UDEE 2224 GENETICSBACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) BIOCHEMISTRY
YEAR 2 SEMESTER 1
NAME : SANMUGAPRIYA ELAMPARUTHI
STUDENT ID : 09ANB08398
LECTURER’S NAME : Mr. Kam
EXPERIMENT : 3
EXPERIMENT TITLE : Mitosis and Meiosis
Title: Mitosis and Meiosis
Objectives:
1. To determine the chronological order the main events of mitosis.
2. To demonstrate the process of mitosis by preparing a squash of onion root
tip.
3. To compare and contrast the mitotic event in metaphase between a normal onion
root tip and a colchicines-treated onion root tip.
4. To compare and contrast the mitotic process in plant and animal cells.
Results:
Activity 1: Characteristic of Mitosis
1) Prophase 2) Prophase 3) Prophase
4) Metaphase 5) Anaphase 6) Anaphase
7) Anaphase 8) Telophase
Activity 2: Mitosis in Onion Root Tip Squashes
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Activity 3: Mitosis in plants vs. Mitosis in Animals
Animal:
Fish blastodisc Ascaris male
Plant:
Telophase
Prophase
Anaphase
Metaphase
Onion Mitosis root tip Allium I.s.
Activity 4: Characteristic of Meiosis
Activity 5: Meiosis in Grasshopper Spermatogenesis
Anaphase
Early prophase
Metaphase
Metaphase I Leptonema
Activity 6: Meiosis in Flowering Plants
Lily Anther First Meiotic Division Lily Anther Pollen Tetrad
Lily Ovulary First Meiotic Division Lily Ovulary Second Meiotic Division
Metaphase I
Lily Ovulary Megasporocyte c.s. Lily Ovulary First-Four Nucleate Stage
Table 1: Differences between mitosis in animal and plant cells.
Plant cells Animal cells
During telophase plants cell gets a cell
phase
During telophase, animal cells gets a
cleavage furrow during separation
Plant cells do not have centrioles. Animal cells have centrioles that migrate to
the ends of the cell to create the web of
spindle fibers that the chromatids attach to.
The plant cells have to form the cell wall
between the new cells.
Animal cells go through cleavage
cytokinesis, which is division of the cell
membranes
Activity 8: Compare and contrast between mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis Meiosis
Compare
o The chromosome of the diploid mother cell (mitosis) and diploid meiocyte
(meiosis) have been duplicated, associated with DNA synthesis before mitosis
and meiosis begin.
o Both mitosis and meiosis involve Cytokinesis in which the cleavage furrow splits
the cell in to two (mitosis and meiosis I) and four (meiosis II).
Contrast
o Mitosis consists of a single step of
cell division which includes
Prophase, early Metaphase,
Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
o Meiosis consists of a two steps of
cell division which include
Prophase I and II, Metaphase I and
II, Anaphase I and II, Telophase I
and II
o Two identical diploid daughter (2n)
cells are produced after cell division
of mitosis.
o Two identical diploid daughter cells
are produced after cell division of
meiosis I. However, four
nonidentical haploid (n) cells are
produced after the cell division of
meiosis II.
o The Prophase stage in the mitosis
does not divide into five stages.
o The Prophase I of the meiosis is
divided into five stages which are
Leptonema, Zygonema,
Pachynema, Diplonema and
Diakinesis.
o The chromosomes have been
replicated before during Interphase.
o The chromosomes do not replicate
before meiosis II.
o The metaphase of the mitosis is
divided into two stages which are
early Prophase and Prophase. Both
steps occur continuously.
o The metaphase of the meiosis is
divided into two stages which are
meiosis I and II. Both steps occur
from meiosis I then to meiosis II.
o No synapsis and crossing over
occur in the mitosis.
o Synapsis and crossing over or
exchange of genetic materials
occurs in the Diplonema and
Pachynema of the Prophase I
respectively.
o Prophase
i. Centrosome duplicates,
chromosomes begin to
o Prophase I
i. Leptonema replicated
chromosomes become visible.
condense and become
visible.
ii. Formation of the spindle
accompanied by
fragmentation of many
intracellular.
iii. The nucleolus begins to
disappear.
iv. The nuclear membrane
breaks up into many
vesicles
v. Microtubules are formed
within the cytoplasm invade
the nuclear space. Some
microtubules attach to the
kinetochores.
ii. Zygonema homologous
chromosomes pair.
iii. Pachynema homologous
chromosomes fully paired. Crossing
over occurs.
iv. Diplonema homologous
chromosomes begin to repel each
other. Chromatids become fully
visible. Chiasmata become visible.
v. Diakinesis chromosomes
continue to shorten and thicken.
Nucleolus and nucleus membrane
disappear and microtubules attach
to kinetochores.
o Prophase II
Chromosomes condense and move
to metaphase plate.
o Metaphase
i. The duplicated
chromosomes move to
positions midway between
the spindle poles.
ii. The sister chromatids of a
duplicated chromosomes is
connected to a different pole
via microtubules attached to
its kinetochores.
o Metaphase I
Assembly of spindle is completed.
Each chromosome pair aligns
across the metaphase plate of the
spindle.
o Metaphase II
Kinetochores attach to the spindle
fibers. Chromosomes line up on
metaphase plate.
o Anaphase
i. The sister chromatids of
duplicated chromosomes are
separated from each other.
ii. The separation is
accompanied by shortening
o Anaphase I
Homologous chromosome pairs
separate and migrate toward
opposite poles.
o Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate and the
of the microtubules that
attached to the kinetochores
and by degrading material
that hold the sister
chromatids together.
iii. The separated sister
chromatids (chromosomes)
are pulled to opposite poles
of the cell. Then the poles
begin to move apart.
move to opposite poles as separate
chromosomes.
o Telophase
i. Decondensation of the
chromosome.
ii. The nuclear membrane
reforms.
iii. The restoration of the
internal organelles.
o Telophase I
Chromosomes (each with two sister
chromatids) complete migration to
the poles and new nuclear
membranes may form.
o Telophase II
Nuclear membrane forms around
chromosomes and chromosomes
uncoil and Nucleolus re-forms.
Conclusion:
There are four stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) that presents
in mitosis which produce identical offspring. The differences between animal cell
and plant cell identified and able to differentiate. Meiosis 1 and 2 involve in the
spermatogenesis of grasshopper. Flowering plants have distinct alternation of
generation. The formation of megasporogenesis and megagametophyte in Lilium
involve four megaspores which play major role in the formation of the eight-
nucleate female gametophyte.
References:
1) Klug, Cummings, Spencer. Concepts of Genetics (9th edition). Pearson
International Edition.
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