Fishery Management
• Fishing is extractive
– Removes choices organisms - “fine-ing”
– Changes food web structure
• The human condition provides little
incentive to maintain “sustainable
stocks”
• Need way to control ourselves…
Fisheries by Their Nature are Extractive; They Alter the Natural Environment
anthropogeniceffect
BMSY?
no fish no fishing
Maximum SustainableYield (MSY)
The objective of fisheries management is
to achieve a high level of sustainable yield
Under exploitation, natural populationsdecline in abundance to a new
equilibrium
BMSY?
no fish no fishing
Maximum SustainableYield (MSY)
The objective of fisheries management is
to achieve a high level of sustainable yield
A Bioeconomic MSY
A Bioeconomic MSY
• Considering costs lowers sustainable yields
• MEY < MSY
Fish Management
• Objectives are to maintain sustainable
maximum yields (or revenues)
• Harvest costs are sometimes considered (especially related to new regulation)
• Conservation is not (often) considered
• Nor are food webs (management is single species)
• Hard part is to figure out the proper harvest
effort that produces a MSY
The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSFCMA) as Amended and Management Act (MSFCMA) as Amended
in 1996in 1996
“The policy of the Congress in this Act is to assure thatthe national fishery conservation and management
program utilizes, and is based upon, the best availablescientific information…”
16 U.S.C. 1801 M-S Act, Section 2, 101-627, 104-297
Recent Developments
• The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 was re-authorized by Congress in 1996 and was implemented nationally in 1997. Reauthorized this year.
• 2003 legislation requires Fishery Management Councils nationwide to establish biomass-based targets and thresholds for all actively managed stocks
Recent Developments
• On January 12, 2007, President Bush signed the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006.
• Mandates the use of annual catch limits & accountability measures to end overfishing
• Provides for market-based fishery management through limited access, bycatch restrictions, improved role of science & calls for increased international cooperation.
• http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/msa2007/
What is the Pacific Fishery Management Council?
• Responsible for California, Oregon, and Washington EEZ waters (FEDERAL!!)
• Established with implementation of original MSFCMA of 1976
• Draft Fishery Management Plans including salmon, highly migratory, groundfish, and coastal pelagics.
• Nearshore species - State F&G
• All regulations are ultimately approved by National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
PFMC Region
Who & Where of Fishery Management
State waters < 3 nmiFed waters > 3 but < 200 nmi (EEZ)
Final Network of MPAs, Oct 2007
Complete Marine Protected Area Network For the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary
StockAssessment
AllowableBiological
Catch (ABC)
HarvestPolicy
ExploitableBiomass
PromulgateRegulations
Socioeconomic,Allocation, andOther Issues
Optimum Yield (OY)OY < ABC
Pacific Fishery Management CouncilStock
AssessmentTeam
What is the process for What is the process for regulatingregulating
fishery harvests at the PFMC?fishery harvests at the PFMC?
“Wall ofScience”
This is now a three meeting
process, with a five month notice
and commentperiod, to be
conducted onceevery 2 years!!
sciencereview
Process must be transparent for all parties
Stock assessments form the basisStock assessments form the basisof all fishery managementof all fishery management
Stock Assessment(statistical model)
Landings by Gear Type 1. commercial 2. recreational
Fishery IndependentSurveys (shelf & slopetrawl surveys, etc.)
Age/Length Compositions 1. commercial 2. recreational
Life History Information growth, maturity, etc.
Fishery DependentInformation (logbookdata, discards, etc.)
Biomass and Recruitment
Science Review Harvest Policy
Allowable Biological Catch (ABC) Optimum Yield (OY)
Fish Management
• Instruments for setting Optimum Yield
Harvest quotas, trip limits, limited entry,
seasons, taxes on landings, ITQ’s, MPA’s, …
• Each has advantages
• Each requires knowledge of “excess”
fishery production
Fish Recruitment
• Recruits are fish at harvestable age/size
Reproductive
Adults
Juveniles
Eggs/Larvae
Immature Adults
HarvestableSize/Age
Harv
est
Recruitment
Curvature in the spawner-recruitcurve controls fishery productivity
Some Real “Data”
“Noise” makes “steepness” difficult
to measure
Fishery Management Plan for Pacific Sardine
• FMP needed to regulate all fisheries
• Gives the Allowable Biological Catch
(ABC)
• Components include:
stock biomass, recruitment, egg production,
size/age structure, spatial extent, SST, …
• Fishery dependent & independent data
Fishery Management Plan for Pacific Sardine
• A coastal species that forms large schools
• Feed on zooplankton & large phytoplankton
• Oviparous, with pelagic eggs, and pelagic larvae
• Matures in ~2 years & Can live up to 25 years
• Population doubling time 1.4 to 4.4 years
• Up to 16” long (mature at ~9”)
• Northward migrations early in summer & south
in autumn
Chavez
et
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20
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ap
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in r
ead
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Fishery Management Plan for Pacific Sardine
Fishery Management Plan for Pacific Sardine
• FMP needed to regulate all fisheries
• Gives the Allowable Biological Catch
(ABC)
• Components include:
stock biomass, recruitment, egg production,
size/age structure, spatial extent, SST, …
• Fishery dependent & independent data
Pacific Sardine Egg Production
Relative abundance of sardine eggs in CalCoFI larval
tows
Spawning Biomass from Egg Obs
Sardine Stock Area from Surveys
Abundance of Pre-Adults
Scripps Pier SST
Biomass of >1y Sardines
• These data were
used with an age-
structured stock
assessment model
to predict stock
biomass &
recruitment
Recruitment of Sardines
• These data were
used with an age-
structured stock
assessment model
to predict stock
biomass &
recruitment
Harvest Policy for Pacific Sardines
• U.S. harvest guideline for 2003
• Harvest = (TOTAL_STOCK_BIOMASS - CUTOFF) *
FRACTION * US_DISTRIBUTION
• CUTOFF = minimal allowable biomass with
harvest
• FRACTION = 5 to 15% depends on SST (f(PP)!!!)
• US_DISTRIBUTION = fraction total harvest in U.S.
EEZ
Biomass of >1y Sardines
Pacific Sardine Quotas & Landings
Pacific Sardine Landings
Fishery Management Plan for Pacific Sardine
• Harvest guidelines require estimates of
stock biomass & recruitment
• Components include:
stock biomass, recruitment, egg production,
size/age structure, spatial extent, SST, …
• Fishery dependent & independent data are
used
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