PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
MINISTRY OF TOURISM, INDUSTRY, FOREST AND ENVIRONMENT
(MoTIFE)
GANDAKI PROVINCE, KASKI
FINAL REPORT
ON
MASTER PLAN FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
IN SWARGADWARI
Pisang, Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality, Manang
SUBMITTED BY:
SHELL ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY PVT. LTD.
SITAPAILA, WARD NO.- 4, KATHMANDU
Email: [email protected]
July, 2019
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives of the Study .................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Scope of Works ................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Expected Output .............................................................................................................. 2
1.5 Contents of the Report .................................................................................................... 3
2. Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.1 Desk Study ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 Data Collection ................................................................................................................. 4
2.3 Field Visit .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.4 Preparation of Master Plan .............................................................................................. 5
Needs Assessment ........................................................................................................ 5
Preparation of Conceptual Master Plan ....................................................................... 5
Preparation of Draft Master Plan and Draft Report .................................................. 5
Preparation of Final Master Plan and Final Report ...................................................... 6
3. Site Context .............................................................................................................................. 7
Location of Project ....................................................................................................... 7
Accessibility .................................................................................................................. 9
3.2 Climatic Condition .......................................................................................................... 10
Temperature ............................................................................................................... 10
Rainfall ....................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Geological and Geotechnical Study ............................................................................... 12
The Terai (Indo-Gangetic Plain) .................................................................................. 12
Sub Himalaya or Churiya Range ................................................................................. 12
The Lesser Himalaya................................................................................................... 12
The Higher Himalaya .................................................................................................. 13
The Tethys Zone (The Inner Himalaya) ....................................................................... 13
Structures ................................................................................................................... 13
3.4 Regional Geology of the Project Area ............................................................................ 15
3.5 Land use pattern and Land Acquisition .......................................................................... 15
Land use ..................................................................................................................... 15
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Land Acquisition ......................................................................................................... 16
3.6 Existing Physical Infrastructure ...................................................................................... 17
Transportation: .......................................................................................................... 17
Electricity: ................................................................................................................... 17
Communication: ......................................................................................................... 17
Water supply: ............................................................................................................. 17
Sanitation and Waste Disposal System ...................................................................... 17
3.7 Socio-economic Status ................................................................................................... 17
Demographics Determinants ..................................................................................... 18
Households ................................................................................................................. 19
Education Status ........................................................................................................ 21
Economic Status ......................................................................................................... 22
4. Survey and Investigation ........................................................................................................ 24
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 24
4.2 Scope of Works .............................................................................................................. 24
4.3 Survey Methodology ...................................................................................................... 24
Reconnaissance Survey .............................................................................................. 24
Survey Equipment ...................................................................................................... 25
Survey Team .............................................................................................................. 25
Detail Topographic Survey ........................................................................................ 25
Plotting and Preparation of Maps .............................................................................. 26
5. Tourism Potential and Beneficiaries Analysis ........................................................................ 27
5.1 Tourism Potential ........................................................................................................... 27
5.2 Revenue Generation ...................................................................................................... 29
5.3 Tourism Flow Analysis .................................................................................................... 30
Tourist Nationality...................................................................................................... 30
Demographic Characteristics of Tourist Visitors ........................................................ 31
5.4 Tourism Package Analysis .............................................................................................. 34
Visiting Season ........................................................................................................... 38
Nature Culture and Adventure Weighting ................................................................. 39
Beneficiaries Analysis ................................................................................................. 39
6. Structural Components of the Master Plan Project ............................................................... 42
6.1 Component of Master Plan ............................................................................................ 42
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6.2 Generalization of Design concept: ................................................................................. 44
Areas for Design Development ................................................................................... 44
Design Alignment: ...................................................................................................... 45
6.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS JUSTIFICATION ........................................................................ 46
6.4 Description of the Project Components ........................................................................ 46
Entry Gate .................................................................................................................. 46
The View Tower .......................................................................................................... 47
The Tea House ............................................................................................................ 48
The Bridge .................................................................................................................. 49
The Foot Trail ............................................................................................................. 50
Viewing Decks ............................................................................................................ 50
7. Project Cost Estimate ............................................................................................................. 53
7.1 Quantity Estimates ......................................................................................................... 53
7.2 Rate Analysis .................................................................................................................. 53
7.3 Cost Estimate ................................................................................................................. 53
8. Financial Arrangement, Revenue Generation and Economic Analysis .................................. 55
8.1 Financial Arrangement of Project .................................................................................. 55
8.2 Revenue Generation ...................................................................................................... 55
Employment Generation ............................................................................................ 56
Foreign Exchange Earnings ........................................................................................ 56
Contribution to Local Economics ................................................................................ 56
Contribution to Government Revenue ....................................................................... 56
Stimulation of Infrastructure Investment ................................................................... 56
8.3 Economic Analysis .......................................................................................................... 56
9. Project development stages .................................................................................................. 59
9.1 Planning Stage ................................................................................................................ 59
9.2 Construction Preparation Stage ..................................................................................... 59
9.3 Construction Stage ......................................................................................................... 59
10. SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................................... 62
11. DISASTER AND SAFETY ....................................................................................................... 63
11.1 Risk Assessment ............................................................................................................. 63
Geological and Geo-technical Risks ........................................................................... 63
Risk of Land Degradation ........................................................................................... 63
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Risk to Flora and Fauna ............................................................................................. 64
