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FORAGE MORPHOLOGY
(Grass & Legumes)
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GAMBA GRASS
( Andropogon Gayanus)
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GAMBA GRASS
• mature plants grow up to 4 m tall with tussocks up to70 cm in diameter
• leaves are 30-60 cm long and up to 3 cm wide, with adistinctive white midrib and covered with soft hairs
• stems are robust and covered in soft hairs• the root system spreads up to 1 m from the tussock,
close to the soil surface
• reproduces from seed
• seeds are contained in a fluffy V-shaped seed headconsisting of up to six groups of branches, eachcontaining 2-18 primary branches
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Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cutand
Carry
Grazing Supplementationfor the dry
season
LeafMeal
Wet areas
with no orshort dry
season
Wet/Dry
season withlong dry
season
Fertile
(neutral tomoderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile(neutral to
moderately acid
soils)
Infertile(extremely acid
soils)
2 1 1 2 1 1 1
GAMBA GRASS
Legend1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
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GAMBA GRASS
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water Logging Low Fertility Soil SoilRain Fall
(annual)
Very Good Fair Good
Wide range of
soil types of all
texture, acidic
(pH3-5) to
alkaline soil
600-2500mm
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GAMBA GRASS
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Vegetative and seed 10.00 kg seeds/ha 10-20 100-450
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Brizantha
( Brachiara Brizantha)
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Brizantha•
Loosely tufted perennial with short rhizomes and erect or slightlydecumbent stems 60 –150 cm high (occasionally to 200 cm).
• Leaves flat, bright green up to 20 mm wide and up to 100 cmlong. May be hairless or hairy.
• Inflorescence is a racemose panicle consisting of 2 –16 racemes, 4 –20 cm long and elliptical spikelets 4 –6 mm long, with no hairs or a
few hairs at the tip.• Spikelets are normally a single row, with a purple, crescent-shaped
rachis 1 mm wide. Glumes and lower lemma are cartilaginous intexture.
B. brizantha intergrades with Brachiaria decumbens and the speciesmay be difficult to distinguish.
• The main difference is in growth habit with B. brizantha moretufted and B. decumbens more decumbent and forming a densercover. The two are morphologically distinguished by the shape ofthe rachis and the arrangement and texture of spikelets.
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Brizantha
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
and
Carry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dry
season
Leaf
Meal
Wet areas
with no or
short dry
season
Wet/Dry
season with
long dry
season
Fertile
(neutral to
moderate
acid soils)
ModeratelyFertile
(neutral to
moderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acid
soils)
2 1 1 2 1 2 1Legend
1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
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Brizantha
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water Logging
Low Fertility
Soil Soil
Rain Fall
(annual)
Very Good Poor Good
Wide range
including sandyand acidic soil
(pH3.5- 4) grow
best on fertile and
well drained soil
1200 mm and
over
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Brizantha
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Vegetative and seed 1.5 – 12 kg seeds/ha 8-25 100-500
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Signal Grass
(Brachiaria decumbens)
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Signal Grass• Plant: Low-growing leafy perennial grass with an erect or trailing habit. Leaf
canopy can grow to 50 cm above ground.
• Stems: May contain short underground runners (rhizomes) or hairless above-ground runners (stolons) to 70 cm long, which root down and branch at the nodes.
• Leaves: Soft and lance-shaped with a sharp point and often bending at thetips. Bright green with soft hairs on the upper and lower surfaces and short
bristles on the margins which catch the finger when drawn from the tip to thebase. Variable length, commonly to 20 cm long and commonly width to 15mm. Fringe of fine bristles at the leaf base.
• Seedhead: Complex, made up of 2-3 rod-like branches separated by 2-5 cm on thestem with one at the stem tip. Each branch is 3-5 cm long , 3-5 mm wide and ismade up of 2 rows of alternating seeds totalling about 40 seeds. Each row is
attached to the underside of a zig-zag shaped stem which has a fringe of hairswhere it joins the stalk.
