27.06.2018 1
Focal point Molecular Medicine
http://www.brignoles.fr
27.06.2018 2
I heard that vaccination is a bad thing…my son is not
vaccinated and I am proudof it!!!
What is the best cancertreatment for my friend?
Focal point Molecular Medicine
http://www.brignoles.fr
The immune response to tumors and fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Regulation of the immune system
Chiara Geyer
SS2018
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
27.06.2018 3
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction: Cancer
World Health Organisation (2018)Weir et al. (2016)
27.06.2018 4
Introduction: Cancer
Hanahan (2011)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Lecture BCIV Schulze-Osthoff (SS 2016)
27.06.2018 5
Introduction: Cancer
Hanahan (2011)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Lecture BCIV Schulze-Osthoff (SS 2016)
27.06.2018 6
Immune surveillance hypothesis
“It is by no means inconceivable that small accumulation of tumor cells may develop and because of their possession of new antigenic potentialities provoke an effective immunological reaction with regression of the tumor and no clinical hint of its existence.” (Burnet FM; 1970)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
27.06.2018 7
Introduction: Cancer
Cancer Immunoediting
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Dunn et al. (2004)27.06.2018 8
• Mice lacking perforin show
an increased frequency of
lymphomas
• Mice lacking RAG2 show
increased rate of sarcomas
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Shankaran et al. (2001) Smyth et al. (2000)
27.06.2018 9
Cancer Immunoediting
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Janeway`s Immunobiology, 8ed (2012)
27.06.2018 10
Cancer Immunoediting
Tumor specific antigens
• Strictly tumor-specific antigens: Result from point mutations during
oncogenesis
• Cancer-testis antigens: Proteins encoded by genes that are normally
expressed only in male germ cells in the testis
• Differentiation antigens: encoded by genes that are expressed only
in particular types of tissue
• Strongly overexpressed antigens: derived from proteins that are
strongly overexpressed compared to normal cells
• Abnormal post translational modifications antigens
• novel proteins antigens: generated when introns are retained in the
mRNA
• Oncoviral protein antigens: generated of viral proteins translated in
the cell
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
27.06.2018 11
Anti-Cancer immune response
Tumor specific antigens
• Strictly tumor-specific antigens: Result from point mutations during
oncogenesis
• Cancer-testis antigens: Proteins encoded by genes that are normally
expressed only in male germ cells in the testis
• Differentiation antigens: encoded by genes that are expressed only
in particular types of tissue
• Strongly overexpressed antigens: derived from proteins that are
strongly overexpressed compared to normal cells
• Abnormal post translational modifications antigens
• novel proteins antigens: generated when introns are retained in the
mRNA
• Oncoviral protein antigens: generated of viral proteins translated in
the cell Anti Cancer immune response
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Janeway`s Immunobiology, 8ed (2012)
27.06.2018 12
Anti-Cancer immune response
Tumor specific antigens
• Strictly tumor-specific antigens: Result from point mutations during
oncogenesis
• Cancer-testis antigens: Proteins encoded by genes that are normally
expressed only in male germ cells in the testis
• Differentiation antigens: encoded by genes that are expressed only
in particular types of tissue
• Strongly overexpressed antigens: derived from proteins that are
strongly overexpressed compared to normal cells
• Abnormal post translational modifications antigens
• novel proteins antigens: generated when introns are retained in the
mRNA
• Oncoviral protein antigens: generated of viral proteins translated in
the cell
Anti Cancer immune response
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