Construction Schedule Risks ...................................................................................... 64
Risks Related to Construction Materials .................................................................... 64
Risk Related to Climatic Condition ............................................................................. 64
12. Conclusion and Recommendation ..................................................................................... 65
12.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 65
12.2 Recommendation ........................................................................................................... 65
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: Details of the topographic map of the study area ...................................................................... 4
Table 2-2: Details of the data collected during the study phase ................................................................. 4
Table 3-1: Location of Swargadwari ............................................................................................................. 7
Table 3-2: Accessibility to Swargadwari via road ......................................................................................... 9
Table 3-3: Monthly maximum, minimum and average temperature and precipitation in Pisang ............ 12
Table 3-4: Land plot details of the Swargadwari Area ............................................................................... 16
Table 3-5: Total Population and average household of Manang district and Pisang ................................ 18
Table 3-6: Population of Manang by Religion ............................................................................................ 18
Table 3-7: Total Population of Pisang by Caste and Ethnicity .................................................................... 19
Table 3-8: Households by house ownership in Pisang Village ................................................................... 19
Table 3-9: Household by main source of drinking water ........................................................................... 20
Table 3-10: Household by toilet facility ..................................................................................................... 20
Table 3-11: Literacy status of Manang district and Pisang ........................................................................ 21
Table 3-12: School attending population (age group 5-25 years) ............................................................. 22
Table 3-13: Usual economic activity performed in Manang district .......................................................... 22
Table 3-14: Economic activity performed in Manang District ................................................................... 23
Table 3-15: Poverty rate and poverty gap of Manang District .................................................................. 23
Table 4-1 : Survey Team ............................................................................................................................. 25
Table 4-2: List of Coordinates and Elevations of Benchmarks ................................................................... 25
Table 5-1: Annual number of Tourist visiting Nepal and Manang ............................................................. 27
Table 5-2: Top ten nationality visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post ................................................ 30
Table 5-3: Comparative annual tourist data (1996-2018) visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post ..... 32
Table 5-4: Distribution of tourists as per gender through Dharapani Check post in 2018 ........................ 33
Table 5-5: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in
2018 ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
Table 5-6: No of Tourist by purpose of visit ............................................................................................... 35
Table 5-7: Monthly number of tourists visiting different route in Manang via Dharapani Check Post .... 35
Table 5-8: Tour Package of Annapurna Circuit Trek (including proposed Swargadwari project area) ...... 37
Table 5-9: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in
2018 ........................................................................................................................................................... 38
Table 5-10: Components of Direct, Indirect & induced tourism contribution to GDP .............................. 40
Table 7-1: Summary of the project cost of Swargadwari Project .............................................................. 53
Table 8-1: Proposed financial arrangement for the project ...................................................................... 55
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Table 8-2: Economic Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 58
Table 9-1: Stages of Project Development................................................................................................. 59
Table 10-1: SWOT analysis for Swargadwari Project ................................................................................. 62
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3-1: Location Map of the Project Area .............................................................................................. 8
Figure 3-2: Location of Swargadwari rock ................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3-3: Accessibility Map of Swargadwari via Prithivi Highway, Dumre Besisahar Chame Road and
Manang Road ............................................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 3-4: Average annual temperature of Pisang, Manang (Source: climate-data.org) ......................... 11
Figure 3-5: Average monthly rainfall of Pisang (Source: climate-data.org) ............................................... 11
Figure 3-6: Physiographic Subdivision of the Himalayan Arc (after Gansser, 1964). ................................. 14
Figure 3-7: Generalized Geological Map of Nepal ..................................................................................... 14
Figure 3-8: Project Area in Regional Geological Map of Nepal .................................................................. 15
Figure 3-9: Land use Map of Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality .......................................................... 16
Figure 3-10: Percentage of house ownership in Pisang ............................................................................. 20
Figure 3-11: Percentage of households with toilet facility ........................................................................ 21
Figure 3-12: Literacy status of Population of Pisang.................................................................................. 22
Figure 3-13: Usual economic activity performed in Manang District ........................................................ 23
Figure 5-1: Annual number of tourists visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post .................................. 28
Figure 5-2: Gross Foreign Currency Revenue Generation from tourism ................................................... 30
Figure 5-3: Top ten nationality visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post .............................................. 31
Figure 5-4: Distribution of tourists as per gender through Dharapani Check post in 2018....................... 33
Figure 5-5: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in
2018 ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 5-6: Monthly number of tourists visiting different route in Manang via Dharapani Check Post ... 36
Figure 5-7: Annapurna Circut Treaking Route ........................................................................................... 36
Figure 5-8: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in
2018 ........................................................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 6-1 Component of Swargadwari Masterplan .................................................................................. 43
Figure 6-2: Representing Buddhist Religion Prayer Flag in Viewing Deck ................................................. 45
Figure 6-3: Line of Axis of the View Deck and Entrance ............................................................................ 45
Figure 6-4: Plan, Elevation and 3D view of Entry Gate .............................................................................. 47
Figure 6-5: Plan, Elevation and 3D view of View Tower (Tunnel) .............................................................. 48
Figure 6-6: Elevation of Tea House inspired by voids of Manang Village .................................................. 49
Figure 6-7: Conceptual Design of Bridge connecting Left and Right Bank................................................. 49
Figure 6-8: Proposed Trail Layout .............................................................................................................. 50
Figure 6-9: Viewing Decks Align along the Trail at Interval ....................................................................... 51
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Figure 6-10 Plan and 3D view of deck at end of trail ................................................................................. 52
Figure 8-1: Proposed financial arrangement for the project ..................................................................... 55
Figure 9-1: Construction Schedule of the Project ...................................................................................... 61
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LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex A: Quantity Estimate and Bill of Quantity
Annex B: Rate Analysis
Annex C: Site Photographs
Annex D: Master Plan Design Drawings
Annex E: Minutes of Meeting
Annex F: Linkage Map of Major Tourist Destination of Manang
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Tourism is one of the potential sectors for the economic development of Nepal. It has become one of the
major sources of earning foreign currency in Nepal. Expansion of tourism sector expands the employment
and income generation opportunity. Nepal is known for its natural and cultural diversity within its short
north-south territorial extent. Being a highly diverse country, Nepal is rich in natural beauty, religious and
cultural heritage which attracts large number of tourists annually from around the world. Nepal possess 8
out of 10 highest mountains in the world and there exist many other natural assets which has recognize Nepal
as a hotspot destination for mountaineers, rock climbers and other many adventure tourist. Similarly,
location of birth place of Lord Buddha, Pashupatinath, numerous World Heritage Sites, religious harmony,
linguistic and cultural diversity and climatic and geographical variations of the country lure visitors worldwide.
In 2018, total 11, 73,072 numbers of tourist arrived in Nepal that generated revenue of around 0.7 billion US
dollar.
Manang is the biggest village situated at an altitude of 3540 meters in the trans-Himalayan region of Nepal.
Manang has been an essential base for trekkers and mountaineers exploring this area. Upon entering the
Manang, there is a joyful, magical feelings. The tranquil beauty of this magnificent city lures tourists and adds
some of the most cherished moment in their life. The warm hospitality and cultural diversity of Manang has
attracted the attention of the visitors and make them fall in love with this majestic village. The sound of
silence, the subtle whistles of wind and eye-popping view mountain ranges will increase the desire to visit
Manang again and again.
Upper Manang is a part of the Annapurna Circuit and the whole district lies within the Annapurna
Conservation Area Project (ACAP). Annapurna Region is one of the world's renowned and notable tourist
destinations, especially for trekking tourists. As per Dharapani Check post, total 29,484 numbers of tourist
visited, among them, 23,884 numbers of tourist trekked through Annapurna Trekking route.