• Seeds: Egg-shaped seeds 4 mm long and 2 mm wide, smooth and shiny with afringe of hairs near the tip and a distinctive 1 mm membrane where the seedmeets the stem.
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Signal Grass
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cutand
Carry
Grazing Supplementationfor the dry
season
LeafMeal
Wet areas
with no orshort dry
season
Wet/Dry
season withlong dry
season
Fertile
(neutral tomoderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile(neutral to
moderately acid
soils)
Infertile(extremely acid
soils)
1 2 1 2 1 2 1Legend
1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
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Signal Grass
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water Logging
Low Fertility
Soil Soil
Rain Fall
(annual)
Very Good Fair Good
Wide range, but
prefers welldrained soils;
grows on both
acid (pH > 4)
and neutral soil
1200 mm and
over
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Signal Grass
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Vegetative and seed5.0 t cutting materials
or 3-4 kg seeds/ha15-30 150-200
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Humidicola
( Brachiaria humidicola)
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Humidicola
Plant: Strong creeping perennial grass which forms a densematted sward.
Stems: Prostrate and creeping stolons, reddish incolour. Roots vigorously at the nodes.
Leaves: Linear to lanceolate, tapering to a point. Leavesgenerally12 - 15 cm long and 8 - 10 mm wide, but can be up to25 cm long. Leaves are not hairy.
Seedhead: Inflorescences up to 60 cm high. It consists of 2 -5 racemes (arms) 2.5 - 5.5 cm long bearing two rows of seeds.
Seeds: Broadly elliptic, 4.5 - 5.5 mm long, hairy, green andtinged with purple. Approximately 200,000 seeds/kg
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Humidicola
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
and
Carry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dry
season
LeafMeal
Wet areas
with no orshort dry
season
Wet/Dry
season withlong dry
season
Fertile
(neutral tomoderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral to
moderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acid
soils)
1 2 2 1 1 1 2Legend
1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
8/13/2019 Forage Morphology
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Humidicola
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
SoilSoil
Rain Fall
(annual)
Good Good Very good
Wide range of
soil type of all
texture, acidic(pH 3.5) to
alkaline
1200 mm and
over
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Humidicola
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Vegetative and seed 2-8 kg seeds/ha 15-25 150-200
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Para Grass
( Brachiaria mutica)
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Para Grass• Plant: Coarse vigorous trailing perennial grass. Sward
grows to a height of 1 m.
• Stems: Stout stolons up to 5 m long, which branch androot readily at the nodes.
• Leaves: Linear to lanceolate, tapering to an acute
point. Leaves generally6 - 20 cm long and 1 - 2 cmwide. Leaves and leaf sheaths are generally hairy.
• Seedhead: Inflorescences a panicle 6 - 30 cm long with5 - 20 densely flowered racemes. Spikelets are elliptic,
2.5- 5 mm long, hairy, pale yellow when ripe.
• Seeds: 3 mm long
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Para Grass
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
and
Carry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dry
season
LeafMeal
Wet areas
with no orshort dry
season
Wet/Dry
season withlong dry
season
Fertile
(neutral tomoderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral to
moderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acid
soils)
2 2 2 1 1 2 1Legend
1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
8/13/2019 Forage Morphology
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Para Grass
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
SoilSoil
Rain Fall
(annual)
Fair Very good Poor
Flat lands and
areas with poor
drainage
1015 mm and
over
8/13/2019 Forage Morphology
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Para Grass
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Vegetative and seed5 t of cutting materials
or 3 - 6 kg seeds/ha10 - 20 100-150
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Ruzi
(Brachiaria ruziziensis)
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Ruzi
• A spreading perennial with short rhizomes,
similar in habit to Para grass. The
inflorescence consists of dense and spikelike
racemes. The spikelets are all sessile and closetogether, the rachis of the racemes winged,
broad and over 3 mm wide. The spikelets are
hairy and the lower glume under half thelength of the spikelet (Harker & Napper,
1960). It has softer leaves than B. brizantha.
