Sex refers to the biological differences between women and men.
Gender refers to:• The roles and responsibilities of women and men and the relationship between them.
• The way behaviors and identities are determined through the process of socialization.
Socialisation starts from birth People are born male and female Learn to become boys & girls Grow into men and women in a socio cultural context Gender-the socially defined roles and responsibilities assigned to men and women in a given culture, location, society and time Training for adult roles imparted through play and education
“SEX” and “GENDER” are not the same!
SEX Biological Constant across
time and location Universal
GENDER Social Varies across time
and location Contextual
These roles and expectations are:Usually unequal in terms of • power and control • over decision-making• assets and freedom of action• culturally specific• change over time
Women-Productive life+ Reproductive life
Do you see any imbalance?
Gender inequity to equity
Definition of Roles
• Productive roles• Work done by women and men for payment in cash or
kind. • Reproductive roles• Childbearing/rearing responsibilities and domestic
tasks required to guarantee the maintenance and well-being of all family members.
• Community management roles• Activities taken at the community level for its
development and political organization• Usually voluntary, unpaid work
WHO SEAR Gender Analysis Matrix
Biological and Social variables
Exposure and vulnerability
Outcomes and Impact
Access and Utilization
• Biological: sex
Age•
Women during pregnancy(reproductive organ)
Middle age men work in forest
Gender-men has to work outside to earn
Malaria cause abortion, SB and maternal deaths
Illness due to malaria/CM/D
Work loss becos’ of illness
Less income
Women becos’ of too much house work cannot go to RHC
Midwife only give MCH service
-Not easily access to health service
-Late case to hosp -Poverty hinder access to health
Research and Evidence
All information in each column and row should be given separately for male and female
WHO SEAR Gender Analysis MatrixBiological and Social variables
Exposure and vulnerability
Outcomes and Impact
Access and Utilization
•Social:
Education
Occupation
Women /men-uneducated refer malaria to eating banana/stream water
-Do not know to sleep under bed nets
-Men and children sleep under bed nets
-Do not know ITN
Men work in forest more vulnerable than women
Infection off and on –chronic malaria
Anaemia in
women-become pregnant----------
Malaria attack
Cerebral malaria
Death
Aggravated by -Malnutrition
Alcohol
-Afraid to go to health personnel
-Use traditional medicine
-pamphlets are there but not literate to read
-no TV
-Less income and unable to pay for treatment
-reluctant due to un-affordability
-men avoid hosp/ health post
WHO SEAR Gender Analysis Matrix
Biological and Social variables
Exposure and vulnerability
Outcomes and Impact
Access and Utilization
•Rural/urban
Tribal groups
•Qualitative data
on observed
gender
differences
rural-less availability of HE media
-Rural groups expose more to malaria
-traditional belief
-still stick to misinformation
-No idea of ITN
iIlness to both men and women
-rely on (aq;+rD;wdk)
GenderIs a dimension that has to be incorporated in all policies, programmes and organizations------since it helps to understand better attitudes, needs and roles of women and men in society, on the basis of social, economic, political and cultural factors.
Gender has to be considered as part of the general analysis of an activity, policy, programme, event or process.
It should be mainstreamed and should not be considered as a separate issue.
Gender MainstreamingWomen and men are biologically different & Women and men are shaped by different
gender construction
Women and men have different health needs
This must be understood so as to respond in an equitable and efficient manner
Understanding and responsiveness to differential needs of women and men in a sensitive and fair manner-Gender Mainstreaming
WHO SEAR Gender Mainstreaming Matrix
Influence of gender roles in sex differentials
Policy/ Legislation Budget allocation for gender activities
Programme and services: Clinical, communication administration
Information Systems:
Reports, monitoring, evaluation
• Observations related to exposure and vulnerability• Observations related to outcomes and impact• Observations related to access and utilization of services
Budget allocation for management of pregnant women with malaria
Encourage policy for case detection of women in remote areas with pregnancy and malaria
MCH services integrate with Malaria program to help pregnant women with malaria
-train midwives on early Dx and prompt Rx for malaria
-free of charge?
-Include sex disaggregated data for malaria morbidity and mortality
-monitor pregnant women with malaria to prevent abortion, SB and MMR
Actions to be taken
WHO SEAR Gender Mainstreaming Matrix
Influence of gender roles in sex differentials
Policy/ Legislation Budget allocation for gender activities
Programme and services: Clinical, communication administration
Information Systems:
Reports, monitoring, evaluation
• Observations related to exposure and vulnerability• Observations related to outcomes and impact• Observations related to access and utilization of services
-Enhancement on EDPT to both men and women
-Prevention of Malaria drug R
-Allocate budget for gender specific research-why women with malaria come late to health post
Design and use simple diag method and to reach both men and women-Expand CORP to other townships -Free malaria treatment
-Include gender success stories and patient based reporting at every level: eg
case detection, number of women reporting on their own and according to age and locality
Actions to be taken
WHO SEAR Gender Mainstreaming Matrix
Influence of gender roles in sex differentials
Policy/ Legislation Budget allocation for gender activities
Programme and services: Clinical, communication administration
Information Systems:
Reports, monitoring, evaluation
• Observations related to exposure and vulnerability• Observations related to outcomes and impact• Observations related to access and utilization of services
Allocate budget for dissemination of information on use of ITN
More collaboration with other sectors forestry, mining, dam construction
INGOs collaboration
-program for use of ITN to both men, women and children
-media communication
-correct method of impregnation of bed nets in communuity
-include sex disaggregated data on use of ITN
-success stories on use of ITN by men and women in villages- informed by CORPs
Actions to be taken
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