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KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS ON RUMAKI
A Repeat Survey
By Simeon Mesaki and Justin Bamanyisa
Submitted to WWF-TPO
December 2011
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.APPROAC AND METODOLOG!......................................................................................"#
3.1 Survey Instruments and Data Collection.........................................................................16
3.2 Field Work....................................................................................................................... 16
4.1 Understanding and erce!tions o" t#e $nvironment% &atural 'esources and (iodiversity
.............................................................................................................................................. 1)
4.2 $nvironmental Im!act Caused (y *uman +ctions..........................................................24
4.3 +vaila,ility o" "is# over time............................................................................................2)
4.4 -t#er Sea Creatures........................................................................................................2
4./ Conservation...................................................................................................................30
4.6 earning +,out t#e $nvironment...................................................................................32
4.) (eac# anagement Units (Us5...................................................................................3/
4. 'U+I% 'egulations% anagement 7 (ene"its to t#e Community.................................3)
$.CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................................%"
#.RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................................................................%3
Re&ere'(e)........................................................................................................................................ %$
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LIST OF TABLES
Ta*+e " a-.Nu*er /& Re)p/'0e't) per 12++ae 2' t4e 566# Survey.........................................."%
Ta*+e " *-.Nu*er /& Re)p/'0e't) per 12++ae 2' t4e 566# Survey.........................................."%
Ta*+e 57 D2)tr2*ut2/' /& I'terv2e8ee) A((/r02' t/ 12++ae9Su*:v2++ae a'0 O((upat2/')......."%
Ta*+e 37 D2)tr2*ut2/' /& I'terv2e8ee) A((/r02' t/ Cate/r2e) 2' t4e 566# Survey.................."$
Ta*+e %7 Type) /& ar2'e 'atura+ re)/ur(e).................................................................................";
Ta*+e $7 566# )urvey re)p/')e) /' type) /& ar2'e 'atura+ re)/ur(e) ......................................"72:) a ood tent, im5roement@ a&so t,ose ',o did not kno' t,e
)2'2&2(a'(e /& (/ra+)to #is, dro55ed #rom 2!78: to 127;:7 Perce5tions o# t,e sini#icance o#
manroes to #is, rose #rom ;72: in 200) >27: in 2011) ',i&e t,ose ',o did not see any
re&ations,i5 #e&& #rom 327>: to 1!70:7 Oera&&) com5ared to t,e 200 surey) t,ese is a 5ositie
c,ane in understandin t,e im5ortant ro&e cora&s) manroes) and sea 5&ants ,ae to #is,) as
,abitat) source o# #ood) breedin re5roduction4) ,idin7
Repr/0u(t2/' /& F2)4On t,e repr/0u(t2/' /& &2)4aain 'e note an im5roement #rom !172: in 200 to !;7: by
2011@ t,ere 'as a s&i,t dro5 in t,ose ',o attribute t,e comin o# #is, 'it, rainsC #rom 372: to
27!:) t,e idea t,at #is, 'ere brou,t by od #e&& #rom 27>: to 171:) iin birt,C stood at
1>70: as o55osed to 1>7: in 2007 t is a&so note'ort,y t,at t,e cateory o# don?t kno' #e&&
#rom 270: to 1!70:7
Du/')
n 200 about a tent, 1373:4 ,ad said it 'as a mamma& and by 2011 t,is ,ad risen to 2078:) sti&&
t,ere 'as no im5roement on t,e idea t,at duon is a #is, because in 200) oer t'o t,irds
;07;:4 ,ad said so) t,is dro55in by on&y 07!: to ;072 : in 20117 On ',at duons ate ,in 200
a 6uarter 27:4 ,ad said correct&y t,at t,ey #ed on searass or71:4) indeed a&most a&& t,e res5ondents ,ad on&y ,eard about t,e creature and
neer seen it) &et a&one eatin its meat7 On t,e sentimenta& a&ue attac,ed to t,e mamma&) t,e
resu&ts o# 2011 s,o' t,at #or near&y a ,a ;70:4) t,e scarcity o# t,e duon 'as an im5ortant
issue t,at touc,ed t,eir ,earts and #or a #i#t, 207:4 it 'as an im5ortant issue 5ersona&&y7 For
t,ose ',o attac,ed a&ue to t,e creature in 2011) its im5ortance &ay in t,e #o&&o'in as5ectsE
,eritae-#uture enerations) 5romotion o# tourism) de&icacy meat and biodiersity7
Turt+e)
T,e #indins s,o' a dro5 in t,e cateory o# Don?t kno'C #rom oer t'o-t,irds ;73:4 to &ess
t,an a ,a ;70:4 o# kno'&ede about ,o' turt&es breedin7 On t,e correct a'areness o# t,e #act
t,at on&y one ,atc,&in out o# 100-5&us 'ou&d make it to maturity) in 2011) 3: ae t,e correct
ans'er ',ereas in 200 it 'as 27;:7
E'v2r/'e'ta+ Ipa(t Cau)e0 *y ua' A(t2/')
+nironmenta& im5act caused by ,uman actions 'as an area 'e&& coered in t,e t'o sureys7 (s
'as t,e case in 200) dynamite #is,in 'as ranked as bein t,e most bane#u& actiity 'it, t,e
reatest neatie im5act causin t,e ,eaiest conse6uences on t,e aai&abi&ity o# #is,7 T,en it 'as
mentioned by !872: o# t,e res5ondents7 n 2011) a&most t,ree-6uarters ;37>:4 5ointed an
accuisn to dynamite #is,in7 n t,e 5reious surey t,is 'as #o&&o'ed by sma&& mes, sie
#is,nets) number o# #is,ers in an area and #re6uent #is,in on t,e same area7 T,is time)
uncontro&&ed ,arest o# manroes 'as mentioned by a tent, 1072:4 o# res5ondents ',i&e t,e
6uestion o# od?s 'i&& ,ad dec&ined #rom 171: in 200 to 27!: and a ne' #actor) o# tra'&ers
mentioned by 270:7
F2)4 Ava2+a*2+2ty
(&toet,er t,ere 'as a noted decrease #rom &itt&e or reat4 mentioned by t,ree-6uarters ;71:4
o# res5ondents in t,e 2011 study) ',i&e a tent, 1078:4 did not 5erceie any c,ane) and 871:
,ad noted some increase7 (not,er 'ay o# 2pr/v2' t4e ava2+a*2+2tyo# #is, is t,e ado5tion o#
sustainab&e #is,in ears7 T,is 6uestion #eatured in t,e 200 study as 'e&& as in 20117 n 200
sustainab&e #is,in ears 'ereE Ms,i5i) Madema) Jari#e) Daaa nets and 'ando7 n t,e 2011
study) Ms,i5i &ines4 to55ed t,e &ist 'it, c&ose to t'o-t,irds !871:4 o# t,e res5onses #o&&o'ed by
Jari#e 17>:4) Madema 3!7>:4) and ordinary nets o# 27!C2>78:47 ( sur5rise mention 'as t,at
o# "in-net) t,ou, by on&y a sma&& 5ercentae 27!:47
De(+2'e /& F2)4 Spe(2e)T,e s5ecies o# #is,es t,at ,ad dec&ined 'as e=5ressed by t,e mentionin o# #i#ty-#ie !!4 o# t,em
ranin #rom mbui ba,ari to 5ra'ns) #rom kisabuni to sa&ama'ai) ',i&e a tent, 107:4 did not
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sense any dec&ine@ 5a5a) ko&eko&e) ibua) c,anu) tasi) c,e'a) and nuru 'ere mentioned in t,at
order7 n t,e 200 study) t'enty one 214 ty5es o# #is, and creatures 'ere mentioned inc&udin
em5eror #is,) s,ark) 5om5ano) mackere& and rabbit #is,@ duon) 5ra'ns) turt&es) sea cucumber
and octo5us7
Ot4er Sea Creature)
T,e 2011 surey 5robed into t,e aai&abi&ity o# octo5us) sea cucumber and 5ra'ns in t,e 5reious
#ie years7 T,e #indins indicate t,at t,e aai&abi&ity o# t,e /(t/pu), com5ared to t,e 5recedin#ie years) ,ad decreased accordin to a&most t'o-t,irds 378:4 o# t,e res5ondents7 On&y 7:
t,ou,t t,ey ,ad increased) ',i&e 87: ,ad not noticed any c,ane7 Wit, reard to sea
cucumbers, a&most ,a >70:4 o# t,e res5ondents) said t,ey ,ad dec&ined com5ared to t,e
5reious #ie years) ',i&e a #i#t, 217:4 'ere not a'are o# t,e #act7 (&so) oer t'o-t,irds
71:4 o# t,e res5ondents 'ere o# t,e o5inion t,at t,ere ,ad been a decrease in t,e aai&abi&ity
o# )a++ pra8')com5ared to t,e 5recedin #ie years7 On&y >7>: t,ou,t t,ere ,ad been an
increase@ 17;: ,ad not noticed any c,ane7 (s 'as t,e case in 200) t,e reasons adanced areE
t,e e=5ansion o# trade in 5ra'ns) octo5us) sea cucumber and s,e&&s@ destruction o# breedin
rounds) es5ecia&&y cora&s@ oer-#is,in 5articu&ar&y o# #is, and 5ra'ns@ t,riin e=terna& markets