The proposed project site is located in Pisang village, Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality of Manang district,
along Annapurna Trekking Route. The Buddhist community residing here and in nearby villages greatly
reveres the region for its prodigious beauty and spiritual significance. The Ngisyang valley is most remote and
mystical destination. Apart from traditional villages of Manang Mountain vistas, icy glacial lake and
monasteries are attractions to be hold. The major attraction for tourists in this rural municipality are Tilicho
Lake, Gangapurna Lake, Ice Lake, Mamschoo Lake, Green lake, Gale Raja Palace, Yak Kharka, Thorang Pas,
Kalanga Pas, Mesokanta Pas, Ne Cave, Swargadwari, Milarepa Cave, Milarepa Gumba, Manang Gumba, Braga
Gumba, Tare Gumba, Pocho Gumba, Pisang Gumba, Ghyaru Gumba, Ngawal Gumba, Tanki Gumba, Khangsar
Gumba, Karki Gumba and Sher Gumba. Along with these tourist destinations, Swargadwari is another
potential destination for tourist. The religious and cultural importance of Swargadwari, its magical natural
beauty and geological location has potential for developing the place as one of the major tourist hubs of this
region. With this background Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality along with Ministry of Industry, Tourism,
Forest and Environment (MoITFE), Gandaki Province has planned to develop a Detailed Master Plan of the
Swargadwari area. In this course, the Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment has appointed
and signed the contract with Shell Engineering Pvt. Ltd for providing consultancy services for the project
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"Preparation of Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang". It is expected that the
proposed master plan project will increases the flow of tourist in that area and contribute in tourism
development and local development of the region by accumulating more revenue from tourism sector.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The primary objectives of the project are the preparation of Detail Master Plan in Swargadwari area of Pisang
Village of Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality in order to promote tourism and conserve the area. In specific
terms, the objectives of the projects given as below:
1. To develop Swargadwari as a place of religious importance and a major touristic destination.
2. Explore the possibilities of Swargadwari as a vibrant touristic place and destination
a. Explore and propose possibilities for museum, spiritual and public building amenities
(gompa) and resting space, park etc. and all other required/necessary services and
facilities.
b. Propose an easy path and adequate access for human traffic.
3. Prepare Master plan for sustainable development of Swargadwari rock area
a. Prepare a Master Plan that would further aid in the conservation of the existing
natural amenities and natural constraints.
b. Ensuring that the pre-existing natural landform that surrounds the area is altered to
its minimum.
1.3 SCOPE OF WORKS
The primary scope of this study is to prepare detailed master plan. The scope of the study necessarily includes
but not restricted to the followings.
• Design and prepare a conceptual Master plan including access and all necessary facilities to
propose conservation, and sustainable development of Swargadwari rock area
• Determine appropriate building type, space requirements, uses and user.
• Determine appropriate services and facilities to make the use of the space comfortable and
efficient.
• Prepare landscape design and drawing to match the spirit of project.
• Preparation of architectural plans and design
• Preparation of Preliminary cost-estimates based on the architectural plan and design.
1.4 EXPECTED OUTPUT
Within the aforementioned scope, the study at the end is expected to produce following summarized
outcomes as specified in the given TOR:
• Conceptual master plan with conceptual space designs for Gumba, Meditation hall, Gallery,
Dormtories, Dinning Hall, Foot-trail Design . It will also have the conceptual planning of the
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service and utilities, public amenities and the facilities for the visitors as well as the
administrative services.
• Conceptual layout design for the infrastructure development including the road network,
water supply, electricity, communication.
• Cost-estimate of component of Tourism Master Plan and preparation of Project Report.
1.5 CONTENTS OF THE REPORT
The final report for the project Preparation of Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari Manang
is presented in two Volumes.
Volume I: Final Report
Volume II: Detail Master Plan Design and Drawings
The final report have been divided into altogether twelve chapters as outlined below:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Methodology
Chapter 3: Site Context
Chapter 4: Survey and Investigation
Chapter 5: Tourism Potential and Beneficiaries Analysis
Chapter 6: Structural Components of the Master Plan Project
Chapter 7: Project Cost Estimate
Chapter 8: Project Development Stages
Chapter 9: Power Evacuation and Transmission Line Study
Chapter 10: SWOT Analysis
Chapter 11: Disaster and Safety
Chapter 12: Conclusions and Recommendations
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2. METHODOLOGY
The methodology of the study for the preparation of Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari,
Manang is largely guided by the methodology presented in the TOR and Proposal. Further, both rational and
participative methods has been used, the direct observations and information collected during site visit and
the interpretation of the existing documents, program formulation and the conceptual planning has been
complemented by stakeholder’s opinion and suggestions on the proposed design of master plan. The
different stages followed during preparation of master plan is discussed in the subsequent chapters.
2.1 DESK STUDY
The team of consultant after signing the contract agreement carried out the desk study of the project in the
initial phase. The team collected relevant literature and topographical map prepared by the department of
survey of the site (1:50000 Scale). The description of the topographical map prepared by the survey
department collected for the study is depicted in the table Table 2-1 below. The consultant also carried out
consultation with the client’s representative prior to field mobilization. This was undertaken to understand
the specific needs of the community and the municipality in terms of obtaining optimum benefits from the
project. The brief information about the site and its topographic features were also obtained by visiting the
areal imagery of the site location in google earth.
Table 2-1: Details of the topographic map of the study area
SN Topographical Map Map Scale
1 Sheet No. 2884 05 Chame 1: 50000
2.2 DATA COLLECTION
During the study phase, different data were collected from different relevant sources. During desk study
phase, the topographic map (sheet no. 2884-05, Chame) was collected from Department of Survey for
analyzing the physical and topographical features of the area. Prior to site visit, available regional geological
data of the area was also collected from Department of the Mines and Geology. To have knowledge about
the general trend of tourist visiting Nepal and Manang district, the statistics available from the Ministry of
Tourism and Civil Aviation and records available at ACA Check post and Visitor Information Center Dharapani
have been collected and analyzed. The record included total number of visitors, their nationalities and gender
which has been utilized to study the tourist potential and flow analysis. The socioeconomic data and their
analysis was carried out, from district profile of Manang district, 2014 published by the Central Bureau of
Statistics. Moreover, various websites, previous studies and reports and other relevant secondary data were
explored, reviewed and utilized during the preparation of the report.
Table 2-2: Details of the data collected during the study phase
SN Description of collected Data Data Type Source
Topo Sheet No: 2884-05, Chame Map Department of Survey
Regional Geological data Map Department of Mines and Geology
Nepal Tourism Statistic 2018 Report Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation
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Tourist flow data at Manang
district Record ACA Check post and Visitor Information Center at Dharapani
Socioeconomic data District
Profile
District Profile Manang, 2011, the Central Bureau of
Statistics.
2.3 FIELD VISIT
The team of consultant visited the site along with the personnel from Rural Municipality and local community
from B.S. 2076/01/21 to B.S. 2076/01/23. The team discussed and consulted with the local authorities and
stakeholders at site to understand their perception regarding the project. The locals demonstrated keen
interest towards the project development. A detailed topographic survey of the proposed area was also
carried out using Total Station. Efforts were made to collect as much details as possible during the survey
works. Inventory of the existing site condition was also carried out during field visit.
