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Diversity of Fungi Diversity of FungiI. Intro and General biology
A. Defining fungi B. Feeding strategiesC. The fungal body
II. Fungal diversity – (table 31.1) A. 4 phyla
III. Fungal associationsA. MycorrhizaeB. Lichens
Fungi are our relatives
Common Ancestor
FungiBreathe in….
Armillariella - a fungus found in Michigan
40 acres1500 years old 100 tons
The world’s biggest and oldest organisms?
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General Biology of the Fungi What are fungi?
HeterotrophicEnergy, carbon, nutrients from food
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General Biology of the Fungi What are fungi?
HeterotrophicAbsorptive nutrition –
Secrete digestive enzymes into environmentAbsorb the products
General Biology of the Fungi What are fungi?
HeterotrophicAbsorptive nutrition Chitin in cell walls
StructureWho else has chitin?
General Biology of the FungiThey may be eat dead or
living food. Saprobes eat dead stuffCarbon cycle
Infectious parasites• Most AIDS patients die of
fungal infections• Ringworm, athlete’s foot,
• Valley Fever
General Biology of the Fungi Some are even predators!
Nematode Fungi
General Biology of the FungiThe fungal body
• Some fungi are unicellular.
Yeasts
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General Biology of the FungiThe fungal body
• Mycelium – the vegetative/feeding body• Hyphae – tubular filaments
Septa –incomplete wallsNo
walls
General Biology of the FungiThe fungal body
• Hyphae give them a large surface area–to–volume ratio
Low SA:VolHigh SA:Vol
Good for digesting and absorbing their environment
General Biology- Reproduction
• Fungi reproduce asexually or sexually• Sexually:
Mating types (NOT male and female)–2 or more Genetic types that have to mate with another typeNOT a morphologic distinction (like male/female)
General Biology - Reproduction
Dikaryon – hyphae with 2 genetically different nuclei
• Have a haploid (n) diploid (2n) and dikaryon (n+n)
• The cells fuse, but not the haploid nuclei.
Diversity in the Kingdom Fungi• There are 4 fungal phyla• Sexual reproduction is a distinguishing feature
Diversity in the Fungi: Chytrids • Flagellated spores and gametes• Resemble the ancestral fungi• Aquatic organisms
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Diversity in the Fungi: Zygomycetes
• Hyphae undivided into cells grow around exploring and digesting.
• Dispersal - a stalk with a spore sac.
Diversity in the Fungi: Zygomycetes
• No fruiting body• Mating types grow together,
form a zygosporangium(gamete sac)
• The only diploid cells are the zygotes in the zygosporangium.
• Meiosis spores
Diversity in the Fungi: Ascomycetes
• Hyphae are segmented BUT fluid and even nuclei can move
through separations.• Ascus – reproductive structure.
(contains ascospores)
Diversity in the Fungi: Ascomycetes
Some are unicellular (like brewer’s yeast)
Why are the ascomycetes my favorite fungi?
Yeast metabolizes glucose into ethanol and C02.
Diversity in the Fungi: Ascomycetes
Filamentous and produce cup shaped fruiting structureswith the asci on them.
Diversity in the Fungi: Basidiomycetes• Hyphae have partitions with small,
distinctive pores.• Basidia - sexual reproductive structure
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Diversity in the Fungi: Basidiomycetes
Reproduction:• Hyphae fuse to form dikaryon. • Basidiocarp = fruiting structure
(mushroom)• Basidia develop on the gills. • Haploid spores are made in the basidia.
Diversity in the Fungi: Imperfect Fungi
How do we classify the 4 phyla?By Sexual Reproduction Methods and Structures
Imperfect fungi – fungi that cannot be classified
• Mutualism
Fungal Associations
relationship where both partners benefit
living together in a prolonged ecological relationship
• Symbiosis
Fungal Associations
Mycorrhizae
associations of fungi with plant roots
Important for plant establishment
Plant gets?Fungus gets?
Lichen
NOT a single organism!
A meshwork of a fungi and a photosynthetic microorganism (green algae or cyanobacteria)
Lichen Anatomy - Figure 31.18
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LichensAre they mutualisms?
When associated, the algal cells:1. Leak more2. Grow slower
Associated Not - Associated
So, is the fungus a parasite?
Review of Fungi
• Sister group to animals• Digest and slurp up food outside their bodies• Unicellular or filaments• Important symbiotic relationships:
Mycorrhizaelichens
Review of Fungi
There are 4 fungal phyla: • Chytrids only fungi with flagella• Zygomycetes Make Zygospores• Ascomycetes Make asci. Cup fungi and
brewer’s yeast• Basidiomycetes Make basidium.
mushrooms
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