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Ruzi
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
and
Carry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dry
season
LeafMeal
Wet areas
with no orshort dry
season
Wet/Dry
season withlong dry
season
Fertile
(neutral tomoderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral to
moderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acid
soils)
1 2 2 2 1Legend
1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
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Ruzi
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
SoilSoil
Rain Fall
(annual)
Poor Poor Poor
Wide range, but
grows best on
well-drained
fertile soil
1525 mm and
over
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Ruzi
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Vegetative and seed 1.5 – 12 kg seeds/ha 2.5 – 8 100-500
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Guinea Grass
(Panicum maximum)
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Guinea Grass
• Plant: Leafy erect perennial tussock grass with a deep root system;capable of growing to over 2m tall.
• Stems: Develop to over 0.5cm diameter, and can root down atnodes that come in contact with moist soil.
• Leaves: Mostly somewhat hairy, up to 3cm wide and 100cm long.
• Seedhead: Much branched open panicle, usually 30 to 45 cm long.
• Seeds: A little over 2mm long, ellipsoidal, straw-coloured,
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Guinea Grass
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
and
Carry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dry
season
LeafMeal
Wet areas
with no orshort dry
season
Wet/Dry
season withlong dry
season
Fertile
(neutral tomoderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral to
moderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acid
soils)
2 1 2 1 2 1Legend
1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
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Guinea Grass
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
SoilSoil
Rain Fall
(annual)
Good Fair Good
Wide range, but
best suited towell drained
moderately fertile
to infertile soil
1015 mm andover
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Guinea Grass
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Vegetative and seed35,000
–
40,000rootstock pc or 3-8 kg
seeds/ha
5 – 20 150 - 200
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Paspalum
(Paspalum atratum)
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Paspalum
• A leafy upright perennial tussock grass, usually
less than 1.0 m tall, to 2 m when in flower.
Leaves to >2.5 cm wide, shiny and brittle, even
when mature; leaf margins scabrous; leafhairiness varies with provenance. Seed borne
in a simple panicle to 26 cm long comprising
up to 20 racemes, the lower ones to 14 cmlong. Spikelets about 3 mm long and 2 mm
wide. 250,000-450,000 seeds/kg
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Paspalum
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
and
Carry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dry
season
LeafMeal
Wet areas
with no orshort dry
season
Wet/Dry
season withlong dry
season
Fertile
(neutral tomoderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral to
moderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acid
soils)
2 2 2 1 2 1Legend
1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
8/13/2019 Forage Morphology
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Paspalum
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
SoilSoil
Rain Fall
(annual)
Poor Good Good
Best suited to
well drained
moderately fertileto infertile soil
1015 mm and
over
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Paspalum
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Vegetative and seed 2 -7 kg seeds/ha 100-150
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Napier Grass
(Pennisetum purpuruem)
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Napier Grass
• A robust perennial with a vigorous root
system, sometimes stoloniferous with a
creeping rhizome. Culms usually 180-360 cm
high, branched upwards. Leaf-sheathsglabrous or with tubercle-based hairs; leaf-
blades 20-40 mm wide, margins thickened and
shiny. Inflorescence a bristly false spike up to30 cm long, dense, usually yellow-brown in
colour, more rarely purplish
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Napier Grass
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
and
Carry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dry
season
LeafMeal
Wet areas
with no orshort dry
season
Wet/Dry
season withlong dry
season
Fertile
(neutral tomoderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral to
moderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acid
soils)
2 2 2 1
Legend1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
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Napier Grass
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
Soil
SoilRain Fall
(annual)
Good Fair Poor
Wide range, but
deep loams are
Ideal; grows beston highly fertile
soil
1015 mm and
over
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Napier Grass
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Vegetative and seed 35,000 and 40,000seed piece/ha
15-40
S i
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Setaria
(Setaria sphacelata)
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Setaria
• Plant: Tufted perennial grass growing 1 - 2m tall, and up to about 30cmdiameter at the base.
• Stems: Smooth and shiny, sometimes slightly waxy.
