FRBR Basics, AACR & the OPAC
FRBR BEGINNINGS
• The 1990 Stockholm Seminar commissioned a study to define the functional requirements of bibliographic records.
• Worked on by IFLA Study Group on Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, 1992-1995
• Approved by IFLA Section on Cataloging, 1997 & published by Saur in 1998
• Incorporated into JSC Strategic Plan for AACR 2001/2002
FRBR GOALS
1. “to delineate in clearly defined terms the functions performed by the bibliographic record with respect to various media, various applications and various user needs.”
2. “to recommend a basic level of functionality and basic requirements for records created by national bibliographic agencies” that would meet “essential user needs.”
3. FRBR is not a new cataloging code.
AACR3
ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL
Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (09 FEB 02)
entity-relationship model <database, specification> An approach to data modelling proposed by P. Chen in 1976. The model says that you divide your database in two logical parts, entities (e.g. "customer", "product") and relations ("buys", "pays for"). Entity-relationship diagrams can be used to represent a model.
What’s a conceptual model?
• Abstract depiction of the universe of things being described– The things in that universe (entities)
– Identifying characteristics of those entities (attributes/elements)
– The relationships among the entities
ORGANIZATION OF THE FRBR REPORT
• Part 1 – Definition of Entities and their Attributes
• Part 2 – Bibliographic Relationships
• Part 3 – A national level bibliographic record for all types of materials
• Part 4 – User Tasks (e.g., Find, Identify, Select & Obtain)
ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL
• Entities
• Relationships
• Attributes
ShakespeareDates
HamletEnglish
Relationshipauthor
Entity 1 Entity 2
FRBR ENTITIES
• Group 1: The products of intellectual or artistic endeavor: Work Expression Manifestation Item
• Group 2: Those responsible for production or custodianship of group 1 entities:
Person Corporate Body
• Group 3: Subjects of works: Concept Object Event Place
Group 1
• WorkA distinct intellectual or artistic creation
• ExpressionThe intellectual or artistic realization of a work
• ManifestationThe physical embodiment of an expression of a work
• ItemA single example of a manifestation
Group 1
Building blocks of the FRBR structure• Work: abstract intellectual or artistic creation• Expression: version of the work
– language, illustrator, translator, performer
• Manifestation: physical carrier of the expression– published edition
• Item – single physical representation (copy)
FRBR Links
• Work to Work– Many to many: book to movie
• Work to Expression– One to many: music to different
performances; book in different languages
• Expression to Work– One to one
FRBR Links
• Expression to Manifestation– One to many: book to different publishers– Many to one: series, analytics, and collected
works
• Manifestation to Expression– One to many: series, analytics, and collected
works– Many to one: different publishers
FRBR Links
• Manifestation to Item– One to many: one book to multiple copies
• Item to Manifestation– One to one
Group 1Work
Expression
is realized through
is embodied in
Manifestation
Item
is exemplified by
recursive
one
many
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Group 2
many
Person
Corporate Body
is owned by
is produced by
is realized by
is created by
FRBR
Work Group 3
many
has as subject
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Person
Corporate Body
Work
Concept
Object
Event
Place
has as subject
has as subject
FRBR
Vocabulary
• “Book”
–Door prop(item)
–“publication” at bookstore any copy
(manifestation)
Vocabulary
• “Book”–Who translated?
(expression)
–Who wrote?
(work)
19
Examples1. Leatherbound autographed copy in Rare
Books Collection? 2. Digitized version of the Oxford University
Press text published in 2008?3. French translation?4. London Symphony Orchestra 2005
performance?5. Three Musketeers?
Item
Manifestation
Expression
Expression
Work
FRBR Entity Levels
Work:
Expression:
Manifestation:
The Play
Orig.Text
Transl. CriticalEdition
The Movie
Orig.Version
Paper PDF HTML
Item: Copy 1Autographed
Copy 2
Family of works
Relationships -Work/Expression
w1 Charles Dickens’ A Christmas carol
e1 the author’s original English text
e2 a Tamil translation by V.A.