o# sea cucumber &eadin to t,e co&&ection o# een $ueni&e ones@ tra'&er #is,in by e=terna& #is,ers
and 5oerty7
C/')ervat2/'
Oer t'o-t,irds 878:4 'ere a'are o# t,at Gonin as essentia& in conseration o# marine and
coasta& resources ',i&e oer a 6uarter 2873:4 'ere not a'are o# suc, arranements7 On t,e
bene#its t,at 'ou&d accrue #rom suc, a measure) oer ,a !;:4 t,ou,t it 'ou&d reat&y
en,ance t,e abundance o# #is, as t,ey 'ou&d breed undisturbed7 Oer ,a !878:4 'ere a'are o#
natura& resources conseration actiities in t,eir i&&aes) ',ic, consisted o# co&&aboratie
conseration) settin u5 Beac, Manaement .nits BM.s4) conserin manroes) 5rotectin
cora&s and combatin i&&ea& #is,in7 t is to be noted t,at oer t,ree-6uarters ;7;:4 o# t,e
res5ondents 'ere not enaed in any o# t,e conseration actiities takin 5&ace in t,eir i&&aes7
On t,e 6uestion ',ic, in6uired ',et,er t,e res5ondent in 6uestion neatie&y im5acted on t,e
enironment) oer a tent, 17:4 'ere #rank enou, to admit t,at t,ey did) ',i&e t,ree-6uarters
;87!:4 dec&ined7
I'&/rat2/'9Lear'2' a*/ut t4e e'v2r/'e't
T,e radio 'as t,e most e##ectie medium o# &earnin about t,e enironment #or ',ic, as muc, as
t'o-t,irds 1:4 o# t,e 2011 res5ondents ained kno'&ede #rom t,is medium t,ou,
enironment7:4
o# t,e res5ondents) #o&&o'ed by &ea&:4
said t,ey 'ere una'are7 On understandabi&ity o# t,e strateies) t,e res5onses s,o' t,at about a
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t,ird 287:4 said t,ey 'ere understandab&e) ',i&e oer t'o-t,irds 73:4 'ere not a'are o# t,e
strateies7 oera&& about a t,ird 3071:4 t,ou,t t,ey strateies 'ere acce5tab&e ',i&e a 6uarter
27>:4 deemed t,em not acce5tab&e7 On ',et,er t,e strateies ,ae been bene#icia& to
#is,ermen and im5roed 5ros5ects o# #is, aai&abi&ity in t,e #uture) a t,ird 37;:4 'ere
a##irmatie but it is to be noted t,at oer a ,a !37>:4 said t,ey did not kno'7C
T4e RUMAKI )ea)(ape pr/rae
n t,e 200 study about a #i#t, 1>73:4 o# t,e res5ondents ,ad ,eard about t,e ".M(%seasca5e 5roramme7 n t,e 2011) t'o-t,irds ;73:4 ,ad ,eard about it and ',ereas oer a ,a
!372:4 didn?t kno' its ob$ecties a&most a 6uarter 227>4 kne' it 'as on conseration o# t,e
enironment@ a&most a #i#t, 1>7:4 understood it to aimin at im5roin community H5eo5&esI
&ies7 *oncernin t,e e=tent ".M(% ,ad bene#ited i&&ae communities) oer a t,ird 3>73:4)
indicated 5ositie&y bene#itin) ',i&e oer ,a !370:4 did not see any bene#its7 Oera&&
".M(% ,as been commended #or t,e #ormation and o5eration o# /i&&ae *ommunity Banks
/*OB(4 as one o# t,e most bene#icia& o# its interentions7 (&most a ,a ;7;:4 said it 'as
ood and s,ou&d continue t,ou, a t,ird 37;:4 ,ad not understood it 'e&& yet7 On its continuity
#or anot,er ! years and t,e 5riorities to be tack&ed) 10 areas 'ere &isted 'it, /*OB( bein t,e
#irst #o&&o'ed by i4 reater 5artici5ation o# i&&aers) ii4 better #is,in ears) iii4 im5artin
entre5reneuria& ski&&s) i4 ino&in more i&&aes) and 4 stress on conseration7
Ma'a2' Natura+ re)/ur(e)
Oer t'o-t,irds ;172:4 e=5ressed eaerness to be ino&ed in manain natura& resources o# t,e
coast7 On t,e ot,er ,and) a 6uarter 2!7:4 did not 'ant to be ino&ed at a&&7 T'o-t,irds 7>:4
'ou&d &ike to be ino&ed in issuin o# 5ermits #or outside #is,ermen and anot,er t'o-t,irds
>71:4 'ou&d &ike to be ino&ed in 5atro&s aainst i&&ea& #is,in) 371: 'ant to be ino&ed in
co&&etin #is,in statistics7
Part2(2pat2/'
T,e res5ondents? satis#action 'it, t,eir 5artici5ation in runnin and manain #is,ery resources
is diided7 W,ereas oer t'o t,irds 27>:4 are inariab&y sca&e o# some,o' to ery muc,C4
satis#ied) c&ose to a ,a ;7:4 a&so e=5ressed aried &ee&s o# satis#action some,o'7: to !7>:
and t,ose ',o did not kno' t,eir sini#icance dro55ed #rom 2!78: to 127;:7
37 "es5ondents rea&isin t,e im5ortance o# manroes to #is, rose #rom ;72: to
>27:) ',ereas t,ose ',o did not see t,e re&ations,i5 #e&& #rom 327>: to 1!70:7
7 *om5ared to t,e 200 surey) a 5ositie c,ane in understandin t,e oera&&im5ortant ro&e o# cora&s) manroes) and sea 5&ants ,ae to #is,7
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!7 On #is, re5roduction aain t,ere is an im5roement o# 72: #rom !172: o# 2007
(not,er notab&e c,ane 'as t,at t,e 5ercentae o# t,ose ',o don?t kno'C about
#is, re5roduction dro55ed #rom 270: to 178:7
7 T,e a&&usion to od?s endo'ment ,ad decreased #rom 73: in 200 to 27>: in
20117
;7 "eardin duons) in 200) a tent, 117>:4 did not kno' ',at t,ey 'ere) by
2011 t,is ,ad dro55ed to >72: and ',i&e in 200) ;07;: ,ad said it 'as a ty5e o#
#is,) in 2011 t,ere 'as a decrease o# 07!: ',i&e t,e 1373: t,inkin it to be a
mamma& ,ad a&most doub&ed to 2078:7
>7 n 200 on&y a 6uarter 27:4 o# t,e res5ondents 'ere ab&e to say correct&y t,at
duons ate searass or73:4 o# t,e res5ondents in t,e t,ree districts
,ad ,eard about t,e ".M(% seasca5e 5roramme but about t,ree 6uarters
;173:4 'ere not a'are o# its oa&s@ by 2011 oer t'o-t,irds ;73:4 ,ad
,eard about ".M(%7
2 T,e 2011 study #indins reea&ed t,at not on&y did oer a t,ird o# res5ondentsname t,e t,ree im5ortant ".M(% actiities but a&so sini#icant 5ercentaes
mentioned many ot,ers7
3 Furt,er ana&ysis s,o's t,at a&most a 6uarter 227>:4 said its ob$ectie 'as to
consere t,e sea enironment and about a #i#t, 1>7:4 said it aimed at
im5roin community H5eo5&esI &ies7
(&most a ,a ;7;:4 said ".M(% 'ere 5ositie about t,e continuity o#
t,e ".M(% seasca5e 5roramme
3. Ipa(t /& RUMAKI) a8are'e)), (/u'2(at2/') a'0 e0u(at2/' a(t2v2t2e)
ere t,e #indins are mi=ed7
17 District counci& o##icia&s 'ere e=5ected to be t,e source o# in#ormation on t,eenironment) but a&most a ,a >72:4 did not &earn anyt,in #rom suc, o##icia&s)
instead 17;: &earnt t,rou, seminars
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7 (bout a #i#t, 187!:4 'ere ab&e to &earn by re#errin to arious &eis&ations and
5o&icies on t,e enironment
;7 /ideos 'ere 'atc,ed by oer ,a !87:4 but since t,e #aourite 5rorammes
'atc,ed 'ere s5orts) music and comedy Ma&iasi&i-natura& resources bein
'atc,ed by on&y about a tent, 87:4 t,ey cannot be said to be amenab&e to
raisin a'areness on enironment and natura& resources
>7 ( #i#t, 217!:4 'ere ab&e to bene#it #rom raedin 9ationa& ne'sa5a5ers t,ou,
t'o-t,irds 71:4 said t,ey read ne's5a5ers
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". BACKGROUND
T,e WWF- Tanania *ountry O##ice WWF T*O4) in 5artners,i5 'it, district aut,orities
in "u#i$i) Ma#ia and %i&'a@ Ma#ia s&and Marine Park and coasta& communities) are
committed to #aci&itate t,e dee&o5ment o# coasta& &ie&i,oods t,rou, t,e sustainab&e
manaement o# marine and coasta& resources in t,e t,ree districts by im5&ementin t,e
"u#i$i-Ma#ia-%i&'a ".M(%4 Seasca5e 5roramme since 2007 T,e ".M(%Seasca5e 5roramme aims at) m5roed socio-economic 'e&&-bein o# coasta& "u#i$i-
Ma#ia-%i&'a communities t,rou, sustainab&e) 5artici5atory and e6uitab&e uti&isation and
5rotection o# t,eir marine and coasta& resources7C (s t,e 5roramme comes to t,e end o#
P,ase 200!-20114 o# its im5&ementation) a re5eat kno'&ede) attitudes and 5ractices
%(P surey in re5resentatie coasta& communities 'as deemed necessary and WWF-
T*O7 T,is e=ercise 'as conducted durin t,e &ast 'eek o# 9oember 2011 and t,e
second 'eek o# December 2011) by Dr7 Simeon Mesaki and Mr7 Justin Bamanyisa) ',o
,ad done t,e oriina& base&ine study si= years 5reious&y see *onsu&tancy "e5ort #or
WWF-TPOE%(P Surey in Ma#ia) %i&'a and "u#i$i DistrictsC by S7 Mesaki and J7
Bamanyisa ) Fina& Dra#t June 2004 i7e7 bet'een 28t, 9oember) 200! and 1t, January)
200 in 1! i&&aes o# t,e t,ree districts as s,o'n in Tab&es 1 a4 and b4 be&o'E
Ta*+e " a-.Nu*er /& Re)p/'0e't) per 12++ae 2' t4e 566# Survey
D2)tr2(t Nu*er /& Re)p/'0e't) Per(e't
Ma#ia 337>
"u#i$i 21 3270
%i&'a !0 372
T/ta+ "3"$ "66
Ta*+e " *-.Nu*er /& Re)p/'0e't) per 12++ae 2' t4e 566# Survey
12++ae) Nu*er /&re)p/'0e't)
Per(e't
Mc,unu > !72
%iomboni 10> >72
Msa&a >3 73
Mbuc,i >2 72
Pomb'e >0 71
%iin$e moneni4 ! 71
%isi'ani > 7!