27.06.2018 13
Anti-Cancer immune response
Cancer Immunoediting
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML):
• Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase
(chromosomal translocation
t9;22)
• HLA-A*0301 can display a
peptide derived from the fusion
side between Bcr-Abl
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
27.06.2018 14
Immunotherapy: Adoptive T-cell therapy
Adoptive T-cell immunotherapy:
• T-cells specific for Bcr-Abl fusion
protein can be identified in CML
patients peripheral blood
• Cytotoxic T-cells are able to
recognize and kill the cancer cells
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Perica et al (2015)
27.06.2018 15
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Breast cancer:
• Breast cancer (BC) is the most common
cancer in women worldwide
• Over-expression of HER2 has been associated
with a more clinically aggressive tumor and a
worse prognosis
Romond (2005)
https://chipsahospital.org/
27.06.2018 16
Immunotherapy: Monoclonal Antibody therapy
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Monoclonal antibody against breast
cancer
• Monoclonal Antibody Trastuzumab
• Targets Her-2
• Combined with conventional
chemotheraphy
Maximiano et al. (2016)
27.06.2018 17
Immunotherapy: Monoclonal Antibody therapy
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Vaccination for prevention and
therapy of cancer
Checkpoint blockade
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Monoclonal antibody therapy:
• Problem with monoclonal
antibodies: inefficient killing
Janeway`s Immunobiology, 8ed (2012)
27.06.2018 18
Immunotherapy: Monoclonal Antibody therapy
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Checkpoint blockade
SummaryFighting infectious
diseases with vaccination
Melanoma
• malignancy of pigment-producing
cells (melanocytes)
• least common form of skin cancer, it
has the highest mortality
• median overall survival (OS) was
approximately 8 to 10 months with
approved therapies for stage IV
melanoma
McCourt (2014)
Schadendorf (2015)27.06.2018 19
Immunotherapy: Checkpoint Blockade
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Checkpoint blockade
SummaryFighting infectious
diseases with vaccination
Therapy against Melanoma
• Immune response is controlled by
several positive and negative
checkpoints
• Inhibitory signals such as CTLA-4
and PD-1
• Ipilimumab antagonistic monoclonal
antibody against cytotoxic T-
lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)
Tang (2018)
27.06.2018 20
Immunotherapy: Checkpoint Blockade
Using immune response to attack tumors
Introduction Cancer Cancer
Immunoediting Tumor specific
antigens Adoptive T-cell
immunotherapy
Monoclonal Antibodies against
tumor antigens
Checkpoint blockade
SummaryFighting infectious
diseases with vaccination
Summary
• Tumors evade or suppress the immune system in several ways
• Monoclonal antibodies have been successfully developed for tumor
immunotherapy
• Checkpoint blockade are developed to interfere with inhibitory mechanisms that
suppress the tumor response against cancer
• Current trends are attempting to incorporate immunotherapy with other
traditional anticancer drugs
27.06.2018 21
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
www.hpd.de (2017)
www.hpd.de (2017)
World Helath Organisation (2018)
27.06.2018 22
Introduction: Vaccination
https://www.sciencealert.com (2017)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 23
Introduction: Vaccination and
First Vaccination
• Generation of long-lasting and protective
immunity
• Early 20th Century
• Cowpox vaccination against smallpox
• Cowpox antigens that stimulate an immune-
response that cross-reacts with smallpox
antigens
• Attenuated organisms -> stimulate
protective immunity but don´t cause disease
• Develop vaccines based on killed organisms
Riedel (2005)
https://imgur.com/gallery/oF6EQOo (2018)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 24
Vaccination against smallpox
BUT: For many pathogens, natural infection does not seem to
generate protective immunity.