Relationships - Work/Expression/Manifestation
w1 J.S. Bach’s Goldberg variations
e1 performance by Glen Gould in 1981
m1 recording released on 331/3 rpm sound disc in 1982 by CBS Records
m2 recording re-released on compact disc in 1993 by Sony
m3 digitization of the Sony re-release as MP3 in 2000
Homērou Odysseia
English translation by
Rodney Merrill: The odyssey
English translation byJohn Ogilby: Homer his
Odysses
Modern Greek translation
by I. Polylas: Homērou Odysseia
Electronic version: EEBO, 1999- (
http://wwwlib.umi.com/eebo/image/43589
)
Print: London, 1669 (Wing H2555, 358 p.)
Microform: UMI, 1982 (positive, b&w)
(Film) 0419.922 1334:1(Ex) 2681.333.669f; Bound with Homer, his Iliads.
1669
...... many expressions of the work ... many expressions of the work ...
Three manifestations of the expressionThree manifestations of the expression
ItemItem ItemItem
Entity relationships: Work … Item
000 cam a001 2465968008 821108 s 1912 gw 0 0 0 0 ger d035 ‚a (OCoLC)ocm08935092035040 ‚a ZIH ‚c ZIH ‚d PUL041 ‚a ger ‚h eng100 ‚a Shakespeare, William, ‚d 1564-1616.240 10 ‚a Hamlet. ‚l German245 10 ‚a Hamlet, Prinz von Dèanemark / ‚c von William
Shakespeare ;èubersezt von Heinrich Voss.260 ‚a [Dèusseldorf : ‚b E. Ohle, ‚c 1912]300 ‚a 145 p. ; ‚c 28 cm.500 ‚a Number 141 of an edition of 200 copies. ‚5
NjP563 ‚a Bound by Carl Sonntag jun. in Leipzig. ‚5
NjP700 1 ‚a Voss, Heinrich, ‚d 1779-1822.852 8 ‚b ex ‚h 3925.342.11876 ‚a 32101037428800
MARC
000 cam a001 2465968008 821108 s 1912 gw 0 0 0 0 ger d035 ‚a (OCoLC)ocm08935092035040 ‚a ZIH ‚c ZIH ‚d PUL041 1 ‚a ger ‚h eng100 1 ‚a Shakespeare, William, ‚d 1564-1616.240 10 ‚a Hamlet. ‚l German245 10 ‚a Hamlet, Prinz von Dèanemark / ‚c von William
Shakespeare ;èubersezt von Heinrich Voss.260 ‚a [Dèusseldorf : ‚b E. Ohle, ‚c 1912]300 ‚a 145 p. ; ‚c 28 cm.500 ‚a Number 141 of an edition of 200 copies. ‚5
NjP563 ‚a Bound by Carl Sonntag jun. in Leipzig. ‚5
NjP700 1 ‚a Voss, Heinrich, ‚d 1779-1822. 852 8 ‚b ex ‚h 3925.342.11876 ‚a 32101037428800
Field data: Work Expression Manifestation Item Record
MARC: FRBR mapping
Relationships - Work/Expression/Manifestation/
Itemw1 Lost treasures of the world
e1 the interactive electronic resource
m1 the CD published in 1994 by
Follgard CD- Visions
i1 first copy held by Calgary Public
Library i2 second copy held by Calgary
Public Library
• Objectives of a catalog: display
• All the works associated with a person, etc.
• All the expressions of the same work
• All the manifestations of the same expression
• All items/copies of the same manifestation
Collocation Shakespeare
HamletRomeo andJulietEnglish
French
German
SwedishStockholm2008
Columbia UniversityCopy 1Green leather binding
Pathways to Related Works
Hamlet
Stockholm2008
English
Swedish
French
German
Shakespeare
Library of CongressCopy 1Green leather binding
Romeo andJuliet
Stoppard
Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead
Tex
t
Movies…
Derivativ
e
w
orks
Subject
Collocation by Works
• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. All’s well that ends well As you like it Hamlet Macbeth Midsummer night’s dream …
Collocation by Family of Works and Expressions
• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.+ Texts+ Motion Pictures+ Sound Recordings
Collocation by Expressions• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.