•
Leaves: Young shoots are flattened at the base, and the leaves folded (notrolled). Leaves are generally hairless, soft to the touch and bluish grey-green in colour, often reddish around the stem; leaf blades to 50 cm longand over 1 cm wide.
• Seedhead: Seeds are borne on a bristly, cylindrical "spike" 6 - 25cm long,
and about 1cm across, varying in colour from golden to dark brown.
• Seeds: Very small,
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Setaria
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cutand
Carry
GrazingSupplementation
for the dry
season
Leaf
Meal
Wet areaswith no or
short dry
season
Wet/Dryseason with
long dry
season
Fertile(neutral to
moderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile(neutral to
moderately acid
soils)
Infertile(extremely acid
soils)
2 1 2 1 2 1Legend
1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
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Setaria
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
Soil
SoilRain Fall
(annual)
Poor Fair Fair
Grows well on
moderately fertile
soil
1015 and over
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Setaria
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Vegetative and seed 2 kg seeds/ha 15 - 31 60 - 120
A hi Pi t
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Arachis Pinto
(Arachis Pintoi)
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Arachis Pinto
• Stoloniferous, perennial herb developing a strong taprooton the older crowns and forming a dense mat of stolons.Stems initially prostrate, becoming ascendant to 50 cm inheight depending on environment and provenance. Leavestetrafoliolate, with ovate leaflets up to 4.5 cm x 3.5 cm.
Flowers on short axillary racemes, standard 12-17 mmwide, yellow. The terminal pod on the peg usually contains1 seed, sometimes 2, while pods formed along the pegcontain only 1. Abscission layer between seed and peg,causing separation from plant on maturity. Seed size varies
markedly with provenance , ranging from over 9,000seeds/kg in ATF 3270 (GRIF 7499, PI 604813) to 4,000 in ATF495 (BRA-012122, CIAT 18744), and averaging 7,000 in themost common cultivar,
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Arachis Pinto
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
andCarry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dryseason
LeafMeal
Wet areas
with no orshort dry
season
Wet/Dry
season withlong dry
season
Fertile
(neutral tomoderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral tomoderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acidsoils)
2 1 2 2 2
Legend 1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
8/13/2019 Forage Morphology
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Arachis Pinto
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
Soil
SoilRain Fall
(annual)
Poor Poor Fair
Grows best on
moderately fertile
to fertile soil
1015 mm and
over
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Arachis Pinto
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Vegetative and seed 10- 15 kg seeds/ha 3 – 5 1,000-2,000
Calliandra
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Calliandra
(Calliandra calothysus)
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Calliandra
• Calliandra calothyrsus is shrub or a small tree (2-12 m high), with atrunk diameter of up to 30 cm, with white to red brown bark and adense canopy. Leaves are twice-compound (bipinnate) andalternate; the rachis (main stem) is 10-19 cm long, without glands;rachilla are 2-11 cm long; there are 19-60 pairs of leaflets; leafletsare linear, oblong and pointed (acute) 5-8 x 1 mm.
• Flowers are in umbelliform (umbrella-like) clusters (outer whorl ofsepals) of 10-30 cm length. Flower sepals and petals are green,calyx 2 mm long, corolla 5-6 mm long. The numerous red staminalfilaments are 4-6 cm long. Fruits are broadly linear, flattened, 8-11
cm x 1 cm linear oblong pods with thickened and raised margins,finely hairy or hairless, brown dehiscent, 8(12) seeded. Seeds areellipsoid, flattened, 5-7 mm long and mottled dark brown.
