Gasifiers, Past, Present and Future
Tom MilesTR Miles, Technical Consultants Inc.
Portland, Oregonwww.trmiles.com
Harvesting Clean Energy,
Portland Oregon January 29, 2008
T R Miles Technical Consultants, Inc.
• Design and develop energy and environmental processes.
• IndustriesBiomass energyPollution controlMaterials handlingFeed, Food and Fuels
FOUR GENERATIONS IN BIOMASS AND ENERGY
Past ‐ Small Scale Gasification CHP Systems
•Origins: Engines in WWII
•Adapted to Stationary Power in 1970’s
•Publically funded demonstration projects‐many attempts, few successes
•Research Development and Demonstration Programs Stimulate New Interest
–US Department of Energy
–US Forest Service
BIOMAX15
www.vedbil.se
Ngen Eco5 5 kW Pellet Gasifier, Colorado www.ngenpower.com
WOOD PELLET GASIFIERS 5 kWe
www.gocpc.com
Community Power CorporationPre‐commercial 5 kW for USFS Small Modular Biopower Program
Fluidyne (NZ) Micro Class Gasifier Gas out 12 m3/h ~ 3‐5 kWe
www.fluidynenz.250x.com
4 kW Ankur Gasifier in Rural Cambodia
ANKUR SCIENTIFIC ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES LTD www.ankurscientific.com
EERC Gasification Development and Demonstration for BERC/USFS/Mt. Wachusett Community College
• Operational Tests• Environmental Tests
ARUNA Electrical Works (P) Ltd. Tamilnadu, India 10‐100 kWe www.arunabiomass.com
50% Cost Savings
FLUIDYNE (NZ) Gasifierswww.fluidynenz.250x.com
10 kW Pioneer Class 35 kW Pacific Class
Wood Block Fuel
100 kWe Atlantic ClassInnovation Technologies/Fluidynewww.innovation‐tech.co.uk
Crorey Biomass Gasification
25 kWe heat and power
400,000 Btuh Heat
www.croreybiomass.com
Mt. Wachusett Community College Heating Plant Demonstration Gasifier
50 KWe Gasifier Uses Existing Boiler Fuel Handling System
8,000 pph Boiler
50 kWe Community Power Corporation Gasifier‐Generator
Rob RizzoDirector of Facilities Administration
Mount Wachusett Community [email protected]
http://www.mwcc.mass.edu/renewable
Baghouse‐Gasifier‐Chip Screen‐Dryer Engine‐Generator
SOLID WOOD CHIPS CONVERT TO GAS AS THEY FLOW DOWN THROUGH VERTICAL REACTOR AT RIGHT
HOT GAS EXITS TO BOTTOM LEFT COOLED IN HEAT EXCHANGER ASH DISCHARGED AT BOTTOM RIGHT
Schmitt Enertec 300 kWe CHP
ESP
Dryer and Fuel Bin
Chipper at Sawmill
Pudhas Energy
Gasifier
Tallon Lumber 300 kWe CHPConnecticut Clean Energy Fund
www.biomass‐uk.com
Supplied with Laimet chipper. www.laimet.net/eng/chippers.html
www.condens.fi
Condens Oy Novel Power PlantKokemaki, Finland flue gas
gasengines
gas scrubber
gasfilter
gascooler
humidifier
airpreheater
tar reformer
Novel gasifier
ash bin
fuel screen
fuel conveyor
burning air
boiler
flue gas
gasificationair
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Biofuel Generation ‐ Biorefining
Biomass 1st Gen 2nd Gen 3rd Gen
Vegetable OilsFermentable StocksStarch/Sugars
BiodieselsEthanol
Hydrogen
Lignocelluloses Dimethyl Ether**MethanolEthanolFischer Tropsch DieselSynthetic Natural gas
Hydrogen
Processes Biological/enzymatic Thermo/Catalytic Thermo/Catalytic
Development Stage Commercial/Demo Pilot/Demo/Commercial Pilot
Courtesy Unifield Engineering
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Biomass Gasifiers
• Fuel Gas & SNG Production– Fuel gas = Mixture of CH4, CO2, CO, H20– Fluid Bed & CFB operating at <1,000 deg C– Air-blown low pressure gasifiers– Air-blown pressurized gasifiers– Relatively minor gas cleaning/processing for fuel gas– Complete gas cleaning/processing for SNG catalyst to CH4
• Syngas Production for Liquids– Syngas = Mixture of CO and H2, only– Oxygen-blown pressurized gasifiers with reformer– Multi-stage gasifiers operating at >1,300 deg C– Complete gas cleaning/processing for MeOH catalysts
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Air‐blown Low‐pressure Gasifiers No gas cleaning
Pilot Dem Com Examples of Plants Suppliers
X X X Lahti/cocomb in boilerRuien/cocomb/boilerCorenso/plastics/boiler
Foster Wheeler
Gertruidenberg/cocomb/boiler Lurgi
Zeltweg/cocomb/boiler* Austrian Energy
Greve in Chianti/boiler TPS
BFC Gas & Electric Energy Products of Idaho
* No longer in operation
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TPS ‐ Greve, Italy
• 1992 – TPS two 15 MWth CFB
• 100 tpd RDF pellets 60% paper 40% plastic
• 6.7 MWe• 4500 hrs• No gas cleaning• $26 million (20 million Euro)• Owners and others in gas
cleaning project for gas engines that never materialized?)