Hamlet.+ Texts – Danish+ Texts – Dutch+ Texts – English+ Texts – French+ Texts – Spanish+ Motion Pictures – English+ Sound Recordings - English
Collocation of Manifestations
• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.- Motion pictures – English
+ 1964 Director, Bill Collegan+ 1990 Director, Kevin Kline, Kirk Browning+ 1990 Director, Franco Zeffirelli+ 1992 Director, Maria Muat+ 1996 Director, Kenneth Branagh+ 2000 Director, Campbell Scott, Eric
Simonson
FRBR Display - Serial Atlantic monthly
Atlantic monthly (Boston, Mass. : 1993-) Atlantic (Boston, Mass. : 1981-1992) Atlantic monthly (Boston, Mass. : 1971-
1980) Atlantic (Boston, Mass. : 1932-1970) Atlantic monthly (Boston, Mass. : 1857-
1931)
FRBR Display - Serial Atlantic monthly
Atlantic monthly (Boston, Mass. : 1993-) Online Paper Microfilm
Atlantic (Boston, Mass. : 1981-1992) Atlantic monthly (Boston, Mass. : 1971-1980) Atlantic (Boston, Mass. : 1932-1970) Atlantic monthly (Boston, Mass. : 1857-1931)
Circulation: Place holds at “Work” or “Expression” level rather than only at manifestation level
(VTLS and OCLC demonstrate this)
HamletEnglish
FRBR Benefits
Database/format ScenariosBib record (flat-file)
Author:
Title:
Content type:
Carrier type:
Provenance:
Subject:
Lee, T. B.
Cataloguing has a future
Spoken word
Audio disc
Metadata
Donated by the author
Name authority record
Name:
Subject authority record
Identifier: …
Label:
Identifier: …
Bib record (description)
Item information
Manifestation information
Expression information
Work informationFRBR record
RDA content type registry
Label:
Identifier: …
Spoken word
RDA element registry
RDA carrier type registry
Future record
ONIX
FRBR registry
Bas
ed o
n G
ord
on D
unsi
re’s
sl
ide
Work title: Cataloguing has a future
Author:
Title:
Content type:
Carrier type:
Provenance:
Subject:Lee, T. B.
Cataloguing has a future
Audio disc
Metadata
Donated by the author
Name authority record
Name:
Subject authority record
Identifier: …
Label:
Identifier: …
Item information
Manifestation information
Expression information
Work information
RDA content type registry
Label:
Identifier: …
Spoken wordRDA carrier type registry
Linked Data
Work Title: Cataloguing has a futureCataloguing has a future
Author:
Title:
Content type:
Carrier type:
Provenance:
Subject:Lee, T. B.
Cataloguing has a future
Audio disc
Metadata
Donated by the author
Name authority record
Name:
Subject authority record
Identifier: …
Label:
Identifier: …
Item information
Manifestation information
Expression information
Work information
RDA content type registry
Label:
Identifier: …
Spoken word
RDA carrier type registry
Package for Data Sharing
Lee, T. B.