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Calliandra
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
andCarry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dryseason
LeafMeal
Wet areas
with no orshort dry
season
Wet/Dry
season withlong dry
season
Fertile
(neutral tomoderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral tomoderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acidsoils)
2 1 1 2 1 2
Legend 1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
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Calliandra
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
Soil
SoilRain Fall
(annual)
Poor Poor Fair
Wide range,
including acid
soils, but needs
moderately fertile
1015 mm and
over
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Calliandra
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Seed 1.5 – 12 kg seeds/ha 8-25 100-500
Centro
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Centro
(Centrosema macrocarpum)
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Centro
• Tap-rooted, trailing perennial herb with slender stems, rooting at the nodes insome genotypes. Stems pilose with greyish hairs when young, glabrescent,lignified at base. Leaves trifoliolate; stipules triangular, petioles and petiolulespubescent; leaflets broadly to narrowly ovate, acute to acuminate at the apex,rounded or slightly wedge-shaped at the base; central leaflet larger and withlonger petioles than the laterals, mostly 8-13 cm long, 3-8 cm wide, papyraceousto subcoriaceous, almost glabrous to pubescent on lower or both surfaces;
frequently with a light-green marking along midrib. Inflorescence an axillaryraceme with up to 30 flowers inserted in pairs along rachis; flowers papilionate,subtended by a pair of ovate-lanceolate-falcate bracteoles; calyx campanulate, 5-teethed with carinal tooth considerably longer than others; petals showy andcream-coloured with purple centre; standard orbicular-emarginate, 3-6 cm indiameter, pubescent outside; wings and keel much smaller than standard,directed upwards. Pod linear, compressed, up to 30 cm long, 1 cm wide, straightto slightly bent and beaked, subglabrous, containing up to 25 seeds, dehiscent.Seeds transversely oblong to rectangular, on average 5 mm x 3 mm, yellowish-brownish or black, plain, mottled or marbled.
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Centro
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
andCarry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dryseason
LeafMeal
Wet areas
with no orshort dry
season
Wet/Dry
season withlong dry
season
Fertile
(neutral tomoderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral tomoderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acidsoils)
1 2 1 2 1
Legend 1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
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Centro
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
Soil
SoilRain Fall
(annual)
Fair Poor Fair
Well drained m
moderately fertile
to fertile
1500 mm and
over
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Centro
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Seed 3- 5 kg seeds/ha 5- 20 800
Centro
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Centro
(Centrosema pubescens)
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Centro
• Perennial, trailing-climbing herb with strong tendency to root atnodes of trailing stems. Leaves trifoliolate, leaflets ovate toorbicular, ca. 3 cm long and 1.3-2 cm broad, shortly acuminate andfinely pubescent. Young leaflets and terminal portions of stolonsare typically reddish. Stipules triangular-elongated, persistent.Inflorescence an axillary raceme with 3-5 lilac to bluish-violet
flowers, each flower subtended by two striate bracteoles. Calyxcampanulate, 5-teethed; standard orbicular, approx. 2 cm indiameter; wings and keel much smaller than standard, directedupwards. Pod linear, compressed, approx. 13 cm long and 5-6 mmbroad, straight to slightly bent and beaked, containing up to 15seeds. Seeds transversely oblong to very slightly reniform , approx.
5 mm long, yellowish-greenish with dark mottles.
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Centro
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
andCarry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dryseason
Leaf
Meal
Wet areas
with no or
short dry
season
Wet/Dry
season with
long dry
season
Fertile
(neutral to
moderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral tomoderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acidsoils)
1 2 2 1 2 1Legend
1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
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Centro
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
Soil
SoilRain Fall
(annual)
Fair Good Fair
Well drained
moderately fetile
to fertile
1500 mm and
over
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Centro
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Seed 1- 6 kg seeds/ha 3- 10 500 - 700
Desmanthus
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Desmanthus
(Desmanthus virgatus)
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Desmanthus
• Prostrate, decumbent or erect herbaceous perennial shrub, typically to 0.7 m,occasionally to 1.5 m tall; strongly branched from the base, with a taproot to 0.5m depth and 1-2 cm in diameter Young stems green and hairless (or with sparsewhite hairs), angular with golden corky ridges. Older stems hairless, shiny red orbrown.