Riedel (2005)
Janeway`s Immunobiology, 8ed (2012)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 25
First Vaccination
• Generation of long-lasting and protective
immunity
• Early 20th Century
• Cowpox vaccination against smallpox
• Cowpox antigens that stimulate an immune-
response that cross-reacts with smallpox
antigens
• Attenuated organisms -> stimulate
protective immunity but don´t cause disease
• Develop vaccines based on killed organisms
Vaccination against smallpox
Most effective vaccines generate
antibodies
• exposure to the spores of the
bacterium, Clostridium tetani
• Neurotoxins produced under
anaerobic conditions in wounds
contaminated with the bacterial
spores lead to tetanus
Antibodies:
• Prevent the damage caused by the
pathogen, prevent reinfection
• Neutralization Roitt et al. (2001)
Ganesh (2016)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 26
Most vaccinations generate Antibodys
Most effective vaccines generate
antibodies
• exposure to the spores of the
bacterium, Clostridium tetani
• Neurotoxins produced under
anaerobic conditions in wounds
contaminated with the bacterial
spores lead to tetanus
Antibodies:
• Prevent the damage caused by the
pathogen, prevent reinfection
• Neutralization
Janeway`s Immunobiology, 8ed (2012)
Roitt et al. (2001)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 27
Most vaccinations generate Antibodys
Safety - a big issue
• Bordetella pertussis vaccination
• Encephalitis might rarely follow
vaccination
• Two deaths after vaccination
• 13.000 cases of whooping cough
• Vaccine is no primary cause of brain
injury
Janeway`s Immunobiology, 8ed (2012)www.hpd.de (2017)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 28
Why is it so important that vaccines are very save?
Generation of Live-attenuated viral vaccines
• Viruses that are treated to be unable to replicate
• Life-attenuated viral vaccines are far more potent
Janeway`s Immunobiology, 8ed (2012)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 29
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Generation of Live-attenuated viral vaccines
• Viruses that are treated to be unable to replicate
• Life-attenuated viral vaccines are far more potent
Janeway`s Immunobiology, 8ed (2012)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 30
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Janeway`s Immunobiology, 8ed (2012)
Peptide-based vaccines
• Peptide epitopes that stimulate protective immunity
• Human HLA-B53 (resistance to cerebral malaria)
• Reverse genetic analysis
• Liver stage antigen-1
Problems of peptide derived vaccines:
• Particular peptide may not bind to all MHC molecules present in
the population (highly polymorphic)
• Exogenous proteins and peptides that delivered by a synthetic
vaccine are efficiently processed for MHC II molecules but do
not enter MHC I Processing pathway
Guinovart et al. (2009)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 31
New development: Peptide based vaccines
Adjuvants
• Some vaccines require additional
components to mimic how infections
normally activate innate immunity
• Adjuvants: substances that enhance the
immunogenicity of antigens (e.g. alum:
inorganic aluminum salts)
• Activation of inflammasome
• Triggering the innate immunity via TLRs
and NOD-like receptors
Spreafico (2010)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 32
Adjuvants and their role in vaccination
The route of vaccination is an important determinant of success
• Ideal vaccination induces host defense at the point of entry
• Many important pathogens enter the body through mucosal
surfaces
• Live-attenuated polio-vaccine
• Three attenuated polio vaccines, highly immunogenic
• Immunity from oral poliovirus vaccine is probably lifelong
Ärzte Zeitung (2006) www.unicef.de
Nomoto (2007)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 33
How can the efficiency of a vaccine be improved?
Effectiveness of a vaccine can be enhanced by targeting it to the
side of infection
• More efficient presentation can be achieved if proteolysis of the
antigen to APCs is prevented
• Target the vaccine directly to APCs
• Coat vaccine antigen with mannose
• Target vaccine antigens to selectively into the antigen-
presenting pathways of the cell (Antigen coupled to DEC
205 antibody)
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 34
How can the efficiency of a vaccine be improved?
Summary
• Vaccination has eradicated or virtually eliminated several human diseases (e.g. smallpox)
• There are important human infectious diseases for which there is still no effective vaccine
• Most effective vaccines are based on attenuated live microorganisms
• Vaccines can also be based on components of the microorganism or its toxin
• Vaccines based on peptides are beginning to be tested on humans
• A vaccines immunity often depends on adjuvants
• Adjuvants activate the innate immune response
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 35
27.06.2018 36
I heard that vaccination is a bad thing…my son is not
vaccinated and I am proudof it!!!
What is the best cancertreatment for my friend?
