Fundamentals ofInformation Systems
MBA 606
Introduction to Computers
• ComputersComputers
• Information Systems Information Systems & Technology& Technology
• HardwareHardware– Input, CPU, Output, Input, CPU, Output,
StorageStorage
• SoftwareSoftware
Basic Concepts ofComputers & Information Systems
1.1 Concepts of Information1.1 Concepts of Information“Data is recorded facts or figures; information
is knowledge gained by processing data” (Kroenke, 1983).
“Data can be defined as any representation of facts, observations, or occurrences. . . Information can be defined as data that has been transformed into a meaningful and useful form for specific human beings” (O’Brien, 1982).
DefinitionDefinition
• Information: data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to the recipient and is of real or perspective value in current or perspective action or decision (Davis & Olson, 1985).
• Data: Raw facts that are collected (Simon, 1996).
Data / Information FlowData / Information Flow
Data InformationInformationProcessingProcessing
1.2 Systems Concepts1.2 Systems Concepts
• System: is a set of components which interact to accomplish some purpose
General Model of a SystemGeneral Model of a System
Input Process Output
Feedback
Information Systems definedInformation Systems defined
• An information system: components that work together to provide desired information in the proper format at an appropriate time.
• Computer-based information systems
(CBIS).
1.3 Information-System Components
1.3 Information-System Components
Hardware Software
People
Data Procedures
HardwareHardware
• Physical equipment including the computer itself, keyboard, mouse, monitor, other peripheral devices such as printer, projector, etc.
Input/Processing/OutputInput/Processing/Output
ComputerComputer
InputInput ProcessingProcessing OutputOutput
Data and Data and programsprograms InformationInformation
Input DevicesInput Devices
InputInput
Keyboard
Output DevicesOutput Devices
Output
Overview of Computer ProcessingOverview of Computer Processing
DataData
ProgramsPrograms
Secondary Secondary StorageStorage Primary MemoryPrimary Memory
Central Processing Unit
Computer System UnitOther Input
OtherOutput
General Procedures in Processing Data
General Procedures in Processing Data
• Data is read from secondary storage into primary memory for processing. Results are then displayed on the computer screen.
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PrimaryMemory
SecondaryStorage
Result
Action
Storage MediaStorage Media
• Punch cards• Magnetic
– Tape– Disk
• Optical– CD-ROM/DVD-ROM– WORM/CD-R– MO
SoftwareSoftware
• Software is the term used for the step-by-step instructions provided to the hardware; a.k.a. programs.
Application ProgramsApplication Programs
• Software for specific purposes or business uses
• Word processors, spreadsheets, database, etc.
Operating system programsOperating system programs
• OS
• directs the hardware’s activities and operations
• MS-DOS, Mac-OS, Windows95/98/NT/2000/XP, UNIX, VAX/VMS, etc.
DataData
• Data is the raw facts about some topic
• Typically data is stored in database, files, records, or fields
ProcedureProcedure
• Just as hardware needs instructions (software) to tell it how to perform work in the desired manner, people also need instructions. These instructions are called procedure in IS.
PeoplePeople
• Manufacturers
• Programmers, Operators, Analysts
• Users
• GIGO: inaccurate input will produce inaccurate output
ISA (Information Systems Acronyms)ISA (Information Systems Acronyms)
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ISA (Information Systems Acronyms)ISA (Information Systems Acronyms)
Personal ComputerPersonal Computer
Disk Operating SystemDisk Operating System
Garbage In, Garbage OutGarbage In, Garbage Out
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