• Bipinnate leaf 2.4-8.0 cm long, with 2-5 pairs of pinnae 11-30 mm long and 11-23pairs of leaflets/pinnae, 2.4-7.0 mm long and 0.7-1.6 mm wide. Persistent stipules
2-9 mm long.• Small flowering heads (condensed spikes) 0.5-0.9 cm long, occur singly in leaf axils
on short peduncles (to 4.0 cm long). Heads contain 3-22 flowers that may beperfect, functionally male or sterile. Sterile flowers 0-8 occur at the base of thehead. Male flowers usually absent, occasionally 1, occur towards the base of thehead above the sterile flowers, but below the perfect flowers. Perfect flowers 3-14occur apically. Fruiting stalks 1.0-5.2 cm long bear 1-11 pods.
• Pods are linear , 5.5-8.5 cm long and 3.2-4.9 mm wide, opening along bothmargins. Reddish-brown to nearly black at maturity.
• Seeds 11-26/pod, 2.4-3.1 x 1.7-2.4 mm, flattened and ovate in shape and reddish-brown or golden-brown in colour.
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Desmanthus
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
andCarry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dryseason
Leaf
Meal
Wet areas
with no or
short dry
season
Wet/Dry
season with
long dry
season
Fertile
(neutral to
moderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral tomoderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acidsoils)
2 1 2 2 1 2 1Legend
1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
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Desmanthus
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
Soil
SoilRain Fall
(annual)
Good Poor Fair
Fertile neutral to
alakaline clatyto
clay loam
1000 mm and
over
h
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Desmanthus
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
seed 2 -6 kg seeds/ha 7.6 1,200
Rensonii
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Rensonii
(Desmodium rensonii now D. cinerea)
ii
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Rensonii
• Short-lived (2-3 years), erect shrub 1-3 m in height. Erectstems have few branches and tend to become woody.Branches densely covered in short white, hooked hairs.Leaves trifoliate round or ovoid with terminal leaflet slightlypointed. Leaflets usually rather thick, 5-7 cm long, covered
in soft hairs lying flat against the lamina ; present on bothsurfaces, but especially underneath. Stipules about 3 mmlong, shedding early. Purple flowers borne in many largeopen panicles, producing seed pods with 6-8 seedscontracted between each; seeds about 4 mm long and 3
mm broad, almost symmetrical. Seeds small and hard,green turning yellow-brown to brown with maturity. About500,000 seeds/kg
R ii
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Rensonii
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
andCarry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dryseason
Leaf
Meal
Wet areas
with no or
short dry
season
Wet/Dry
season with
long dry
season
Fertile
(neutral to
moderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral tomoderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acidsoils)
2 1 1 1 1 2Legend
1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
R ii
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Rensonii
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
Soil
SoilRain Fall
(annual)
Poor Poor Poor
Adapted to
moderately fertile
neutral or slightly
acid soil
1500 mm and
over
R ii
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Rensonii
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Seed 100
Gliricidia
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Gliricidia
(Gliricidia sepium)
Gli i idi
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Gliricidia
•Small to medium-sized, thornless, leguminous tree up to 10-12 m high.Branching frequently from the base with basal diameters reaching 50-70cm. Bark is smooth, varying in colour from whitish grey to deep red-brown. Trees display spreading crowns. Leaves are odd pinnate, usuallyalternate, sub-opposite or opposite, to approximately 30 cm long; leaflets5-20, ovate or elliptic, 2-7 cm long, 1-3 cm wide. Leaflet midrib and rachisare occasionally striped red. Inflorescences appear as clustered racemeson distal parts on new and old wood, 5-15 cm long, flowers borne singlywith 20-40 per raceme. Flowers bright pink to lilac, tinged with white,usually with a diffuse pale yellow spot at the base of the standard petal,calyx glabrous, green, often tinged red. Standard petal round and nearlyerect, approximately 20 mm long; keel petals 15-20 mm long, 4-7 mmwide. Fruit green, sometimes tinged reddish-purple when unripe, light
yellow-brown when mature, narrow, 10-18 cm long, 2 cm wide, valvestwisting in dehiscence, yellow-brown to brown, nearly round.