Mtuk'ao > 37>
Somana-ndumbo ;1 !7Ma&a&ani ;> !78
Sonosono 113 >7
Bondeni 1>2 137>
B'eni 122 873
*,unuruma ;! !7;
Ban$a ! 78
131! 100
Tab&e 2 s,o's t,e i&&aes and number o# res5ondents in t,e 2011 sureyE
Ta*+e 57 D2)tr2*ut2/' /& I'terv2e8ee) A((/r02' t/ 12++ae9Su*:v2++ae a'0 O((upat2/')
Ma2' O((upat2/'
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12++aae
O+09
ret2re0 F2)4er Farer
Sa+ar2e0
ep+/ye
e
U'ep+
/ye0
y/u'
a'
Re+22/u
) +ea0er
S(4//+
tea(4er Stu0e't
Bu)2'e))
e'
T/ta+
%i&indoni ";3
B'eni ; >1 8 ; 3 1 2 13 1 "5%
Ban$a 0 1 32 3 2 1 2 ; > ;"*,unuru
ma1 20 1 3 1 0 1 > $5
%iin$e 2 2; 13 13 1 0 1 10 1 ;$
Mbuc,i 3 11 ! 2 1 2 1 ! :7 Tab&e 3 ies t,e detai&s7
Ta*+e 37 D2)tr2*ut2/' /& I'terv2e8ee) A((/r02' t/ Cate/r2e) 2' t4e 566# Survey
Cate/r2e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
Fis,in 33 3278
Farmin 2 327
Sma&& business 233 1;7;
+m5&oyees 103 ;7>
Students 120 871
T/ta+ "3"$ "66
"eardin t,e se= com5osition o# t,e interie'ees) ma&es #ormed a&most t,ree-6uarters
;17:4 and #ema&es $ust oer a 6uarter 2>7:47 T,is com5ares 'it, t,e !7: ma&es
and 37: #ema&es in t,e 200 surey7 Wit, reard to marita& status) a&most t'ot,irds
270:4 'ere married) ',i&e near&y a t,ird 307:4 'ere sin&e@ diorces: and 278:) res5ectie&y) ',i&e 'ido',ood 'as 270:7
+ducationa& &ee&s 'ere suc, t,at $ust oer ,a !27!:4 o# t,e res5ondents ,ad second
&ee& o# 5rimary education) t,at is standards !-;) 17: ,ad com5&eted &o'er &ee&
5rimary education standard 1-47 (bout a tent, 178:4 ,ad ,ad no #orma&78: and ,i,er education 'as een &o'er
,ain been attained by on&y 5ersons 07!:4 o# t,e sam5&e7 Ot,er trainin 'as o##ered
to a disma& 170: o# t,e res5ondents7 (s e=5ected) t,e oer',e&min ma$ority o# t,e
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sam5&e 87;:4 'ere Mus&ims ',i&e on&y 372: 'ere *,ristians and on&y one 5erson
c&aimed to be&on to anot,er #orm o# re&iion7
5. OBECTI1ES
T,ere are #our main ob$ecties o# t,e assinment ',ic, areE
i7 denti#y re&eant a5s in community a'areness and understandin t,at 'i&& constitute
t,e 5riority areas #or #uture ".M(%?s ('areness) *ommunications and +ducation
(*+4 Strateies@
7 Measure t,e im5act o# ".M(%?s a'areness) communications and education
actiities com5ared to t,e base&ine situation in 200@
i7 +a&uate t,e im5act o# t,e Ma#ia s&and Marine Park a'areness and education
5roramme since year 200@ and
ii7 Find out kno'&ede) attitudes and 5erce5tions c,anes about ob$ecties o# ".M(%
5roramme@ sini#icant bene#it #rom marine A coasta& resources manaement
initiaties o# ".M(% 5ro$ect@ conce5ts and #acts under&yin sustainab&e
manaement o# marine and coasta& resources@ #is,eries &eis&ations) reu&ations and
manaement 5&ans and t,eir im5acts oertime com5ared to t,e situation be#ore
commencement o# ".M(% 5roramme7
3. APPROAC AND METODOLOG!
T,e ob$ectie o# t,e consu&tancy 'as to 5&an and im5&ement a re5eat %(P study in
re5resentatie coasta& communities 'it,in t,e "u#i$-Ma#ia-%i&'a seasca5e) in c&ose
co&&aboration 'it, t,e WWF ".M(% team) ',ic, inc&uded t,e *ommunications)
('areness A Trainin *oordinator at WWF ,ead o##ice in Dar es Sa&aam and t,e Pro$ect
+=ecutants in "u#i$i) Ma#ia and %i&'a7 n 5ractice) because t,e e=ecution o# t,e
assinment coincided 'it, t,ree main eents) name&y ".M(% (disory rou5
Meetin) ".M(% P&annin meetin and *&imate *,ane Works,o5 t,e ".M(% team
cou&d not 5artici5ate as 5&anned7T,e Princi5a& *onsu&tant and t,e *onsu&tant oranied and conducted #ie&d sureys
',ic, entai&ed t,e administration o# a surey 6uestionnaire to 1)220 res5ondents in t,e
t,ree districts ',ere t,e 5roramme ,as been im5&emented #or t,e 5ast #ie years7
3." Survey I')true't) a'0 Data C/++e(t2/'
T,e Princi5a& *onsu&tant and t,e *onsu&tant assisted in re#inin t,e surey 6uestionnaire
a co5y o# ',ic, is attac,ed in (55endi= ) ensurin its com5re,ensieness and coerae
as re6uired@ dee&o5in a re5resentatie sam5&in desin) identi#ication and trainin o#
#ie&d enumerators) inc&udin a 5re-test o# t,e 6uestionnaire7
3.5 F2e+0 W/r( tota& o# 30 enumeratorsi) 1! #or Ma#ia district and 1! #or %i&'a and "u#i$i districts)
'ere trained in administerin t,e surey and carried out t,e #ace-to-#ace interie's on
e&ders) #is,ers) #armers) sa&aried em5&oyees
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17/50
T,e 6uestionnaire data 'as entered into Statistica& Packae #or Socia& Sciences SPSS4
so#t'are a#ter codin t,e o5en-ended res5onses by 1! trained data c&erks7 T,en t,e
consu&tant did data c&eanin and ana&ysis to enerate descri5tie statistics main&y
#re6uencies and cross tabu&ations7 T,e #re6uencies are attac,ed as a55endi= 7
71 U'0er)ta'02' a'0 Per(ept2/') /& t4e E'v2r/'e't, Natura+ Re)/ur(e) a'0 B2/02ver)2ty
(s 'as in t,e 200 surey) t,e deree o# community kno'&ede o# natura& ,istory 'as
measured by re6uestin t,e res5ondents to mention at &east seen ty5es o# marine
resources t,ey kne'7 (s s,o'n in Tab&es and !) seen marine resources t,at 'ere most
mentioned are #is,) manroes) cora&s) crabs) octo5us) turt&es and sea rass7 Wit, t,e
e=ce5tion o# #is, t,ere 'as a sini#icant increase in 5ercentae o# t,e res5onses 'it,
reard to ot,er resources com5ared to t,e 200 surey7 nterestin is t,e increase o#
ty5es o# resources mentioned com5ared to t,e 200 surey7 T,is denotes a 5ositie
c,ane on kno'&ede o# marine natura& resources7
Ta*+e %7 Type) /& ar2'e 'atura+ re)/ur(e)
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(2e) Per(e'tDonKt kno' 12; 107
Fis, 103; >!72
Sea 'eed 283 270
*ora&s 0 372
Manroes !0 !373
.du#i ! 7
Dondo 8; >70
%aa 23 217
%amba 381 3271
Makome 13 1170
Mac,ea 11 117Maku&u&u 1; 17
Ma$onoo 22 217!
Octo5us 32 3!7!
%asa 321 27
Miti aina ya Mi5ira 11 078
*,umi 23 178
i5o5otamus 21 17;
Tortoise 07!
Monkey 2 072
Daaa %amba 1 37Duon 12 1373
Pa5a ; 72
Ma'e ya ka'aida 12 170
Mba&ata ; 07
%ane 1 071
*rocodi&e 1! 172
%umbasi 13 171
9isi 1> 137>
%ome 13 171
(mbari 1> 17!
Pomboo 32 27
/uk'e 3; 370
1;
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/ikono 1; 17
M$eta 07!
.umba 3 072
%ombe 31 27!
Ma5ana 10 07>
Matarambe ! 07
Pot'e 28 27Ma5ambo 3 072
Miin$e ba,ari 1; 17
9amba 28 27
Ta*+e $7 566# )urvey re)p/')e) /' type) /& ar2'e 'atura+ re)/ur(e)
Type /& re)/ur(e Re)p/')e) Per(e't
Fis, 113 >>73
*ora& matumba'e4 3378
%asa turt&e4 2>> 217>8P'ea octo5us4 1! 317!
Ma$onoo 31> 271;
9ua 1!0 117
Mikoko 07>8
Makome 21! 173
*,aa 12! 87!
%amba 3> 33728
9isi 11 >7;
Madondo 11! >7;Fuk'e Beac,4 12 0781
Lu&u 5ear&s4 13 0788
M'ani searass4 233 1;7;1
Mc,ana Sand4 13 0788
%aa crabs4 221 17>
Ma5ana 1> 173;
Ot,er 12 0781
Don?t kno' 3 27;
T,ere 'as a sini#icant c,ane on t,e res5onses o# ',at are cora&s com5ared to 200 surey res5onses as
de5icted in Tab&es and ;E
Ta*+e #7 W4at are C/ra+)=
Re)p/')e Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
DonKt kno' 180 1!7
Dead Stones 2!8 2172
&ie stones 83 !7>
(nima&s 1; 17P&ants 21 17;
Ot,er t,in 0 373
1>
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19/50
T/ta+ "556 "66.6
Ta*+e ;7 T4e re)p/')e) t/ t4e )ae >ue)t2/' 2' 566# 8ere a) &/++/8)7
"es5onse Fre6uency Percent
Dead stones 31 2;7!