2.4 PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN
Needs Assessment
Based on the desk study, literature review and field assessment, the consultant carried out a need assessment
regarding the project development. The suggestions of the local community, representatives from Rural
Municipality and the consultant’s previous experience on similar projects supported by experts’ judgement
were used to finalize the needs and the components to be included in the master plan. The finalized
components was later used for project formulation and preparation of conceptual design.
Preparation of Conceptual Master Plan
After finalization of the needs assessment, the conceptual Master Plan of the area was prepared including all
the possible infrastructures. The conceptual Master Plan mainly delimited the following amenities:
• Entrance Gate
• View Tower (ramp)
• Tea House
• Bridge
• Landscaping design and Trekking Trail
• Viewing Deck
Preparation of Draft Master Plan and Draft Report
The comments and suggestions on the preliminary design and conceptual drawings prepared during
conceptual Master Plan provided by the authorities of the Ministry of Tourism, Industry, Forest and
Environment and Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality were included to prepare the draft Master Plan. The
draft master plan is the updated version of conceptual master plan with details. The Master Plan was
prepared taking into consideration the suitability of the proposed structures with respect to local conditions,
culture, topography and public acceptance. The proposed structures and amenities with landscape design is
expected to add beauty to the site enhancing its scenic beauty and landscape design of the area. The detail
design and drawings of various proposed components were prepared during the draft master plan. The detail
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Architectural and Structural drawings (Plans, Sections, and Elevations) were prepared in AutoCAD software.
The three dimensional drawings were prepared in sketch-up and the rendered images of the 3D views were
prepared using rendering software Lumion 8.0.
Further, the preliminary quantities of different items of works was also calculated. The draft report on
Preparation of Master Plan for Tourism Development in Manang was also prepared and presented to the
Ministry for final comments and approval.
Preparation of Final Master Plan and Final Report
The final comments received from the client was incorporated and final master plan was prepared. The Final
design and drawings of the proposed amenities were prepared. The 3D views and images of the finalized
design was also prepared. The detailed quantities and cost of the components were determined and
economic analysis was performed.
The final report on the project Preparation of Master Plan for Tourism Development in Manang was finally
prepared incorporating all the comments on the draft report and submitted for approval.
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3. SITE CONTEXT
Location of Project
Swargadwari is located in Pisang village of Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality in Manang district of Gandaki
Province, Nepal. Pisang village is approximately 187 km via Prithivi Highway and Dumre Besisahar Chame
Road from Pokhara, capital city of Gandaki Province. The Pisang village lies in the Annapurna Circuit at
approximately 4,300 meters on the way to famous Tilicho Lake. The administrative location of the
Swargadwari is depicted in the following Table 3-1.
Table 3-1: Location of Swargadwari
Country : Nepal
Province : Gandaki Province
Province No. : 4
District : Manang
Rural Municipality : Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality
Nearest Village : Pisang
Nearest Airport : Humde
Provincial Centre : Pokhara
Distance from Provincial Centre : 187 km (Pokhara to Pisang via Prithivi Highway/
Dumre Besisahar Chame Road)
Distance from Nearest Airport : 8.5 km (Humde to Pisang)
The project district Manang falls in Gandaki Province No.4 of Nepal is one the most beautiful hidden valley
of South Asia, a Nepalese village, which is approximately 248 km from the national capital Kathmandu. It is
situated in the broad valley of the Marshyangdi River to the north of the Annapurna mountain range. The
river flows to the east. To the west, the 5,416-metre (17,769 ft) Thorong La pass leads to Muktinath shrine
and the valley of the Gandaki River. To the north, there is the Chulu East peak of 6,584 m (21,601 ft). The
village is situated on the northern slope, which gets the most sunlight and the least snow cover in the winter.
The cultivation fields are on the North Slope with terrace. There are total four-rural municipality in Manang
district. They are Chame, Nashong, Narphu and Neshyang Municipality.
The proposed master plan is planned in Pisang village of Manang Ngisyang rural municipality, of Gandaki zone
of Mid-Western Region, currently in province number 4 of Nepal. The municipality was established on 2017
as local level government of Nepal by merging former VDCs of Nar, Phu, Bharka, Khangsar, Manang, Pisang,
Tanki Manag, Gyaru, Ngawal. The office of the Manang Ngisyang Gaunpalika (Manang Ngisyang Rural
Municipality) is located in Humde, Manag, Gandaki province of Nepal. The municipality has a total area of
649.63 km² with total population of 2222 as per the Census of 2011 consisting of 1017 male and 1205 female
population. This rural municipality with total nine ward lies East of Narpa Bhumi Rural Municipality and, west
of the Myagdi and Mustang district, North of Narpa Bhumi Rural Municipality and Mustang district, West of
Kaski district. The proposed Master plan is planned in ward no 1, Pisang of this rural municipality. Pisang is
one of those places that show the best of Nepal, scenery, mountains, culture, and generosity of spirit.
The Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality was formed by merging former VDCs of Nar, Phu, Bhraka, Khangsar,
Manang, Pisang, Tanki Manang, Gyaru, Ngawal. The office of the Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality is
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located in Humde of Manang district. The rural municipality has a total area of 694.54 km² with total
population of 2222 as per the Census of 2011 consisting of 1017 male and 1205 female population. This rural
municipality has a total nine wards and shares its border with Chame Municipality and Narphu Rural
Municipality in the East, Mustang and Myagdi district in the West, Narphu Rural Municipality and Tibet in
North and Kaski and Lamjung district in the South.
Most of the population of the rural municipality follows Buddhism. Gurung, Ghale, Lama and Bishwokarma
are the major ethnicity in the rural municipality. The Buddhist community residing here and in nearby villages
greatly reveres the region for its prodigious beauty and spiritual significance. The Ngisyang valley is most
remote and mystical destination. The major attraction for tourists in this rural municipality are Tilicho Lake,
Gangapurna Lake, Ice Lake, Mamschoo Lake, Green lake, Gale Raja Palace, Yak Kharka, Thorang Pas, Kalanga
Pas, Mesokanta Pas, Ne Cave, Milarepa Cave, Milarepa Gumba, Manang Gumba, Braga Gumba, Tare Gumba,
Pocho Gumba, Pisang Gumba, Ghyaru Gumba, Ngawal Gumba, Tanki Gumba, Khangsar Gumba, Karki Gumba,
Sher Gumba and Swargadawari.
Figure 3-1: Location Map of the Project Area
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Figure 3-2: Location of Swargadwari rock
Accessibility
3.1.2.1 Accessibility via Road
The proposed project site is located in Pisang village, about 187 km via Prithivi Highway, Dumre Besisahar
Chame Road and Manang road from Pokhara, capital city of Gandaki Province. Local Vehicles are available to
reach the project site in Pisang village, which takes about 5 hours from Besisahar of Lamjung. Besisahar of
Lamjung can be reached via Dumre Besisahar Chame Road (43.43 km) from Dumre of Tanahun district. Dumre
is about 68 km east from Pokhara via Prithivi Highway. Dumre can be reached after travelling 130 km west
from Kathmandu via Tribhuwan Highway and Prithivi Highway.