• Project stopped in 2004 from fuel supply restrictions.
Nexterra, Canada
Nexterra Gasifiers and Boiler at Hefley Plywood, Tolko, BC (2006)
www.nexterra.ca
1. Wood Fuel Bin2. Gasification Hearth3. Ash removal4. Gas exit
Catalyst Energy (1986‐1992)
• BFB Gasifier (Energy Products of Idaho), 60,000 pph boiler 6 MWe Turbine
• Purchased sawmill chips shavings, sawdust, bark
• Fuel sizing, drying and gasification
• Modifications to fuel feed, distributor, media, burner and emissions control
• Reduced pilot fuel use• 1990‐92 96% availability 4.8
MWe (boiler max)
BFC Gas & Electric (1998‐2008)
• 6 MWe BFB gasifier from Catalyst Energy• Modifications to fuel preparation, fuel feed,
distributor, media, additives and emissions control.• Partial oxidation for NOx control• Enclosed flare• ESP and baghouse
Gasification of Agricultural and Industrial Residues
• Fuels: Mixed waste paper, GMO seed corn, urban wood • Fuel sizing, blending (no dryer)• Highly variable production
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Air‐blown Low‐pressure. GasifiersGas cleaning
Pilot Dem Com Examples of Plants Suppliers
X FW/Karhula, Lahti Slip-Stream Foster Wheeler
TPS/Studsvik TPS
Amer Lurgi
* No longer in operation
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Air‐blown Pressurized Gasifiers Pilot Dem Com Examples of Plants Suppliers
X X Varnamo IGCC* Foster Wheeler
X Tampere pilot plant Carbona
* No longer in operation
Oxygen‐blown Pressurized Gasifiers Pilot Dem Com Examples of Plants Suppliers
X X (x) HTW in Oulu – syn gas* UHDE/Reinbraun
X Hawaii/Renugas* GTI
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Steam Gasifiers with Indirect Heating Pilot Dem Com Examples of Plants Suppliers
X X Vermont-boiler* Battelle/FERCO/SilvagasTaylor Engineering
X X Gussing gas engine Repotec
* No longer in operation
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Gussing, Repotec 2 MWe + HW
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Gussing Development Program
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Multi‐stage Gasifiers Pilot Dem Com Examples of Plants Suppliers
X Carbo V pilot Freiberg Choren
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Pyrolysis/Torrefaction
Pilot Dem Com Examples of Plants Suppliers
X Torrefaction 300 deg CBio-coal production coupled with Dry Grinding
Fast Pyrolysis 500 degCLiquifaction coupled with grinding/slurry
ECN
FZK Future Energy
• Advantages
– Gas quality
– 100 tpd scale
– Refuse fuels
– Gas cleanup
• Challenges
– Fuel Feeding
– Gas Cooling
– Gas Cleaning
IET – Integrated Environmental Technologies
http://www.inentec.com/
39http://www.inentec.com/
IET – Integrated Environmental Technologies
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Clean Syngas for Liquids Synthesis
• Typical Gas Cleaning/Processing– Gas Cooling – Quench or radiant– Water-Gas Shift Reaction– Rectisol (Methanol refrigeration)– Methanol Catalyst Beds– Wastewater Treatment– Flare– Sulfur/solids disposal– Process scale is a consideration
Conclusions
• Gasifiers of the PAST are being improved for use in small scale Combined Heat and Power.
• Gasifiers of the PRESENT are publicly funded technologies in development to make syngas. Limited use of fuel gas for power.
• Gasifiers of the FUTURE will have extensive gas cleanup systems to produce syngas for synthesis to liquid fuels.
T R Miles, Technical Consultants, Inc.
Portland, Oregon, USA
www.trmiles.com
Gasification Discussion Listhttp://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org
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