Liin stones !0> 3>7
(nima&s ! 07P&ants 13 170
Ot,er t,in 221 17>
DonKt kno' 20; 1!7;
Tota& 131! 10070
%."." Ip/rta'(e /& var2/u) 4a*2tat) t/ &2)4
T,e study sou,t to estab&is, res5ondents? kno'&ede on t,e im5ortance o# certain
,abitats suc, as cora&s) manroes) searasses etc7 to #is,7 T,e #indins s,o' t,at 5eo5&e
,ae a ,i, understandin o# t,e im5ortance o# t,ese ecosystems and t,eir re&ations,i5 to#is,7 *om5ared to 200 ',en ;71: o# res5ondents said t,ere 'as a re&ations,i5 bet'een
#is, and cora&s) t,ere ,as been an im5roement o# 1071 : ackno'&edin t,e im5ortance
o# cora&s to #is,@ but t,ose ',o did not kno' t,e sini#icance o# cora&s to #is, dro55ed
#rom 2!78: to 127;:7Tab&es > a4 and b4 s,o' t,e detai&s7
Ta*+e < a-7 I) t4ere a'y )2'2&2(a'(e /& (/ra+) t/ &2)4=
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
DonKt kno' 3> 371
es 102; >72
9o 1!! 127;
Tota& 1220 10070
Ta*+e < *-7 I) t4ere a'y )2'2&2(a'(e /& (/ra+) t/ &2)4= 566# )urvey re)p/')e)-
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
!e) 8; ;71
N/ 31 2!78
Tab&es 8 a4 and b4 s,o' t,at t,e 5ercent o# res5ondents rea&isin t,e im5ortance o#
manroes to #is, rose #rom ;72: to >27:) ',ereas t,ose ',o did not see t,e
re&ations,i5 #e&& #rom 327>: to 1!70:7
Ta*+e ? a- I) t4ere a'y )2'2&2(a'(e /& a'r/ve) t/ &2)4=
Fre6uency Percent
DonKt kno' 2! 270
es 100> >27
9o 1>3 1!70
9ot ans'ered 073
Tota& 1220 10070
Ta*+e ? *- A'y )2'2&2(a'(e /& a'r/ve) t/ &2)4= 566# )urvey re)p/')e)-
18
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es or 9o Fre6uency Percent
es >> ;72
9o 31 327>
Oer t,ree-6uarters >72:4 said cora&s 'ere crucia& to t,e suria& o# #is, in terms o#
,abitation) ,idin) #ood and breedin4 and on&y 127;: did not see suc, sini#icance7 n
t,e same ein) t,e sini#icance o# manroes to #is, 'as ascertained by a reat number
>27!:4 o# t,e res5ondents and aain t,e sini#icance 'as 'it, reard to breedin)
source o# #ood) ,idin and ,abitat) but 1!71: did not rea&ie t,e sini#icance7 (not,er
6uestion ,ad in6uired about ot,er ty5es o# eetation>7>: o#t,e res5ondents) #or #eedin7 t is to be noted t,at in t,e 200 study) bet'een t'o-t,irds
and c&ose to t,ree-6uarters o# t,e res5ondents ,ad rea&ised t,e re&ations,i5 bet'een #is,
and cora&s) manroes) sea rasses as ,abitats) ,idin 5&aces) sources #ood and breedin
5&aces7
*om5ared to t,e 200 surey) tab&es 10 N12 s,o' a 5ositie c,ane in understandin t,e
im5ortant ro&e cora&s) manroes) and sea 5&ants ,ae to #is,7
Ta*+e "6 a-7 T4e re+at2/')42p *et8ee' (/ra+) a'0 &2)4 a) per 56"" )urvey-
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(2e) Per(e't /& Ca)e)
DonKt kno' 208 207!:abitat 2; 17!:
idin 5&aces 3! 3!7>:
Source o# #ood 2>> 2>73:
Breedin 5&aces !0 72:
Ot,er 3 073:
Ta*+e "6 *-7 Ip/rta'(e /& (/ra+) t/ &2)4 a) per 566# )urvey
Ip/rta'(e Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
abitat !8> 37>idin 5&aces 310 1>70
Source o# #ood 1!> 872
"e5roduction 5&aces 2;1 1!7>
Ot,er 073
Don?t kno' 3 271
9( 30 187>
*ora&s 'ere considered to be ,abitats 37>:4) ,idin 5&aces 1>70:4) source #ood 8:4
and breedin 5&aces 1!7>:47
Furt,er ana&ysis s,o'ed ae t,e #o&&o'in 5icture in terms o# socia& rou5s? 5erce5tionson sini#icance o# cora&s to #is, as s,o'n tab&e 10c47
20
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Ta*+e "6 (-7 2) t4ere a'y )2'2&2(a'(e /& (/ra+) t/ &2)4=
O((upat2/' Cate/ry Re)p/')e)
T/ta+D/'Ht
'/8 !e) N/
O&d 8 1! ""6
T/ta+ 3< "65; "$$ "556
Ta*+e "" a-7 T4e )2'2&2(a'(e /& a'r/ve) t/ &2)4
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(2e) Per(e'tae) /&(a)e)
DonKt kno' 2; 2;7:
abitat 30 372:
idin 5&aces 381 3873:
Source o# #ood >3 >7:
Breedin 5&aces 2!0 2!72:
Ot,er 2 27:
Tota& 1;2 1;;730:
Ta*+e "" *-7 Ip/rta'(e /& a'r/ve) t/ &2)4 566# Survey Re)p/')e)-
Ip/rta'(e Fre>ue'(y
abitat 2; 173:
idin 5&aces 2 171:
Source o# #ood ; 2870:
"e5roduction 5&aces 1! 1071:
DonKt kno' 3 272:
9( 30 273:
Ta*+e "5 a-7 S2'2&2(a'(e /& )ea p+a't) t/ &2)4
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(2e) Per(e'tDonKt kno' 23> 2272:
abitat 302 2>72:
idin 5&aces 2 27:
Source o# #ood >!0 ;873:
Breedin 5&aces 1>! 1;73:
Ot,er 1 17!:
DonKt kno' 2 072:
1>!; 1;373:
21
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22/50
Ta*+e "5 *-7 I) t4ere a'y )2'2&2(a'(e /& )ea8ee0 t/ &2)4=
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
DonKt kno' !8 7>
es 10>3 >>7>
9o ;> 7
Tota& 1220 10070
%.".5 Repr/0u(t2/' /& F2)4
(n im5ortant as5ect ',ic, 'as a&so inestiated in t,e 5reious %(P study o# 200 'as on ,o' #is,
re5roduced7 n 2011 t,e ans'ers 'ere as #o&&o'sE
Ta*+e "3 a-7 /8 0/ /)t &2)4 repr/0u(e=
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
DonKt kno' 1>3 1!70
*ome 'it, rains 38 372
Brou,t by od 3 27>
Lay es ;00 !;7ie birt, 220 1>70
/omit 18 17
Ot,er 'ay 1! 172
9ot ans'ered 10 07>
T/ta+ "556 "66.6
Ta*+e "3 *- /8 0/ &2)4 repr/0u(e a) per 566# Survey Re)p/')e)
Re)p/')e Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
*ome 'it, rains 33 27!
Brou,t by od 1 171
Lay es ;3 !172
ie birt, 22 1>7
/omit 13 170
Ot,er 'ay 2! 178
DonKt kno' 31! 270
T/ta+ "3"$ "66
(s s,o'n in tab&es 13 a4 and b4 aboe) in t,e 200 study oer ,a !172:4 o# t,e
res5ondents ,ad said t,at most #is, &aid es@ t,e 2011 study s,o's an increase o# about
72:7 t is interestin to note t,at t,ere is no a55reciab&e c,ane in t,ose ',o said #is,ae birt, 'it, a dro5 o# on&y 07:) i7e7 #rom 1>7: to 1>70:7 Sti&& anot,er sini#icant
c,ane is t,at t,e 5ercentae o# t,ose ',o don?t kno'C dro55ed #rom 270: to 178:7
(ain ',ereas in 200) 2: o# res5ondents be&ieed some #is, 'ere omited) in 2011 t,e
5ercentae ,ad dro55ed to 17:7 T,e a&&usion to od?s endo'ment ,ad decreased #rom
73: in 200 to 27>: in 20117
Tab&e 10 c4 ies a c&earer 5icture on ,o' t,e arious rou5s res5onded to t,e 6uestion
o# #is, re5roduction7 t s,ou&d be noted t,at t,e 2011 data does not ,ae suc, detai&s7
Ta*+e "3 (-7 /8 0/ /)t /& &2)4 repr/0u(e *y /((upat2/'
O((upat2/' /8 0/ /)t /& &2)4 repr/0u(e
D/'Ht
'/8
C/e
82t4
Br/u
4t
Lay
e)
G2ve
*2rt4
1/2t Ot4er
8ay
N/t
a')8e
T/ta+
22
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23/50
ra2')
*y
G/0 re0
O&d 12 183 1 2 328
Sa&aried
em5&oyee> 3 !3 11 1 0 1 >1
.nem5&oyed
youn man8 1 1 21 2 1 0 1
"e&iious
&eader1 0 0 8 0 0 1 1!
Sc,oo&
teac,er1 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 1>
Student 2 ; 0 3 12 1 3 1;
Bussness
man2 1 !> 18 1 2 1 110
T/ta+ "72
Fis, >!; ;072
Mamma& 2!! 2078
9ot ans'ered > 07;Tota& 1220 10070
Ta*+e "% *-7 W4at 0/e) 0u/' eat=
"es5onses Fre6uencies Percentae o# cases
DonKt kno' 3!> 2873:
Fis, 3 2>72:
Sea insects 1;; 17!:
Sea rass 182 1!7;:
Sea 'eed m'ani4 323 27!:
Ot,er 13 171:Tota& 10; 11!73:
T,e 200 surey data ,ad t,e #o&&o'in #indins on duonsE
( sini#icant 5ercentae 117>:4 did not kno' ',at duons 'ere@ by 2011 t,is
,ad dro55ed to >72:7
Dierence on ',et,er t,e creature is a mamma& or #is, is t,at ',ereas in 200)
;07;: said it 'as #is, and 1373:) a mamma&@ t,e 2011 s,o'ed a decrease o#
07!: #or duon bein a #is, and an increase to 2078: o# t,e creature bein a
mamma&7
n 200 on&y a 6uarter 27:4 o# t,e res5ondents 'ere ab&e to say correct&y t,at
duons ate searass or
8/14/2019 Formatted Rumaki Kap
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%.".% Turt+e)
"es5onses 'ere sou,t on t,e ae at ',ic, turt&es started to &ay es7 Tab&es 1! a4 and 1! b4 s,o' t,e
resu&ts on ae and ,o' many ,atc,&ins #rom a nest7
Ta*e "$ a-7 At 84at ae 0/ turt+e) )tart t/ +ay e)=
Fre6uency Percent
DonKt kno' >21 ;73
1 - ! years 18 1272
- 28 years 1!3 127!
30 years 8; >70
Tota& 1220 10070
Ta*+e "$ *-7 /8 a'y turt+e) &r/ /'e 'e)t )urv2ve t/ t4e ae /& +ay2' e)=
Fre6uency Percent
DonKt kno' !; ;700 - 1 3; 370
2 - 10 18 1272
11 - 8 120 87>
!0 - 100 1>1 17>
(&& 1 37
700 11> 87;
Tota& 1220 10070
n t,e 2011 study) oer t'o-t,irds ;73:4 o# res5ondents said t,ey did not kno' t,e ae
turt&es started to &ay es@ and $ust under a ,a did not kno' ,o' many ,atc,&ins 'ou&d
surie to t,e ae o# &ayin es7 T,ese #indins com5ared 'it, t,ose o# 200 s,o'
some im5roement in t,at t,en an oer',e&min section o# t,e res5ondents) 8!78:4 did
not kno' t,e ae at ',ic, sea turt&es started &ayin es7 But t,ere 'as on&y a ery sma&&
im5roement on t,e a'areness o# t,e #act t,at on&y one ,atc,&in out o# 100-5&us 'ou&d
make it to maturity in t,at in 2011) 3: ae t,e correct ans'er ',ereas in 200 it 'as
27;:7
%.5 E'v2r/'e'ta+ Ipa(t Cau)e0 By ua' A(t2/')
9atura& resources in t,e ".M(% Seasca5e) &ike Tanania as a ',o&e) are under constant
5ressure #rom ,uman actiities7 T,e root70:
Destruction o# breedin rounds;;3 37:
Decrease o# #is, !>0 ;7:Manroes de#orestation 32 27:
%i&&in unintended s5ecies 33 3!7!:
2
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*&imatic c,ane 37>:
+nironmenta& destruction 18 171:
T/ta+ 5%%? 566.?