Table 3-2: Accessibility to Swargadwari via road
SN From To Distance (km) Road Name Road Type Remark
1. Pokhara Dumre 68.11 Prithivi Highway Blacktopped
2. Dumre Besisahar 43.43 Dumre Besisahar Road Blacktopped
3. Besisahar Chame 65.00 Besisahar Chame Road Gravel
4. Chame Bhratang 6.30 Manang Road Earthen
5. Bhratang Project site 3.50 Manang Road Earthen
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Figure 3-3: Accessibility Map of Swargadwari via Prithivi Highway, Dumre Besisahar Chame Road and Manang Road
3.1.2.2 Accessibility via Air
There exists an airport in Humde which was started in 1985 AD. There used to be daily flight to Manang from
Pokhara in the past, however now a days flights are scheduled on load basis by Tara airlines and Nepal
Airlines. The fare cost for this route depends on airlines to airlines and types of ticket. It takes about 20 min
to reach from Pokhara to Manang. Direct flight from Kathmandu to Manang is not available.
3.2 CLIMATIC CONDITION
Temperature
The climate in Pisang is warm and temperate. Generally, there is huge amount of rainfall in summer. The
Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Cwb. This place faces less rainfall during winter. The average annual
temperature in Pisang is 6.8 degree Celsius1.
The warmest month of the year is June with an average temperature of 12.3 °C. The month with lowest
average temperatures in the year is January with an average temperature is around -0.3 °C. As this region
lies in mountainous region, most of the time this town faces snow fall in winter.
1 Source: climate-data.org
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Figure 3-4: Average annual temperature of Pisang, Manang (Source: climate-data.org)
Rainfall
Pisang is one of the arid regions in the country. The average annual rainfall in Pisang is around 397 mm. Most
of the precipitation in Pisang occurs during monsoon season (June-September). The wettest month (with the
highest average rainfall) is July (80 mm). The driest month (with the lowest average rainfall) is November (4
mm).
Figure 3-5: Average monthly rainfall of Pisang (Source: climate-data.org)
-0.30.9
4.9
7.8
10
12.3 12.1 11.710.7
7.5
2.8
0.8
-6-5
-10.8
3.3
6.87.9 7.5
6
1.5
-2.8
-4.8
5.56.8
10.9
14.8
16.817.8
16.3 16 15.413.5
8.5
6.5
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Te
mp
era
ture
(C
elc
ius)
Months
31
25
38
24
14
27
8077
43
25
49
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
PR
EC
IPIT
AT
ION
(M
M)
MONTHS
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Table 3-3: Monthly maximum, minimum and average temperature and precipitation in Pisang
Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
Avg. Temperature -0.3 0.9 4.9 7.8 10 12.3 12.1 11.7 10.7 7.5 2.8 0.8 6.77
Min. Temperature -6 -5 -1 0.8 3.3 6.8 7.9 7.5 6 1.5 -2.8 -4.8 1.18
Max. Temperature 5.5 6.8 10.9 14.8 16.8 17.8 16.3 16 15.4 13.5 8.5 6.5 12.40
Precipitation 31 25 38 24 14 27 80 77 43 25 4 9 397
3.3 GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL STUDY
Nepal Himalaya is one of the important parts of entire Himalayan Range. In the entire length of 2,400 km of
Himalayan Range, it is about 800 km long and occupies the central part (Figure 3-6). It is generally accepted
that the youngest and highest peaks were formed by collision of the northward moving Indian continent with
the Eurasian plate. Geologically, Nepal Himalaya is divided into five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones, which
also correspond roughly to the geographical division of the country. From south to the north, they are:
1. Terai (Indo-Gangetic Plain)
2. Sub Himalayan or Churiya Range
3. Lesser Himalaya
4. Higher Himalaya
5. Tibetan Tethys Zone (Inner Himalaya)
Each of the zones is separated by major longitudinal thrust/fault. The Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) separates
the Sub Himalaya from the Terai Zone, the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) separates the Lesser Himalaya and
the Sub Himalaya, the Main Central Thrust (MCT) separates the Higher Himalaya form the Lesser Himalaya.
Similarly, South Tibetan Detachment Fault System (STDS) separates the Tibetan Zone form the Higher
Himalaya.
The Terai (Indo-Gangetic Plain)
It is the northern fringe of Indo-Gangetic plain which lies to the south of Siwalik foot hills. It is composed of
quaternary alluvial deposits represented by gravel, sand, silt and clay. It is believed that the Terai is slightly
tilted towards south and southwest. Total thickness of this deposit is more than a kilometer.
Sub Himalaya or Churiya Range
Siwalik range forms the southern part or outer belt of the Himalayan Range. Various terrigenous rocks such
as shales, claystone, mudstone, sandstone, and conglomerates constitute the Siwalik Group. In general,
gradual coarsening in upward direction is the characteristic of the rocks of the Siwalik Group. Based on
various plant fossils evidences, age of this group is considered to be from Middle Miocene to Early
Pleistocene.
The Lesser Himalaya
It is confined within the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) in the south and Main Central Thrust (MCT) to the
north. The rock units of this group are the most widely distributed rocks in Nepal. They form the Central
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Midland Zone of the Himalaya range. It consists mostly of limestone, dolomite, shale, phyllite, schist, and
quartzite. They form a thick pile (8-10 km thick) of unfossiliferous rocks. Stromatolite are the only known
fossil evidence. Tentatively their age is given as Pre-Cambrian to Early Palaeozoic. Along the southern margin
of the Midland, a thin belt of fossiliferous rock unit called Surkhet Group is present. Various coloured shales,
sandstone and limestone of this group contain fossils. The ages range from Carboniferous to Miocene. Klippes
of high-grade metamorphic rocks (with root zone lying to the north in the Higher Himalaya region) are present
within this zone.
The Higher Himalaya
It is confined within the Main Central Thrust (MCT) in the South and South Tibetan Detachment Fault System
(STDS) to the north. Higher Himalayan rocks form the base of the Great Himalayan Mountain range. They are
thought to be the basement rocks thrusted over the rocks of the Lesser Himalaya along the Main Central
Thrust, with root zone lying somewhere north in Tibet. The Higher Himalaya is composed mostly of high-
grade metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, calc-gneiss, migmatite, garnet schist, Kyanite-Siliminite schist,
quartzite and marbles.