Focal point Molecular Medicine
A lot ofanswers
Thank you for your attention
Literature (immunotherapy)
• Janeways`s Immunobiology 8th ed. Page 682-710
• Burnet FM. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1970. Immunological surveillance
• Tang F et al. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies in cancer immunotherapy: selective depletion of intratumoral regulatory T cells or checkpoint blockade? Cell & Bioscience. (2018);8:30. doi:10.1186/s13578-018-0229-
• Schadendorf D.,et al. Pooled Analysis of Long-Term Survival Data From Phase II and Phase III Trials of Ipilimumab in Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. (2015);33(17):1889-1894. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.56.2736.
• Romond E.H., et al. “Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer.” N Engl J Med. (2005) Oct 20;353(16):1673-84.
• Hanahan D., Weinberg R,A. “Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation.” Cell. (2011) Mar 4;144(5):646-74. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013.
• Maximiano S. et al. “Trastuzumab in the Treatment of Breast Cancer” BioDrugs. (2016)
• Perica K, Varela JC, Oelke M, Schneck J. Adoptive T Cell Immunotherapy for Cancer. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal. (2015);6(1):e0004. doi:10.5041/RMMJ.10179.
• http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
• https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2016/16_0211.htm
• Douglas Hanahan, Robert A. Weinberg “Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation” Cell. (2011) doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013
• Karlo Perica et al. “Adoptive T Cell Immunotherapy for Cancer” (2015) Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2015 Jan; 6(1): e0004.
• Dunn et al. „The Immunobiology of Cancer Immunosurveillance and Immunoediting” Immunity (2004) doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.07.017
• Smyth et al. “Perforin-Mediated Cytotoxicity Is Critical for Surveillance of Spontaneous Lymphoma” JEM (2000) doi: 10.1084/jem.192.5.755
• Domenico „ The concept of immune surveillance against tumors: The first theories” Oncotarget. (2016)
Literature
Literature (vaccination)
• Janeways`s Immunobiology 8th ed. Page 682-710
• Nomoto, A. “Molecular Aspects of Poliovirus Pathogenesis.” Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences 83.8 (2007): 266–275. PMC. Web. 24 June 2018.
• Spreafico R, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P., Mortellaro A.” The controversial relationship between NLRP3, alum, danger signals and the next-generation adjuvants.”Eur J Immunol. (2010) Mar;40(3):638-42. doi: 10.1002/eji.200940039.
• Riedel S. Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination. Proceedings Baylor University Medical Center. (2005);18(1):21-25.
• Ganesh M., Sheikh N.K.,Shah P., Mehetre G., Dharne M.S., Nagoba B.S., “Detection of Clostridium tetani in human clinical samples using tetX specific primers targeting the neurotoxin” Journal of Infection and Public Health(2016)doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2015.06.014
• Yang, N. J., & Chiu, I. M. (2017). Bacterial Signaling to the Nervous System via Toxins and Metabolites. Journal of Molecular Biology, 429(5), 587–605. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.023
• Anne-Line Blankenhorn, Tania Cernuschi, Michel J. Zaffran; Exceptional Financial Support for Introduction of Inactivated Polio Vaccine in Middle-Income Countries, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 216, Issue suppl_1, 1 July 2017, Pages S52–S56, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw573
• Clem, A. S. (2011). Fundamentals of Vaccine Immunology. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 3(1), 73–78. http://doi.org/10.4103/0974-777X.77299
• Guinovart et al. “Insights into Long-Lasting Protection Induced by RTS,S/AS02A Malaria Vaccine: Further Results from a Phase IIb Trial in Mozambican Children” PloS One (2009)
• Alonso, Pedro L et al. “Duration of protection with RTS,S/AS02A malaria vaccine in prevention of Plasmodium falciparum disease in Mozambican children: single-blind extended follow-up of a randomised controlled tria”l The Lancet , Volume 366 , Issue 9502 , 2012 - 2018
Using immune response to attack tumors
Fighting infectious diseases with vaccination
Introduction Vaccination
Most vaccines generate antibodies
Live-attenuated viral vaccines
Peptide-based vaccines
AdjuvantsIncreasing the efficiency of
vaccinesSummary
27.06.2018 37
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