T,e 200 study s,o'ed 5eo5&es? t,orou, understandin o# main ,uman im5acts on
marine resources dynamite #is,in) sma&& mes, nets) 5oison) i&&ea& ,arest o#
manroes and cora&s4 and as in t,e current study dynamite 'as ranked ,i,est #or its
neatie conse6uences7 T,e 2011 study) ,o'eer) 'ent #urt,er in seekin kno'&ede on
t,e e##ects o# t,e t'o most destructie #is,in tec,ni6ues) i7e7 dynamite and sma&& mes,
nets) 'it, res5ect to t,e aai&abi&ity o# #is,7 T,e e=tent o# t,e im5act o# dynamite #is,in
and use o# sma&& nets on #is, aai&abi&ity 'as rated as s,o'n in tab&es 1; a4 and b47
/ery reat >7>:
reat!7>:
some,o' reat17:
Sma&& 078:
DonKt kno'272:
T,e e=tent o# t,e im5act o# usin sma&& nets on #is, aai&abi&ity 'as rearded as seere by
;870: o# t,e res5ondents and on&y 87>: said t,ey did not 5erceie t,eir neatie
im5acts7
Ta*+e "; a- T4e e@te't /& t4e 2pa(t /& 0y'a2te &2)42' /' &2)4 ava2+a*2+2ty
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
DonKt kno' 2; 272
/ery reat 10!8 >7>
reat ;1 !7>
Some,o' reat 18 17Sma&& 11 078
9o im5act 33 27;
Tota& 1220 10070
Ta*+e "; *-7 T4e e@te't /& t4e 2pa(t /& u)2' )a++ 'et) /' &2)4 ava2+a*2+2ty
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
DonKt kno' 33 27;
/ery reat !13 270
reat 303 27>
Some,o' reat 1!0 1273
Sma&& 101 >73
9o im5act 120 87>
Tota& 1220 10070
T,e study a&so 'anted to aue t,e e=tent o# t,e im5act o# number o# #is,ers on #is,
aai&abi&ity7 T,e resu&ts s,o' t,at on&y 2!: did not 5erceie im5act on aai&abi&ity o#
#is, #rom t,e number o# #is,ers #is,in in one area7 Ot,er'ise ;37!: 'ere o# t,e o5inion
t,at indeed t,is #actor a##ected t,e aai&abi&ity o# #is, and in #act a ,i, 5ercentae
17:4 t,ou,t it 'as o# reat manitude7
Ta*+e "
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Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
Don8t kno9 24 2.0/ery reat 2;1 2272
reat 23 1872
Some,o' reat 23; 187
Sma&& 1!1 127
9o im5act 2>1 23709 371
Dynamite #is,in 800 ;37>
Sma&& mes, nets !1 72
ods *ommand 31 27!
reat number o# #is,ers 21 17;
Fis,in in one area eery time 2 270
Tra'&ers 2 270
.ncontro&&ed ,arest o# manroes 12 1072
9ot ans'ered ; 07
Tota& 1220 10070
Ta*+e "? *-7 ua' e'v2r/'e'ta+ 2pa(t a) per 566# )urvey re)p/')e)
Cate/ry C/u't Per(e't
DonKt kno' 20 87>
Dynamite ;;8 317>
.se o# sma&& mes, nets ; 1873
Poison #is,in 3; 1!70Takin cora&s 1>; ;7
*uttin manroes 28> 1272
Oer #is,in 10 73
T/ta+ re)p/')e) 5%$" "66.6
Ta*+e "? (-7 T4e e@te't /& t4e 2pa(t /& &2)42' /' t4e )ae area /' &2)4 ava2+a*2+2ty
Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
DonKt kno' ! 7
/ery reat 3> 2>7!
reat 2;3 227Some,o' reat 21; 1;7>
Sma&& 12 117
2
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9o im5act 1>2 178
97 Oer-#is,in in one area 1;7!:4
87 *&imate c,ane777t,e sea is 'arm 7>:4
107 Lack o# onin 071:4
117 Tsunami t,reat 7:4
127 "emoed by odKs 'is, 172:4
137 Marine Park 073:4
17 T,ey are #e' 071:4
1!7 .sae o# HasI bott&e 073:4
17 Soi& de5osition 27!:4
1;7 9(27>:
T,e study 'as interested in t,e s5ecies o# #is,es t,at ,ae dec&ined7 (s a resu&t a tota& o#
#i#ty-#ie !!4 s5ecies 'ere mentioned to ,ae dec&ined) ranin #rom mbui ba,ari to
5ra'ns) #rom kisabuni to sa&ama'ai) ',i&e 107: did not sense any dec&ine7 T,ose
mentioned 'ereE
S,ark 1870:
%o&eko&e 1272:
/ibua 107>:
*,anu 1!7!:
Tasi >71: *,e'a >7!:
2;
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9uru ;72:
Duon >73:
n 200) res5ondents ,ad noted t,e scarcity o# 21 ty5es!70:4 'as aainst t,ese i&&ea& means) ',i&e a tent, 1170:4
sa' no ,arm in t,eir use7 T,e neatie im5acts 'ere &isted as t,e destruction o# cora&s
3373:4 and de5&etion o# youn #is, >7>:47
Ta*+e 567 566# re)u+t) /' )(ar(2ty /& &2)4 0ue t/ /ver &2)42'
Spe(2e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
*,anu 2!1 137;
%o&eko&e 203 1171
Tasi 131 ;72
Pa5a 2!; 170Taa 80 78
%a&imbisi >> 7>
%ibua 11; 7
Sonoro 2 17
9uru 2 37
*,aa 20 171
*,e'a 8! !72
Mkunda$i 1 078
Pomboo 1 078
Pono 2! 17Mkii 108 !78
Sanye !3 278
.du#i 20 171
Mba&ata 20 171
%inen'e 3 072
Ot,ers ;> 73
9one 1;1 873
%.% Ot4er Sea Creature)
T,e study 'as a&so concerned 'it, t,e status o# ot,er sea creatures ',ic, in #act 'ere
deemed to be seere&y t,reatened suc, as duons7 From t,e res5onses t,e #o&&o'in'ere mentionedE duons 3>72:4) turt&es 3;7:4) and 5ra'ns 107;:4) sea cucumber
307!:4) a bird by t,e name o# koa res5ondents4) 5omboo 270:4 and ,i55o kiboko4
mentioned by one 1:4 res5ondent7 (t t,e same time 237>: a&most a 6uarter) i7e7 280
res5ondents4 said t,ey cou&d not te&& ',ic, ty5e o# sea creature t,at ,ad dec&ined7 n
200) nine 84 sea creatures deemed to ,ae become scarce 'ereE duon) 5ra'ns)
turt&es) sea cucumber) octo5us) 9isi) Makome) *rabs) and 9yamata7 T,en t,e dec&ine o#
t,ese ot,er sea creatures 'as attributed to oer-#is,in and i&&ea& #is,in 5ractices suc,
as dynamite) 5oisonin and use o# sma&& mes, nets7 T,is time 20114 in addition) c&imate
c,ane-t,e sea is 'arm 7>:4@ #rom tsunami t,reat 7:4 'ere mentioned7
%.%." O(t/pu), Sea (u(u*er a'0 Pra8')
2>
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T,e 2011 surey 5robed into t,e aai&abi&ity o# octo5us) sea cucumber and 5ra'ns in t,e
5reious #ie years7 T,e #indins indicate t,at t,e aai&abi&ity o# t,e /(t/pu), com5ared
to t,e 5recedin #ie years) ,ad decreased &itt&e and reat4 accordin to a&most t'o-t,irds
378:4 o# t,e res5ondents7 On&y 7: t,ou,t t,ey ,ad increased) ',i&e 87: ,ad not
noticed any c,ane7 37;: did not kno') ',i&e 237: o# t,e res5onses 'ere desinated
as 9! 10.6Duon 2;3 1/.6Jonoo 183 11.0%amba 2>8 17!
9isi 2 17!
Makome 0 37
%aa ; 73
9yamata 3 0.2Ot,ers 3! 2.0
9one 3!3 20.2
%.%.5 Du/')
Duons are &isted on (55endi= o# *T+S and c&assi#ied &oba&&y as Qu&nerab&e to
e=tinction? due to a 5o5u&ation dec&ine in t,e &ast 80 years .*9) 200>
,tt5E72:4 said t,ey ate #is,)
17!: sea insects) 1!7;: searass and $ust oer a 6uarter 27!:4 'ere correct in t,at
t,ey eat m'ani
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eatin its meat) de&icious as it is7 (s s,o'n in tab&e 22 a4 t,e 5resence o# duons no'
com5ared to t,e 5ast #ie years 'as t,ou,t to ,ae dec&ined by !>71: o# t,e
res5ondents) ',i&e 307;: ,ad no idea did not kno'4 and !78: said t,ey ,ad increased
and !72: ,ad seen no c,ane7 (ccordin to Tab&e 22 b4 t,e reasons #or t,e
dec&ineue'(y Per(e't
DonKt kno' 3;! 307;
/ery muc, increased 3 37!Some,o' increased 28 27
9o c,anes7!