The Tethys Zone (The Inner Himalaya)
This zone is bounded by South Tibetan Detachment Fault System (STDS) to the south and Tsangpo Suture
Zone to the north. Mostly weakly metamorphosed or non-metamorphosed sedimentary rocks with fossils
represent the zone. The main rock types are various coloured limestone, sandstone and shale. In general, a
tendency of decrease in calcareous materials towards top is noticed. Fossil evidence show that their age
ranges from Ordovician to Cretaceous. At places the rocks form NW-SE trending fold structures.
Structures
Main Central Thrust (MCT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) are the major linear
geological structures that run from east to west throughout Nepal and separate the geologically distinct
lithological units. All these thrust structures dip towards north. These structures are successively younger
toward south. Rocks of Higher Himalaya Group are characterized by monoclinal rocks dipping towards north,
whereas, the central part of Nepal (Midland) is generally characterized by open fold of NW-SE trend. This
part shows several thrust sheets and Klippen structures composed either of high-grade metamorphic rocks
of the Higher Himalayan Group or different units of the Midland itself. Rocks of Siwalik and Tethys zone are
characterized by open NW-SE trending folds and block faulting.
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Figure 3-6: Physiographic Subdivision of the Himalayan Arc (after Gansser, 1964).
Figure 3-7: Generalized Geological Map of Nepal
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3.4 REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF THE PROJECT AREA
Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality geologically lies in the higher Himalayan Zone in Western Nepal. The
project area falls in except Crystalline Precambrian basement, granitic intrusions and associated high-grade
metamorphic rocks in Dharapani and Chame areas, whole region of Manang is confirmed by Tetyan Paleozoic
and Mesozoic low-grade meta-sedimentary rocks, mostly limestone and fine-grained clastic rocks.
Muscovite-Schorl-Garnet pegmatites are easily found in Dharapani and Chame. Complex gem-bearing
pegmatite dykes are noticed in Naje and Dharapani.
Figure 3-8: Project Area in Regional Geological Map of Nepal
3.5 LAND USE PATTERN AND LAND ACQUISITION
Land use
Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality lies in Manang district which is also known as district beyond the
Himalayas. Most of the area (about 85%) of the Rural Municipality is covered by Mountains, Cliff, Grassland
and Pasture Land. Of 694.54 km² area covered by Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality, about 5% of the total
area is covered by Cultivable Land, 10% by Forest Area, 50% by grassland and Pasture Land and 35% by Cliff
and Mountains.2
The land use map of Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality is shown in the following Figure 3-9.
2 Source: official website of Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality (manangngisyangmun.gov.np)
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Figure 3-9: Land use Map of Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality
Land Acquisition
Most of the land around the project area are government land and only few are private land. The area in
which the master plan has been developed completely lies on the government land. The details of the plot
where the master plan has been planned to develop is depicted in the following Table 3-4.
Table 3-4: Land plot details of the Swargadwari Area
SN District VDC Ward No. Sheet No. Plot No. Land Ownership Remarks
1 Manang Pisang 1 088-1216 636 Government
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3.6 EXISTING PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Transportation:
After the construction of Besisahar Chame Road, Manang district is connect to other parts of country via road
network. The transportation facility is available from Chame to Pisang village via Manang local road; however,
the condition of road is poor. Local vehicles like jeep/van is available from Besisahar of Lamjung to travel
Manang. Materials required for daily uses are also transported via Besisahar Chame Road.
There is an existing airport at Humde in Manang which is about 8.3 km far from Pisang village. Flights are
available from Pokhara to Manang; however, no regular flights are scheduled.
Electricity:
The electricity facility is available in the Pisang village. The electricity is provided from the micro hydropower
project located near the Gangapurna Lake which is reliable and sufficient for the area. The electricity in Pisang
is used for lighting and other purpose like watching television, listening radio etc., however none of the
household use electricity for cooking purpose.
Communication:
Landline phone is not available in the project area. However, GSM and CDMA based mobile phones provide
good communication facilities in most of the part of Manang. CDMA mobile phones, Nepal Telecom and Ncell
mobile communication are fairly available in Pisang and Swargadwari project area.
Water supply:
Several springs and small streams are observed in the vicinity of the project area which provide a reliable
source of drinking water in the project area. Most of the households are facilitated with piped water that
supplies water from these sources. Alternatively, spout water is used as other sources of drinking water.
Sanitation and Waste Disposal System
The overall drainage and sanitation system in settlements around the site are negligible and is poor. However,
the abundant availability land presents the alternatives of on-site sanitation and water disposal system.
Most of the households do not have proper sanitation system and only few households (around 20%) have
toilet facility in their homes. Huge quantity of solid waste materials is not generated in the villages and most
of the solid waste disposed by burning.
3.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
Manang is situated in the northern central part of Nepal. On the basis of the existing ecological variation of
the different regions, the district is divided into three micro-eco zones: Nyesyang, Nar Phu and Gyasumdo.
There are altogether six villages in Nyesyang, two villages in Nar Phu and twelve villages in Gyasumdo. The
indigenous inhabitants in Nyesyang valley are called Nyesyanba, Mano Chhachhumthe or Manthe. The
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people of Nar Phu are called Narba or Narthe and the people of Gyasumdo are called Syarhte or Nasuthe.
The current project lies in Nyesyang eco zone, in Pisang village of Manang district.
The socio-economic structures of the three eco zones have many similarities and dissimilarities. Agriculture,
animal husbandry and trade have played a significant role in forming the basic economic structure. In
Nyesyang, men are traders and semi-agriculturists, Women are full time agriculturists, and animal husbandry
is in the primary stage of development. At the very beginning, the Nyesyangba were probably pastoralist,
then both pastoralist and agriculturist. Trade are probably in a primary stage of development a century ago.
Nyesyang valley has a larger seasonal migration figure than Nar phu and Gyasumdo, and in the last two
decades the duration of the migration period has increased.
The socioeconomic class is a group of people with similar characteristics that includes social and economic
standing, demographic determinants, level of education, households’ facilities, and ethnic background. The
socio-economic data of Manang district and Pisang village is depicted in the following subheadings.
Demographics Determinants
3.7.1.1 Population and Average Household Size
The total population of Pisang is 307 including 159 males and 148 females. There are 105 households with
average household size of 2.92 and sex ratio of 107.43. The total population of Pisang is around 7.1% of that
of Manang district. The demographic characteristics of Manang and Pisang is shown in the following Table
3-5.
Table 3-5: Total Population and average household of Manang district and Pisang
V.D.C. / Municipality Household Population Average
Household Size Sex Ratio
Total Male Female
Pisang Village 105 307 159 148 2.92 107.43
Manang District 1480 6538 3661 2877 4.42 127.25
3.7.1.2 Population by Religion
Buddhism and Hinduism are the main religions followed by the people of Manang. About 55% of the
population of Manang follows Buddhism and 39% follow Hinduism. Only about 6% of the population follows
other religions which includes Islam, Jain, Kirati, Christian and others. The total population of Manang by
religion is shown in the following Table 3-6.
