Learning Objectives
1. List benefits of load transfer restoration2. Describe recommended materials and
mixtures3. Describe recommended construction
procedures4. List important quality control activities5. Describe potential construction and
performance problems6. Identify associated solutions
3-5.4
Introduction Material selection Construction Quality control Troubleshooting
Presentation Outline
Mechanism of transferring wheel loads across a joint or crack
Accomplished through:• Mechanical devices (dowel bars)
• Aggregate interlock
• Foundation support
Load transfer efficiency (LTE)
Load Transfer
Definition
Load Transfer (continued)
Wheel Load
Leave SlabApproach Slab
0% Load Transfer
Direction of Traffic
Wheel Load
Leave SlabApproach Slab
100% Load Transfer
Direction of Traffic
Causes of Poor Load Transfer
Absence of load transfer devices Failed load transfer device Excessive crack/joint opening Poor pavement drainage Erodible base
Load Transfer Restoration
Installation of mechanical devices in an existing pavement to restore load transfer
Definition
Suitable for transverse joints or cracks
Temporary joint insert for sealant
reservoir
65 mm (2.5 in) min.100 mm (6 in) max.
End viewMill orSaw cut
Dowel bar cap(at least one side) 6 mm (0.25 in) expansion
As required
Full depth joint forming medium & dowel support
Side view
350* mm + 5 mm(14 in + 0.2 in)
T T/2
*460 mm (18 in) max. 40 mm (1.5 in)
Retrofitted Dowel Bar
3-5.13
Load Transfer RestorationBenefits
Reduced probability of pumping, faulting, and corner breaks
Improved long-term rideability Increased service life
Relatively good condition but with:• Poor load transfer
• Faulting between 3 and 13 mm (0.125 and 0.5 in)
• <10% slabs with multiple cracks
Pavements expecting overlays Medium to heavy truck traffic
Good Candidate Projects
Typical Item CodesItem Code Description
074017 Prepare water pollution control program
074019 Prepare storm water pollution prevention plan
074020 Water pollution control
074042 Temporary concrete washout (portable)
120090 Construction area signs
120100 Traffic control system
128650 Portable changeable message sign
406100 Dowel bar retrofit
413111 Repair spalled joints
414101 Seal transverse joint
420201 Grind existing concrete pavement
http://i80.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/oe/awards/#item_code
3-5.18
Introduction Material selection Construction Quality control Troubleshooting
Presentation Outline
Material Selection
Load transfer devices• Retrofitted dowel bars
• Other devices
Repair (filler) materials• Portland cement concrete (PCC)
• Rapid-setting proprietary materials
• Polymer concretes
• Epoxy-resin adhesives
3.7 m(12 ft)
610 mm(24 in)
305 mm(12 in)
3 to 5 dowels
@305 mm (12 in)
Truck Lane
AC Shoulder
457 mm (18 in)
457 mm(18 in)
PCC Shoulder
Truck Lane
Dowel Design and Layout
3 to 5 dowels
@305 mm (12 in)
38-mm (1.5-in)
dia. dowels
Repair Material Requirements
Little or no shrinkage Good ultimate strength Thermal compatibility Freeze-thaw durability Good bond to existing concrete
Partial-depth repair materials work well Required time until opening to traffic Laboratory testing
Selecting Repair Materials
3-5.25
Introduction Material selection Construction Quality control Troubleshooting
Presentation Outline
Construction
1. Slot creation
2. Slot preparation
3. Dowel bar placement
4. Repair material placement
5. Material consolidation and finishing
Slot Creation
Parallel to centerline Diamond saw cutters vs. modified milling
machines Slot dimensions
• Length: 1 m (3 ft) on surface
• Width: 65 and 100 mm (2.5 and 4 in)
• Depth: 13 mm (0.5 in) below dowel
Apply bondbreaker to dowels Attach expansion caps Place dowel on chair at slab mid-depth Filler board placed at mid-point of dowel
bar to maintain joint Proper alignment is critical
Dowel Bar Placement
Mix material in small quantities Generally 10 mm (3/8 in) top size
aggregate Totally encase dowel bar Consolidate with small 25 mm (1 in)
spud vibrator Apply curing compound
Repair Material Placement
3-5.49
Introduction Material selection Construction Quality control Troubleshooting
Presentation Outline
Quality Control
Preliminary responsibilities Inspection of equipment Weather requirements Traffic control Construction inspection
Quality ControlClass Exercise
Break into three groups• Preliminary responsibilities
• Equipment inspection, weather requirements, and traffic control
• Construction inspection considerations Identify importance of each item Use Reference Manual and your
experience
3-5.52
Introduction Material selection Construction Quality control Troubleshooting
Presentation Outline
Project Checklist
Preliminary Responsibilities • Project Review
• Document Review
Materials Checks • Cementing grout
• Dowel bars
• Joint/crack materials
• Other materials
• General
Project Checklist
Equipment Inspections • Slot Cutting Equipment
• Slot Cleaning and Preparation
• Mixing and Testing Equipment
• Other Equipment Others
• Weather Requirements
• Traffic Control
Project Checklist
Project Inspection Responsibilities • Slot Cutting and Removal
• Slot Cleaning and Preparation
• Placement of Dowel Bars
• Mixing, Placing, Finishing,
• and Curing Backfill Material
• Cleanup
• Diamond Grinding
• Resealing Joints and Cracks
Troubleshooting
IdentifyProblem
DetermineCause
IdentifySolution
Construction and performance problems Approach:
TroubleshootingWhat is wrong here?
Misaligned joint forming materialMisaligned joint forming material
Sawcuts are not cut parallel to the centerline
TroubleshootingConstruction Problems
Solution?
Problem
Troubleshooting Guide – Causes and Solutions
Slots are not parallel to pavement edge or longitudinal joint
Dowel bar slots are too shallow Dowel bar slots are too deep Concrete fin not easily removed Jackhammer punches through bottom of slot Epoxy coating on dowel bar is chipped or
missing
Troubleshooting Guide – Causes and Solutions
Joint/crack sealant does not fully seal joint/crack along entire length expose in slot
Joint/crack sealant extends more than 0.5 in. (13 mm) into slot
Backfill material cracks in place Backfill material pops out of slot Backfill material wears faster than adjacent
pavement
3-5.68
Introduction Material selection Construction Quality control Troubleshooting
Presentation Outline
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