Gli i idi
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Gliricidia
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
andCarry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dryseason
Leaf
Meal
Wet areas
with no or
short dry
season
Wet/Dry
season with
long dry
season
Fertile
(neutral to
moderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral tomoderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acidsoils)
2 1 2 2 1 2 1Legend
1 – Possible no number – not recommended
2 – Recommended
Gli i idi
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Gliricidia
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
SoilSoil
Rain Fall
(annual)
Very Good Fair Good
Wide range but
grows best on
moderately fertile
soils
900 mm and
Gli i idi
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Gliricidia
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
Vegetative and seed 9 –
16
Leucena
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(Leucaena leucocephala)
L
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Leucena
• Shrub or tree up to 18 m tall, forked whenshrubby and branching strongly after coppicing,with greyish bark and prominent lenticels. Leavesbipinnate with 4-9 pairs of pinnae, variable in
length up to 35 cm, with a large gland (up to 5mm) at the base of the petiole; leaflets 11-22pairs/pinna, 8-16 mm x 1-2 mm, acute. Flowersnumerous, in globose heads with a diameter of 2-5 cm, stamens (10 per flower) and pistil 10 mmlong, anthers pilose, dehiscing at dawn. Pod 14-26 cm x 1.5-2 cm, pendant, brown at maturity.Seeds 18-22 per pod , 6-10 mm long, brown.
Leucena
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Leucena
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
andCarry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dryseason
Leaf
Meal
Wet areas
with no or
short dry
season
Wet/Dry
season with
long dry
season
Fertile
(neutral to
moderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral tomoderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acidsoils)
2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1Legend
1 –
Possible no number –
not recommended
2 – Recommended
Leucena
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Leucena
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
SoilSoil
Rain Fall
(annual)
Very Good Poor Fair
Well drained
soils, slightly
acidic to slightly
alkaline
760 mm and
over
Leucena
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Leucena
Propagation Seedling RateHerbage DM Yield
(t/ha)
Seed Yield
(kg/ha)
VSeed 3 -4 kg seed/ha 7-24
Stylo
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y
(Stylosanthes guianensis)
Stylo
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Stylo
•Erect summer-growing herbaceous perennial with branchingupright stems up to 1 m tall, which may become more prostrateunder grazing. Stems hairy, becoming woody at the base with age;leaves pinnately trifoliate with elliptic leaflets 15 to 55 mm long and7 to 13 mm wide; sticky in some ecotypes; petiole 6 to 15 mm long.Inflorescence of several spikes of a few flowers crowded into
terminal heads; spikes sessile in unifoliate bracts and hairy; no axisrudiment; flowers yellow; pod hairy with one fertile joint and a verysmall beak. Seeds yellowish brown, averaging 1.75 mm long(Barnard, 1967), flat sided, tightly enclosed in a brown hull whichcan be removed by light threshing. Main taproot extends to 1 m.Runners root downwards but are ineffective (Gilchrist, 1967). At
three months, 83.7 percent of the roots were in the top 20 cm ofprofile, 11 percent from 20 to 40 cm, 3.4 percent from 40 to 60 cm,1.3 percent from 60 to 80 cm, and 0.4 percent had reached from 80to 100 cm
Stylo
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Stylo
Ways of Using Climate Soil Fertility and acidity
Cut
andCarry
Grazing
Supplementation
for the dryseason
Leaf
Meal
Wet areas
with no or
short dry
season
Wet/Dry
season with
long dry
season
Fertile
(neutral to
moderate
acid soils)
Moderately
Fertile
(neutral tomoderately acid
soils)
Infertile
(extremely acidsoils)
2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2Legend
1 –
Possible no number –
not recommended
2 – Recommended
Stylo
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Stylo
Tolerance to Adaptability
Drought Water LoggingLow Fertility
SoilSoil
Rain Fall
(annual)
Good Fair Very Good
Wide range
including
infertile, acid soil
1200 mm and
over
Stylo
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