Table 3-6: Population of Manang by Religion
Religion Hindu Buddhist Islam Kirati Christian Jain Others
Total Population in nos. 2562 3606 4 1 93 2 270
% 39.19 55.15 0.06 0.02 1.42 0.03 4.13
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3.7.1.3 Population by Caste and Ethnicity
Gurung is the most dominant caste with more than 50% of total population of Pisang village. Ghale and Bhote
are the next dominant caste in the village. The total population of Pisang by Caste and Ethnicity is shown in
the following Table 3-7.
Table 3-7: Total Population of Pisang by Caste and Ethnicity
Caste/Ethnicity Total Male Female
All Caste 307 159 148
Gurung 251 122 129
Ghale 28 17 11
Bhote 13 7 6
Others 15 13 2
Households
3.7.2.1 Households by home ownership
The houses in Pisang village are traditionally constructed with stone/brick with mud. The roof of the houses
is either made of mud or Galvanized Iron sheet.
About 65% of the total housing units in Pisang are privately owned by the people residing there. There are
four institutional houses and fifteen housing units are rented. The following Table 3-8 and Error! Reference
source not found. shows the status of ownership of the house in Pisang.
Table 3-8: Households by house ownership in Pisang Village
Total Ownership of house/housing unit
Owned Rented Institutional Others
105 68 15 4 18
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Figure 3-10: Percentage of house ownership in Pisang
3.7.2.2 Household Facilities
The major source of fuel is firewood collected from nearby forest. All of the households in Pisang use
firewood for cooking. Electricity is available in all houses and generally used for lighting and entertainment
purpose.
The village is facilitated with piped water supply from nearby streams. All of the total household in Pisang
use tap/piped water as the main source of drinking water. The following Table 3-9 provides the status of
source of drinking water in the area.
Table 3-9: Household by main source of drinking water
Total
Household
Main source of drinking water
Tap/piped
water
Tubewell /
handpump
Covered
well/kuwa
Uncovered
well/kuwa
Spout
water
River /
stream Others
Not
Stated
105 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The overall sanitation status of Pisang is poor. More than 34% of the household do not have toilet in their
house. About 38 households in the village have flush toilet and 31 households possess ordinary pit latrine.
The following Table 3-10 and Figure 3-11 illustrates the status of source of availability of toilet facility in the
area.
Table 3-10: Household by toilet facility
Total households
Households with toilet facility of
Households without toilet facility Flush toilet Ordinary toilet Toilet facility not stated
105 36 38 31 0
65%
14%
4%
17%
Households by ownership of house/housing unit in use (Pisang)
Owned Rented Institutional Others
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Figure 3-11: Percentage of households with toilet facility
Education Status
3.7.3.1 Literacy Rate
The literacy rate of Pisang is around 76% which is more than that of Manang District (about 74%). Only about
44% of total female population can read and write while more male population (about 56%) are literate. The
literacy status of Manang district and Pisang is illustrated in the following Table 3-11.
Table 3-11: Literacy status of Manang district and Pisang
Population
Population aged 5
years & above
Population who Literacy not
stated
Literacy rate
(%) Can read &
write
Can read
only
Can't read &
write
(MD) (P) (MD) (P) (MD) (P) (MD) (P) (MD) (P) (MD) (P)
Both Sex 6161 286 4611 218 41 1 1509 67 0 0 74.84 76.22
Male 3481 150 2890 121 21 1 570 28 0 0 83.02 80.67
Female 2680 136 1721 97 20 0 939 39 0 0 64.22 71.32
Note: MD stands for Manang District and P stands for Pisang
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Households without
toilet facility
Flush toilet Ordinary toilet Toilet facility not
stated
Households by types of toilet (Pisang)
Pisang
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Figure 3-12: Literacy status of Population of Pisang
The status of population currently going to school for education purpose is shown in the following Table 3-12.
The status shows that still 43% of population between ages of 5 to 25 are currently not going to school and
are deprived from their right of education.
Table 3-12: School attending population (age group 5-25 years)
Population aged 5-25 years Population who are
Currently going to school Not currently going to school Attendance not stated
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
39 34 22 19 17 15 0 0
Economic Status
Agriculture, livestock farming, cottage industries, tourism and service industries are the main economic
activities of Manang district. Agriculture is the major source of income in about 65.76% of the households.
Most of the small and cottage industries work are related to the tourism sector. Flourishing tourism industry
is one of the major reasons behind the falling of poverty level in Manang district. Apart from that, many local
people work as a carpenter, mason whereas few others, especially youths leave their village for foreign
employment.
Table 3-13: Usual economic activity performed in Manang district
Total
Population
Own
Agriculture
Wage/
Salary
Earning
Own Non-
Agricultural
Extended
Economic
Seeking
job
Household
chores Study
None
of
Activity
Not
Stated
5001 2183 1167 1434 649 89 1217 1076 589 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Can read &
write
Can read only Can't read &
write
Literacy not
stated
Literacy rate
121
1
28
0
80.67
97
0
39
0
71.32
Literacy Rate (Pisang)
Male Female
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Figure 3-13: Usual economic activity performed in Manang District
Out of total 5001 population above 10 years, around 70% of population are economically active population
with employment while about 26% are economically inactive. The details of the economic activity performed
is depicted in the following Table 3-14.
Table 3-14: Economic activity performed in Manang District
Total
Population
10 yrs. and
above
Economically active Not
Economically
Active
Economic
Activity Not
Stated
Usually Active Not usually Active
Employment Unemployment
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
5001 1909 1551 20 4 98 104 583 732 0 0
The district is served by four different branches of ‘A’ Class Commercial banks, two branches of ‘B’ Class
Development Bank. The population served per branch is 1,069 against the national average of 8,9603.
The poverty rate and poverty gap of Manang district is depicted in the following
Table 3-15: Poverty rate and poverty gap of Manang District
Prosperity
Rank
Poverty
Rate
Poverty
Gap
Squared
Poverty Gap
Head Count
Index
59 36.9 (5.61) 9.89 (2) 3.82 (0.92) 2150
3 Source: Nepal Rastra Bank, July 2018
26%
14%
17%8%
1%
14%
13%7%0%
Occupation
Own Agriculture
Wage/Salary Earning
Own Non-Agricultural
Extended Economic
Seeking job
Household chores
Study
Non of Activity
Not Stated
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4. SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter basically describes the methodology adopted for the topographical survey works, field
investigations carried out and procedure for the preparation of topographical map of Swargadwari area.
The survey works were carried out with the objective of preparing topographical maps of the project area.
The topographical features including land, buildings, temples, landmarks etc. were determined on the maps.