T,ey are cau,t mistaken&y
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arranements7 On t,e bene#its t,at 'ou&d accrue #rom suc, measures) !;: t,ou,t it
'ou&d reat&y en,ance t,e abundance o# #is,7 T,e most im5ortant diidend #or suc, a
moe 'as t,at #is, 'ou&d be ab&e to breed at 5eaceC undisturbed7 (ny'ay >78: did not
t,ink suc, measures 'ou&d ,e&5 at a&&7 *&oser to ,ome res5ondents 'ere asked i# t,ere
'ere any conseration actiities oin on in t,eir i&&aes7 Oer ,a !878:4 conceded
t,at t,ere 'ere natura& re)/ur(e) (/')ervat2/' a(t2v2t2e)in t,eir i&&aes) ',i&e oer a
t,ird 3;7>:4 dec&ined7 (ccordin to Tab&e 23 a4) t,ese actiities consisted o#
co&&aboratie conseration u&ini s,irikis,i4 1172:@ BM.s 87!:4) conserin o#
manroes 3073:4) 5rotectin cora&s 37!:4 and combatin i&&ea& #is,in 1273:47
9ote t,at oer a t,ird 387;:4 'ere desinated 9:4 and
5&antin trees 37:47 ( tricky 6uestion 5osed 'as t,at ',ic, in6uired ',et,er t,e
res5ondent in 6uestion neatie&y im5acted on natura& resources and t,e enironment by
,is actions7 ( sini#icant 5ortion 17:4 'as #rank enou, to admit t,at t,ey did) ',i&e
t,ree-6uarters ;87!:4 dec&ined to admit7 T,ose t,at admitted cited t,e cases o# #e&&in
trees 73:4) encroac,in on #orbidden areas 17>4 and i&&ea& #is,in 273:47 T,e#o&&o'in t'o tab&es de5ict t,e ty5e o# conseration actiities carried out in t,e i&&aes
as 5er t,e t'o sureys7
Ta*+e 53 a- C/')ervat2/' a(t2v2t2e) 2' t4e v2++ae 56"" &2'02')-
Re)p/')e)Fre>ue'(y
Per(e't /&
(a)e)
DonKt kno' 123 10.&ini s,irikis,i co&&aboratie4 13; 11/i&&ae oernment 33 3
BM.s 11 10*onserin t,e enironment manroes 3;0 30Protectin cora&s 3 4ssuin &icense 1 1Ban i&&ea& #is,in 1!0
WWF 23 12*entra& oernment 1 1
9 40T/ta+ "$6; 124
Ta*+e 53 *- C/')ervat2/' a(t2v2t2e) 2' t4e v2++ae 566# &2'02')-
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
Presence o# MMP o##ice 132 7;
*onseration o# manroes !82 2878
Bannin i&&ea& #is,in 280 17
9o ,arestin cora&s 'it,out a 5ermit 1;3 >7;
9( ;8! 071
T/ta+ re)p/')e) "?
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Ta*+e 5%7 W4/ 2) (urre't+y a'a2' (/a)ta+ a'0 ar2'e 'atura+ re)/ur(e)=
W,o is current&y manain coasta& and marine natura& resources
I 0/'t
'/8
Ce'tra+
G/ver'
e't
Mu'2(2
pa+
(/u'(2+
C/
u'2ty 2'
Ge'era
+
F2)4er
e' BMU
12++ae
/ver'
e't
N/t
a')8er
e0
T/ta+
O&d> 23 121 1 28 %35
Farmer ! 21 1 !3 ; 8! !3 18 35?
Sa&aried
em5&oyee1! 3 12 11 1 1! ! 2 3 ""6
T/ta+ 55% ?5
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attendance 5ersona&&y or #rom ones c,i&d e77 Wor&d enironmenta& day4 'as re5orted to
be a 5otentia&&y anot,er mode o# &earnin7 n t,is res5ect on&y a 6uarter 2!7:4 'as
ab&e to uti&ise t,is aenue) ',i&e t,ree-6uarters ;7:4 'ere not ab&e7 ( book kno'n as
Bahari #or 5rimary sc,oo&s is a&so anot,er ostensib&e medium o# &earnin about t,e
enironment7 T,e #indins s,o' t,at on&y 13: 'ere ab&e to &earn about t,e
enironment) t,rou, t,is means) 5resumab&y by 5rimary sc,oo& 5u5i&s7 Ot,er'ise 'e&&
oer t,ree 6uarters >71:4 did not bene#it #rom t,is medium7
T,ere are a&so documents reardin &a's and enironmenta& 5o&icies ',ic, cou&d be a
source #or &earnin by i&&aers and stake,o&ders7 On t,is t,e #indins te&& us t,at on&y
187!: 'ere ab&e to uti&ise t,is medium) ',i&e ;87!: cou&d not7 On t,e ot,er ,and) oer
,a !87:4 o# res5ondents said t,ey 'atc,ed ideos) t,ou, on&y #e' timesC 327>:4
and 07: did not7 T,ey 'atc,ed ideos most&y at ,ome 1!7>:4 or 'it,in t,eir i&&aes
337:47 (55arent&y) s5orts accounted #or oer ,a !270:4 o# t,e #aourite ideo
5rorammes 'atc,ed) #o&&o'ed by 9e's1sic4 'it, 3;78: and comedy 1;7>:4) ',i&e
t,e 5roramme Ma&iasi&i natura& resources4 'as 'atc,ed by on&y 87:
Potentia&&y nationa& ne's 5a5ers are anot,er source o# in#ormation and &earnin on t,e
enironment7 T,e #indins s,o' t,at on&y 217!: 'ere ab&e to bene#it #rom t,is medium)incidenta&&y because o# t,e remoteness o# t,e i&&aes ',ere t,e aai&abi&ity o# 5a5ers is
erratic) at best7 T,us ;;7!: did not bene#it #rom t,is medium7 Sti&& oer t'o-t,irds
71:4 o# res5ondents said t,ey read ne's5a5ers !M'ananc,i 1 2;
9i5as,e 1!0 2>
Dai&y ne's 12 2
Ma&endo !> 11
Ma$ira 3 12
.,uru ; 1
Mtanania !2 10
T,e i&&ae notice board 'as used to ain some #orm o# kno'&ede about t,e
enironment by 2>7: o# t,e res5ondents ',i&e ;17!: did not7 On t,e ot,er ,andca&endars and broc,ures 5roed to be amenab&e #or t,ey 'ere t,e source o# in#ormation
#or a&most ,a >7!:4 o# t,e res5ondents7 et anot,er ,a !17!:4 o# t,e res5ondents
did not uti&ise t,is medium7 (55arent&y mos6ue meetins 'ere a&so instrumenta& in
de&iery o# messaes about t,e enironment #or ',ic, a 6uarter 27>:4 credit t,is
means o# de&iery7 Sti&& a&most t,ree-6uarters ;372:4 did not bene#it #rom t,ese
meetins7
*onersations in market 5&aces or &andin sites
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oer',e&min ma$ority >70:4 said t,ey &istened to t,e radio ',i&e 170: did not7 Just
oer a t,ird 3>72:4 'as not ab&e to uti&ise t,is medium #or arious reasons inc&udin non
5ossession o# t,e same7 On t,e #re6uency) t,e #indins s,o' t,at a tent, 137;:4 &istened
dai&y and a t,ird 378:4 on&y a #e' times7 Oer t,ree-6uarters ;;7>:4 &istened to t,e
radio usin t,eir o'n 5ersona& radios7 T,e most &istened to radio is TB*
Meetins in c,urc,
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Documents reardin &a's and enironmenta&
5o&icies 21
Seminars
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derees) anot,er t,ird 373:4 said t,ey 'ere com5&ete&y not acce5tab&e and 17!: t,at
t,ey 'ere &ess acce5tab&e7C On ,o' t,e #is,ermen ad,ered to t,e by-&a's) aain 'e #ind
aryin &ee&s o# com5&iance7 W,ereas oer ,a !37>:4 did not kno') >78: said t,ey
'ere acce5tab&e to a&&) 87>: t,at t,ey 'ere acce5tab&e to t,ree-6uarters o# t,em) 17;:
said t,ey 'ere acce5tab&e to ,a and107;: t,ou,t t,ey 'ere acce5tab&e to on&y a
6uarter o# t,e #is,ers7
%.;." BMU )trate2e)
T,e 2011 study 'anted res5ondents to name at &east t,ree strateies on #is,eries
manaement brou,t about by BM. in eac, i&&ae7 Oer ,a !178:4 mentioned
combatin i&&ea& #is,in@ t,e ne=t stratey mentioned 'as conserin marine resources
suc, as manroes 3;7!:4 and 5atro&s aainst i&&ea& #is,in met,ods suc, as dynamite
2370:47 (bout a 6uarter 271:4 o# t,e res5ondents said t,e community 'as ino&ed in
arious ste5s:4 say t,ey are not acce5tab&e7 On ',et,er t,e strateies
,ae been bene#icia& to #is,ermen and im5roed 5ros5ects o# #is, aai&abi&ity in t,e
#uture) a t,ird 37;:4 t,ou,t yes t,ey ,ae been bene#icia& and on&y 71: did not see
any bene#its@ it is to be noted t,at oer a ,a !37>:4 said t,ey did not kno'7C
T,e study a&so in6uired into ,o' t,e i&&aers understood t,e duties o# BM. committees7
T,e resu&ts s,o' a 'ide and 6uite e=tensie understandin o# t,e ro&es e=5ected o#
BM.s) some #ar #rom t,ose 5ronounced in t,e uide&ines 27T,e #indins3came u5 'it,
nine ro&es inc&udinE su5erisin t,e entry o# mirants #orein #is,ers4 3;7!:4@
co&&ectin data:4@ oranisin meetins 'it,
i&&aers 1272:4@ oerseein ,yiene#ygiene< iv5 collect "is#eries data and
disseminate< v5educate stake#olders on negative im!acts o" illegal "is#ing !ractices% vi5 ensure
security o" t#e !eo!le and !ro!erty and vii5 undertake onitoring% Control and Surveillance CS5
3*#7 (ccordin to t,e 5artici5ants in Mc,unu i&&ae) t,e conce5t o# co&&aboratie #is,eries manaement and BM. as adanced
by t,e WWF 'as a better o5tion as it 5roided t,e &oca& residents 'it, t,e ski&&s) ca5acity and mandate to decide u5on t,e use o#
t,eir resourcesC9orad Periodic Proress"esu&ts "e5ort) 30t, Marc,) 20084
3
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t,e s,ore&ine
ie 5ermits to #is,ers ;2 187:
*o&&ect reenueue'(y Per(e't
m5roe 5eo5&eKs &ies 13 27>
*onsere t,e enironment 1 370
+n,ance enironmenta& a'areness 2 07
"educe enironmenta& neatie im5acts 173
Monitorin and researc, 3 07ncrease community 5artici5ation ; 17!
