, tidak merugukan, malahan

melengkapi dapat bermutasi dalam bentuk baru