Metadata
Spoken word
Audio disc
Work Title: Cataloguing has a futureCataloguing has a future
Communication format record
Current Practice
• We currently catalog by manifestation (piece in hand)– describe the manifestation– access points for the work and expression
• Can’t easily group by expression
• Can’t see relationships
• Many separate records for same work
Possibilities
• Group related versions of works for easy identification and selection
• Place holds at different levels of display– work– expression– manifestation– item
Problem Areas
• Need to identify roles of Group 2 entities (persons, corporate bodies)– same person with different roles– different persons with same roles
• Expressions are difficult to locate and define
• Do we need a “Super work”– Gone with the Wind (book)– Gone with the Wind (movie)
FRBR Benefits for Users
• Easier to find information as a single search retrieves all related materials
• Easier to see all the different expressions of a single work
• Easier to find all manifestations• OPAC becomes simpler to navigate and
understand• Place holds at “Work” or Expression level rather
than only at the manifestation level • Better understanding of relationships among
related works or expressions
FRBR Benefits for Librarians
• Reduction in cataloging load
– Work has to be cataloged only once for all expressions under it
– Expression has to be cataloged once for all manifestations under it
• Easier to find information as a single search retrieves all related materials
• Better logic and organization to catalog
“FRBERIZING” AACR2
• A new interest in cataloging
• Resource Description and Access (RDA) will use FRBR model
“FRBERIZING” A RULE
• 1.5A3 If an item is available in different formats (e.g., as text and microfilm; as sound disc and sound tape reel), give the physical description of the format in hand.
• 1.5A3 If manifestations of a work are available in different formats…
“FRBERIZING” RELATIONSHIPS
• Collocation
• When is a work or an expression a new work or expression?
• Relators
• Authority Control in RDA
EQUIVALENT
Cataloging Rulescut-off point
Same work New work
DERIVATIVE DESCRIPTIVE
Parody
Revis ion
Translat ion
Crit icism
Variations or versions
Editions SummaryAbstractDigest
Annotated edition
Expurgatededition
DramatizationNovelizat ion
Free translation
Imitations
Evaluation
Review
Casebook
Commentary
Abridgededition
Arrangement
ScreenplayLibrettoIllustrated
edition
Sl ight modifications Adaptat ions
Change of genre
Original
Same style o r thematic content
Microformreproduction
Copy
Exactreproduction
Facsimile
Reprint
Simultaneous“publication”
Same Expression New Expression
Work
New Work B. TillettDec. 2001
Relationships• Inherent among the
Group 1 entities
• Content relationships among works/expressions
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Whole-Part
AccompanyingSequentialDerivative
FRBR & THE OPAC
• OCLC Fiction Finder
• RLG RedLightGreen
• VTLS Virtua
OCLC FICTION FINDER
• Prototype system for searching and browsing fiction
• Clustered at the work level
• Organized by work and expression
http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/frbr/fictionfinder.htm
Fiction Finder result set display
Fiction Finder record display
RedLightGreen and FRBR
• NOT a FRBR implementation– Realities of the Rock and the Hard Place
• FRBR Group 1 Entities invaluable during planning– Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item– Common language– Precisely defined concepts
• FRBR and RedLightGreen in a nutshell– Mission: Make the Union Catalog relevant to undergraduates– Reduce the number of editions on the results screen– Use FRBR concepts such as Work, Expression and
Manifestation to discuss how records should cluster
– http://www.redlightgreen.com/
RedLG: Title Cluster
RedLG: Editions
• ~ FRBR Manifestation– “With the entity defined as manifestations we can
describe the physical characteristics of a set of items […] enabling users to choose a manifestation appropriate to their […] needs” (FRBR 22)
Get it [at your library] example
VIRTUA BY VTLS
• Separate records for work, expression, manifestation & item in a tree structure
• "peaceful co-existence" of a FRBR and non-FRBR records
• Universite catholique de Louvain (UCL) went live in Jan. 2004
www.vtls.com/documents/FRBR.PPT
• A Super (or Supra) Work is a record that
has other works (sub works) related to it
– For example, the novel Beau Geste by P. C.
Wren is one FRBR Work, and the several
movies that have been created from the book
are also separate FRBR Works. The Super
work is an artificial creation that links all these
related works together
Super Work
Super Work
The Workrecord for the“Super” Work of Beau Geste
Super WorkThe tree
expanded toshow the
“sub works”of the Super
Work
The Workrecord forthe novel
(a sub workof the Super
Work)
Super Work
The treeexpanded to
show theExpression
andManifestations
of the 1939movie
TheExpression
record for the1939 movie
“FRBR-ized” OPAC Displays
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet. [Text]Translation. French. 1770.
Manifestation
Work
Expression
Item
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