DonKt kno' 11 27
9( 311 !78
Tota& res5onses ;2 100
Table 30 (b): E@te't RUMAKI /a+) 8/u+0 *e'e&2t t4e (/u'2ty a((/r02' t/ )/(2a+ r/up 2' 566#
S/(2a+ Gr/up 1ery
reat
Great L2tt+e N/'e D/'t
'/8
N/t
a')8ere0
T/ta+
+&ders 1 0 0 0 0 38 0
Fis,ers 10 1 2 3 >; 108
Farmers 3 0 2 100 11!+m5&oyees
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ss
out,s 1 0 1 0 0 3 3>
"e&iious &eaders 0 0 0 0 0
Sc,oo& teac,ers 1 0 0 0 1
Students 0 0 0 1 0 38 0
T/ta+ 5% "3 ? 3 "6 3#5 %5"
n t,e 2011 study #irst 'e 5osed t,e 6uestionE ae you eer ,eard about ".M(%
5roramme T,e ayesC 'ere oer t'o-t,irds ;73:4 and naysC #ormed one-t,ird
327;:47 T,is 'as #o&&o'ed by a 6uestion on t,e main ob$ectie o# ".M(% to ',ic, $ust
oer a ,a !372:4 said t,ey did not kno'@ a&most a 6uarter 227>:4 said it 'as on
conserin t,e sea enironment@ anot,er 1>7: said it 'as meant #or t,e im5roin
community H5eo5&esI &i#e) 7: t,ou,t Haue&yI it 'as #or increasin community
coo5eration ',i&e on&y 171: mentioned t,at it 'anted to increase #is, aai&abi&ity7
T,e res5onses are re5roduced in Tab&e 31a47
Ta*+e 3" a-7 K'/8+e0e /& RUMAKI a'0 2t) O*e(t2ve)
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
DonKt kno' 8 !372
m5roin community &i#e 22 1>7
Sea enironment 5reserations 2;> 227>
To increase community coo5eration ! 7
To increase #is, aai&abi&ity 13 171
T/ta+ "556 "66.6
Ta*+e 3" *-7 Per(ept2/') /' 4/8 RUMAKI 4a) *ee' *e'e&2(e't t/ (/u'2t2e)A(t2v2ty Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
Formation o# BM.s and co-manaement 223 37
Proide education on sea enironment 282 ;7;
Formation o# /*OB( 12 ;73
Fattenin o# crabs > 1171
Fis, Farmin m'atiko4 101 17!
Oysters and Pear&s %ee5in 13 271
Fis,ery Statistics *o&&ection 1! 27!
%.: a##irmed
3>
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t,at it ,ad not brou,t any bene#its at a&&7 We asked ',o and ',o ,ad 5artici5ated in
".M(% 5rorammes7
T,e 2011 study 'anted to et at t,e core o# ".M(%?s actiities by askin res5ondents
to name at &east t,ree actiities undertaken by t,e 5roramme7 T,e #indins are reea&in
in t,at not on&y did oer a t,ird o# res5ondents name t,e t,ree im5ortant ".M(%
actiities but a&so sini#icant 5ercentaes mentioned ot,ers as s,o'n in Tab&e 327
Ta*+e 357 E@te't RUMAKI pr/ra) 4ave *e'e&2te0 v2++ae (/u'2ty
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
DonKt kno' !> !378
/ery muc, 113 873
Muc, 128 107
Litt&e 22! 1>7
9ot at a&& 8! ;7>
Tota& 1220 10070
T,e study 'anted to assess t,e e=tent o# i&&aers? 5artici5ation in meetins 'it,
".M(% o##icia&s concernin uti&isation and conseration o#e=istin natura& resources7(ccordin to 287: o# t,e res5ondents t,ere 'ere some e&ements o# 5artici5ation but to
t,e ma$ority ;07:4 o# res5ondents c&aim t,at t,ere 'as no 5artici5ation7
T,e study 'anted to et o5inions on ',o s,ou&d and ',o actua&&y manaes #is,ery
resources in t,e i&&aes7 T,e aried o5inions are re5roduced be&o' in t,e #orm o#
5ercentaes startin 'it, ',o current&y manaes t,e resource7
We 5osed a 6uestion on ',o current&y manaes coasta& and marine natura& resources7 T,e
res5onses 'ere as indicated in Tab&e 33a47
Ta*+e 33 a-7 W4/ 2) re)p/')2*+e &/r &2)4ery 'atura+ re)/ur(e) a'aee't=
Re)p/')e) Per(e't
Don?t kno' 1*entra& oernment
Munici5a& counci&
*ommunity in enera& 1
Fis,ermen ;
BM. 11
/i&&ae oernment 1!
T/ta+ "66
Ta*+e 33 *-7 W4/ 2) re)p/')2*+e &/r 'atura+ re)/ur(e a'aee't '/8= A) per 566# )urvey-
Re)p/')e) Per(e't
*entra& oernment 8
District counci& 21
*ommunity
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DonKt kno' 18
9( 28
T/ta+ "66
O' 84/ )4/u+0 a(tua++y a'ae t4e &2)4ery re)/ur(e) t4e &/++/82' 8ere t4e re)p/')e)7:
*ommunity in enera&170:
/i&&ae oernment17>: BM.1173:
*entra& oernment!7>:
District counci&378:
Fis,ermen t,emse&es7>:
DonKt kno'171
T,ese #indins are interestin in t,at as muc, as 1: o# t,e res5ondents 5re#er t,e
community in enera& to actua&&y manae t,e #is,ery resources as o55osed to on&y a tent,
1173:4 t,e task bein &e#t to BM.s7 T,is s,o's t,at a &are section o# t,e community do
not reard t,e BM.s as re5resentin t,e community interest in enera&7
T,e study 'anted a&so to aue i# res5ondents are satis#ied 'it, t,eir 5artici5ation inrunnin and manain #is,ery resources at 5resent7 T,e #indins te&& us t,at t,ey are
diided7 T,us ',ereas 27>: are inariab&y sca&e o# some,o' to ery muc,C4 satis#ied)
;7: e=5ressed aried &ee&s o# satis#action some,o'7;:
'ere indi##erent7
W,en asked about t,e e=tent o# im5roement in o55ortunities #or 5artici5ation and
ino&ement in manain #is,ery resources by ".M(% a ood 5ercent) c&ose to a ,a
7>:4 e=5ressed 5ositie commendation ',i&e a 6uarter 27>:4 'ere sce5tica& and
anot,er 6uarter 2;70:4 Did not kno'C
T,e #ormation and o5eration o# /*OB( 'as ,ai&ed by oer a 6uarter 2;70:4 o#
res5ondents as t,e most bene#icia& interention o# ".M(%7
Fina&&y 'e asked ,o' res5ondents ie'ed ".M(% in enera&7 T,e resu&ts 'ere aaindiided as s,o'n in Tab&e 37 (&most a ,a ;7;:4 said it 'as ood and s,ou&d
continue) a t,ird 37;:4 ,ad not understood it 'e&& yet7
Ta*+e 3%7 I' e'era+ 4/8 0/ y/u )ee t4e RUMAKI pr/ra=
Re)p/')e) Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
DonKt understand it #u&&y yet > 37;
t ,as not e=5anded 'e&& 28 27
t is ood s,ou&d continue !>2 ;7;
To succeed it s,ou&d 5rioritise t,e 5eo5&e 21 17;
# en,anced it is ood) no' it caters #or #e' 5eo5&e 1 171T,y isit us a &ot understandin is su55osed to be
,i, 22 17>
t is ood #or t,ose ',o ,ae $oined on&y ! 37;
t is no ood@ it o55resses #is,ers > 378
T,e 5roramme is not 'e&& understood 11 078
T/ta+ "556 "66
W,en asked i# ".M(% 5roram 'as to continue #or anot,er ne=t ! years) ',ic,
5riorities s,ou&d be ado5ted) res5ondents &isted 10 areas 'it, /*OB( bein t,e #irst
#o&&o'ed by i4 reater 5artici5ation o# i&&aers@ ii4 better #is,in ears@ iii4 im5artin
entre5reneuria& ski&&s@ i4 ino&in more i&&aes@ and 4 stress on conseration7 On asour note !7>: 'ant ".M(% to 5ack and &eae) ',i&e 237: did not kno'7
0
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Ta*+e 3$7 I& RUMAKI pr/ra 8/u+0 4ave t/ (/'t2'ue 2' t4e 'e@t $ year) 842(4 pr2/r2ty 8/u+0 y/u
8a't 2t t/ 0/=
Fre>ue'(y Per(e't
DonKt kno' 2>> 237
T,ey s,ou&d cease 07;
9ot ans'ered 1 071
T/ta+ "556 "66
"es5ondents 'ere asked ,o' muc, t,ey 'ou&d &ike to be ino&ed in issues o# manain
o# natura& resources o# t,e coast7 Oer t'o-t,irds ;172:4 e=5ressed eaerness to take
5art and oer ,a !7>:4 'ere ery muc,C interested7 On t,e ot,er ,and a 6uarter
2!7:4 did not 'ant to be ino&ed at a&&7 T'o t,irds 7>:4 'ou&d &ike to be ino&ed
in issuin o# 5ermits #or outside #is,ermen and anot,er t'o-t,irds >71:4 'ou&d &ike to
be ino&ed in 5atro&s aainst i&&ea& #is,in) 371: 'ant to be ino&ed in co&&etin
#is,in statistics7
T,e &ast 6uestion 'as to name $ust one 5ro$ect t,at 'ou&d ostensib&y im5roe t,e &iin
standards o# t,e i&&aers i# im5&emented7 (&toet,er 13 5ro$ects 'ere mentioned to55ed
by im5roement o# in#rastructure) #o&&o'ed by more education on enironmenta&
conseration) better #is,in ears) /*OB() entre5reneurs,i5) 5ro$ects t,at #aour yout,
and #ina&&y better c&assrooms7
$. CONCLUSIONS
Ga2') a'0 ap) 2' (/u'2ty a8are'e)) a'0 u'0er)ta'02' /& t4e E'v2r/'e't,
Natura+ Re)/ur(e) a'0 B2/02ver)2ty
We note t,at t,ere ,ae been a number o# ains since 2007
17 For e=am5&e in res5ondents mentioned !! ty5es o# coasta& and marine resources
in 2011 ',i&e in 200 t,ey ,ad mentioned 21 on&y727 T,ere 'as a&so a sini#icant c,ane on t,e res5onses on ',at are cora&s com5ared
to t,e 200 surey) a'areness o# t,eir im5ortance #rom 3>7: to !7>: and t,ose
',o did not kno' t,eir sini#icance dro55ed #rom 2!78: to 127;:7
37 "es5ondents rea&isin t,e im5ortance o# manroes to #is, rose #rom ;72: to
>27:) ',ereas t,ose ',o did not see t,e re&ations,i5 #e&& #rom 327>: to 1!70:7
7 *om5ared to t,e 200 surey) a 5ositie c,ane in understandin t,e oera&&
im5ortant ro&e o# cora&s) manroes) and sea 5&ants ,ae to #is,7
!7 On #is, re5roduction aain t,ere is an im5roement o# 72: #rom !172: o# 2007
(not,er notab&e c,ane 'as t,at t,e 5ercentae o# t,ose ',o don?t kno'C about
#is, re5roduction dro55ed #rom 270: to 178:7
7 T,e a&&usion to od?s endo'ment ,ad decreased #rom 73: in 200 to 27>: in20117
1
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;7 "eardin duons) in 200) a tent, 117>:4 did not kno' ',at t,ey 'ere) by
2011 t,is ,ad dro55ed to >72: and ',i&e in 200) ;07;: ,ad said it 'as a ty5e o#
#is,) in 2011 t,ere 'as a decrease o# 07!: ',i&e t,e 1373: t,inkin it to be a
mamma& ,ad a&most doub&ed to 2078:7
>7 n 200 on&y a 6uarter 27:4 o# t,e res5ondents 'ere ab&e to say correct&y t,at
duons ate searass or7:4 said it aimed at im5roin
community H5eo5&esI &ies77 (&most a ,a ;7;:4 said ".M(% 'ere 5ositie about t,e continuity o# t,e
".M(% seasca5e 5roramme
Ipa(t /& RUMAKI) a8are'e)), (/u'2(at2/') a'0 e0u(at2/' a(t2v2t2e)
ere t,e #indins are mi=ed7
17 District counci& o##icia&s 'ere e=5ected to be t,e source o# in#ormation on t,e
enironment) but a&most a ,a >72:4 did not &earn anyt,in #rom suc, o##icia&s)
instead 17;: &earnt t,rou, seminars
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'atc,ed by on&y about a tent, 87:4 t,ey cannot be said to be amenab&e to
raisin a'areness on enironment and natura& resources
>7 ( #i#t, 217!:4 'ere ab&e to bene#it #rom raedin 9ationa& ne'sa5a5ers t,ou,
t'o-t,irds 71:4 said t,ey read ne's5a5ers
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Re&ere'(e)
Distribution and status o# coasta& ,abitats and resources in TananiaC Dra#t "e5ort submitted to
WWF N Dar es Sa&aam by *7 Mu,ando and *7 "umis,a) 200>
Strent,enin *ommunity *a5acity in Fis,eries *o-manaement
S**(F*OM4 9O"(D Periodic Proress "esu&ts "e5ort 200-200> Ju&it,a
M'anami&o) 30t, Marc,) 2008 SeaSense 20084 *ommunity-based +ndanered Marine s5ecies *onserationE
Tanania (nnua& "e5ort January N December 2008 5re5ared by Lindsey West
WWF 200!4 ".M(% Seasca5e ProrammeE *o&&aboratie *oasta& "esources Manaement
and Lie&i,oods Dee&o5ment in "u#i$i) Ma#ia A %i&'a Districts) Tanania
!
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RUMAKI 56"" Survey E'uerat/r)
Ma&2a
17 (&&y "as,id Marine Park4
27 Mo,amed S,amte Marine Park4
37 Besta Msuman$e Marine Park4
7 (ntonia M5emba Fis,eries O##icer4
!7 Subira Muya Fis,eries O##icer4
7 (yubu Sabu Fis,eries O##icer4
;7 Mariam amdan B( +nironmenta& Studies4
>7 Met,od *,enu&a Fis,eries o##icer4
K2+8a
17 Mr %ene&a Mas,imba Fis,eries O##icer-Somana4
27 Mr Steen o,ana Fis,eries O##icer-%i&'a %iin$e4
37 Ms +ster Sa&atory Fis,eries O##icer-%i&'a Masoko4
7 Ms *,arity 9eni *ommunity Dee&o5ment O##icer-%i&'a4!7 Mr Omary M5oto +ducation O##icer-%i&'a Masoko4
Ru&22
17 Mr (nt,ony Mbea B7 Sc7 (6ua47 Ms "eina 9anema M( Dee&o5ment Studies4
?. Ms (kii *,a'ac,i Bac,e&or o# La's
107 Mr Ja5,et Sa&akana B( *ommunity Dee&o5ment4117 Mr Mbe&u 9$a'a B( Socio&oy4
127 Mr Dennis M'end'a B( Socio&oy4
137 Mr +mmanue& (nanisye B( Socio&oy4
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TOR) FOR CONDUCTING KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES J PERCEPTIONS KAP-
REPEAT SUR1E! IN RUFII, MAFIA J KILWA DISTRICTS
". BACKGROUND
T,e WWF Tanania Proramme O##ice WWF T*O4 in 5artners,i5 'it, District aut,orities in "u#i$i) Ma#ia
and %i&'a@ Ma#ia s&and Marine Park) and coasta& communities ,as committed itse to #aci&itatin t,edee&o5ment o# coasta& &ie&i,oods t,rou, t,e sustainab&e manaement o# marine and coasta& resources in
"u#i$i) Ma#ia and %i&'a Districts by im5&ementin t,e ".M(% seasca5e 5roramme oer an initia& #ie-
year 5eriod startin #rom Ju&y 2007 T,e 5ur5ose o# t,e ".M(% Seasca5e 5roramme is Improved socio-
economic well-being of coastal RUFIJI-MAFIA-KI!A comm"nitie thro"gh s"stainable# participator$ and
e%"itable "tilisation and protection of their marine and coastal reso"rces&
5. OUTPUTS
Out o# t,e ! Out5uts o# t,e ".M(% Proramme) Out5ut 2 re&ates to a'areness) communication and
education7 t?s aim is e=5ressed as@Knowledge shared and awareness raised amongst sta'eholders on iss"es
relating to s"stainable management of marine and coastal reso"rces(
T,e main target a"dience #or communications 'ork inc&udes a&& t,e main stake,o&der rou5s) but 'it, an
em5,asis on communities) inc&udin sc,oo&-c,i&dren many o# ',om become resource users and
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i4 identi#y re&eant a5s in community a'areness and understandin t,at 'i&& constitute t,e 5riority areas #or
t,e ".M(%?s #uture ('areness) *ommunications and
+ducation (*+4 Stratey@
ii4 estab&is, in#ormation and data t,rou, ',ic, in com5arison 'it, t,e base&ine situation) t,e im5act o# t,e
".M(% a'areness) communications and education actiities can be measured@
iii4 conduct an ea&uation o# t,e im5act o# t,e Ma#ia s&and Marine Park MMP4 a'areness and education
5roramme since year 200
i4 conduct an ana&ysis to #ind out kno'&ede) attitudes and 5erce5tions c,anes about ob$ecties o#
".M(% 5roramme@ sini#icant bene#it #rom marine A coasta& resources manaement initiaties o#
".M(% 5ro$ect@ conce5ts A #acts under&yin sustainab&e manaement o# marine A coasta& resources@
#is,eries &eis&ations) reu&ations and manaement 5&ans and t,eir im5acts oertime com5ared to situation
be#ore commencement o# ".M(% 5roramme
4ote5 Baseline s"rve$s data and information and findings of the proposed st"d$ will be basis for this
comparison4
%. SCOPE OF WORK AND SPECIFIC TASKS
%.". C/++a*/rat2/'
T,e consu&tant 'i&& 'ork c&ose&y 'it, t,e WWF ".M(% teamE es5ecia&&y 'it, t,eProramme *oordinator and t,e *ommunications) ('areness and Trainin *oordinator in DSM4 and t,e
Pro$ect +=ecutants in Ma#ia and %i&'a7 T,e main WWF-TPO counter5art to t,e consu&tant 'i&& be t,e
*ommunications) ('areness and Trainin *oordinator *(T*4)
Mr (&i T,ani7 T,e consu&tant 'i&& a&so) 'ork 'it, anot,er consu&tant) MSRRRRRR77) ',o 'i&& assist
'it, oranisin and im5&ementin #ie&d sureys and 'i&& be res5onsib&e #or t,e data ana&ysis and data
manaement7 T,e consu&tant 'i&& a&so co&&aborate c&ose&y 'it, district and MMP sta## #or t,e task7
%.5. Preparat2/'
72717 T,e *onsu&tant 'i&& assist in re#inin t,e e=istin surey 6uestionnaire) ensurin t,at it coers t,e
#o&&o'in areasE
Understanding and perceptions of the environment# nat"ral reso"rces# living things# biodiversit$( *omm"nit$ 'nowledge of nat"ral histor$(
.erceptions of present practises in reso"rce "tilisation(
ocal attit"des 0 beliefs regarding marine reso"rces(
.erceptions of h"man impacts on marine reso"rces(
evel of appreciation of the "ni%"eness of the 6eascape area(
istrib"tion of 'nowledge to the comm"nit$ 0 so"rces of information
*omm"nit$ 'nowledge of nat"ral reso"rce laws and reg"lations and provisions for comm"nit$ co-
management of the coastal reso"rces(
.resent behavio"r and practises in relation to some specific reso"rces(
*omm"nit$ perceptions of benefit from the RUMAKI .rogramme
72727 T,e *onsu&tant 'i&& assist in dee&o5in a re5resentatie sam5&in desin) in co&&aboration 'it,
MSRR77 and t,e ".M(% Proramme *o-ordinator7
72737 T,e *onsu&tant 'i&& identi#y a team o# #ie&d enumerators and 5re5are and e=ecute trainin #or t,em)
inc&udin a 5re-test o# t,e 6uestionnaire and 5roision o# enumerators notes in S'a,i&i7
%.3. Ip+ee'tat2/'
T,e *onsu&tant 'i&&E
assist t,e Princi5a& nestiator in im5&ementin a #ie&d surey in t,e se&ected i&&aes o# %i&'a)
Ma#ia and "u#i$i ino&in administerin a55ro=imate&y 1)00 6uestionnaires) t,rou, one-on-one
interie's 'it, in se&ected sam5&e i&&aes 'it,in ".M(% area7@ assist a de-brie#in e=ercise 'it, enumerators at end o# #ie&d 'ork 5robab&y in Dar es Sa&aam4@
co-ordinate data entry) conduct data ana&ysis and ensure sa#e-kee5in o# data 6uestionnaires@
>
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assist t,e Princi5a& nestiator in 5re5arin and submittin a narratie re5orts) on t,e e=ercise) one
#or t,e re5eat surey #or areas outside Ma#ia s&and Marine Park) and one re5ortin on t,e re5eat
surey #or Ma#ia s&and Marine Park) eac, re5ort as 5er t,e #o&&o'in #ormatE
)7, etails of personnel responsible for the report# Agreement reference and the Agreement s"b1ect matter(
)2, +8ec"tive s"mmar$
)9, Introd"ction - providing a brief description of the circ"mstances and bac'gro"nd that led to the s"rve$(
):, Methodolog$ 0 implementation5 a description of the s"rve$ e8ercise# incl"ding
a, the methodolog$ "sed# incl"ding sampling design
b, o"tline of act"al implementation sched"le
c, an$ obstacles enco"ntered in implementation )logistical; sampling; appl$ing %"estionnaire etc(,
)3, Res"lts
a, A brief interpretive anal$sis of 'e$ res"lts )f"ll res"lts in Appendices,#
b, an$ comments or observations on the credibilit$ of the data
)
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i