The following works were carried out for the survey and mapping work:
I. Carrying out close traversing in the project area and establishment of control points.
II. Detailed topographical survey of the project area showing all the features, field terraces and with
details to draw accurate 1 m contour interval to produce map in 1:1,000 scale of the area. The
following information shall be depicted from the field in order to prepare accurate and informative
topographical maps:
All ground features/ land terrain in 1 m contour interval.
Buildings, Bridges, Foot track, Road etc.
Hydrography Features (River, Stream and Pond)
Utility Infrastructures (Electricity, Water Supply and Telephone Networks)
Other features if any
4.2 SCOPE OF WORKS
The scopes of the work to be carried out for the preparation of the topographical map are as follows:
Carryout detailed topographical survey of the project area
Prepare topographical map showing all topographic features like buildings, bridges, road,
stream and other features.
4.3 SURVEY METHODOLOGY
Reconnaissance Survey
A quick preliminary reconnaissance survey has been executed by an experienced surveyor. He visited and
rapidly examined the whole survey area and identified the suitable locations for establishment of the control
stations and bench marks. During site visits, the condition and usefulness of the identified ground control
stations have been established. Issues such as accessibility to proposed survey stations, visibility, lengths of
lines of sight, ground cover, need for cutting and clearing of vegetation, etc. have been studied during the
visits to confirm the proposed survey plans.
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After the finalization of the survey stations to be established, enamel paint has been used for the fixation of
survey control stations from where the detail survey of the area can be carried out.
Survey Equipment
Angular measurements for horizontal survey have been performed with a repeating Total Stations with a
minimum least count resolution of 1" (second). For distance measurements, an Electro-magnetic Distance
Measuring (EDM) device has been used.
Here, in this project, a TOPCON Total Stations with the least count 1״ (second) has been employed.
Survey Team
The topographical Survey was carried out by a team of experienced team consisting of the following team
members.
Table 4-1 : Survey Team
SN Name Designation
1 Mr. Pradip Magar Surveyor
2 Ms.Shobha Subedi Engineer
3 Mr. Mahesh Maharjan Engineer
4 Mr. Ksehring Dorje Gurung Helper
Detail Topographic Survey
Since, the topographical maps of master plan area are to be prepared in 1:1,000 scale with 1 m contour
interval. Keeping this in view, sufficient survey stations have been fixed during the stage of horizontal
controlling.
For detail topographic survey, tachometric method of survey has been introduced. The X, Y and Z co-ordinates
of every detail was recorded by the Total Stations instrument in the site.
After setting the instrument over a known survey station, the back sight was fixed on the prism reflector
placed over a known point and then started taking details on the ground. The details include roads, footpath,
houses, physical and man-made features, hydrographic features such as rivers, streams etc. All information
mentioned in the scope has been depicted from the ground. A rough sketch of surveyed points has been
maintained so that it might be useful while plotting of the maps.
The X, Y and Z Co-ordinates of every detail has been recorded and saved in the Total Stations and downloaded
in the computer later. The further processing of all topographic data have been done in the computer and
they have been prepared the plot file in AutoCAD format.
Table 4-2: List of Coordinates and Elevations of Benchmarks
S. N. Point Easting (m) Nothing (m) Elevation (m) Remarks
1. BM-1 224910.22 3166692.39 3150.00
2. BM-2 224904.76 3166678.38 3149.30
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Plotting and Preparation of Maps
After the completion of fieldwork, the digital data of details captured by Total Station instrument is
downloaded and then followed the steps as given below:
Managing of data in proper location of the computer
Plotting of maps
Contour generation
Editing of contours and other topographic details
Symbolization of details
Preparation of layouts and adding of marginal information
Printing of maps
Proofing
Final printing
The plotting of the data from total station and generation of contours were done by using the SW DTM
software and the topographic features were digitized and topographic map was prepared in digital form by
using AutoCAD Software.
Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang
Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | 27
5. TOURISM POTENTIAL AND BENEFICIARIES ANALYSIS
5.1 TOURISM POTENTIAL
Tourism is one of the potential sectors for the economic development of Nepal. It becomes a major source
of earning foreign currency. Expansion of tourism sector expands the employment and income generation
opportunity. Year 2018 seems remarkable improvement in tourist arrivals. Nepal possess 8 out of 10 highest
mountains in the world and there exist many other natural asset which has recognize Nepal as a hotspot
destination for mountaineers, rock climbers and other many adventure tourist. Similarly, location of birth
place of Lord Buddha, Pashupatinath, numerous World Heritage Sites, religious harmony, linguistic and
cultural diversity and climatic and geographical variations of the country lure visitors worldwide.
Manang is the biggest village situated at an altitude of 3540 meters in the trans-Himalayan region of Nepal.
Manang has been an essential base for trekkers and mountaineers exploring this area. Upon entering the
Manang, there is a joyful, magical feelings. The tranquil beauty of this magnificent city lures tourists and adds
some of the most cherished moment in your life. The warm hospitality will surely attract your attention and
make you fall in love with this majestic village. The sound of silence, the subtle whistles of wind and eye-
popping view mountain ranges will make you to visit Manang again and again.
Upper Manang is a part of the Annapurna Circuit. Annapurna Circuit is one of the world's renowned trekking
route. Tourism in Manang started with the opening of the district for tourism in 1977 (Watkins, 1996; Koirala,
1981). After opening of Upper Manang for trekking and thus, some of the entrepreneurs with their skill and
funds accrued during external trades found an avenue to carry on hotel management and other tourism-
related activities back in Upper Manang. Moreover, the government’s decision to include the entire district
as part of the ACAP in 1984 further reinforced the prospect of tourism development in this area.
Tourism industry has flourished since then in Manang and arrival of visitors has increased year by year. The
Tourist arrivals in Manang has increased by 22% in the year 2017 and 9% in the year 2018 compared to the
previous year. The annual number of tourists visiting Manang compared to those visiting Nepal is depicted in
the following Table 5-1. In 2018, total 11, 73,072 of tourist arrived in Nepal where higher proportion (60%)
visited Nepal for holiday and pleasure followed by adventure including trekking & mountaineering (16%),
pilgrimage (14.4%) and other purpose (9.6%)4.
Table 5-1: Annual number of Tourist visiting Nepal and Manang
SN Year
Nepal Manang
No Annual Growth Rate No. Annual Growth Rate
1 1996 393613 8309
2 1997 421857 7.2 9083 9.3
3 1998 463684 9.9 10264 13.0
4 Source: Nepal Tourism Statistics 2018, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation.
Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang
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SN Year
Nepal Manang
No Annual Growth Rate No. Annual Growth Rate
4 1999 491504 6.0 11234 9.5
5 2000 463646 -5.7 12777 13.7
6 2001 361237 -22.1 13920 8.9
7 2002 275468 -23.7 9841 -29.3
8 2003 338132 22.7 11136 13.2
9 2004 385297 13.9 10526 -5.5
10 2005 375398 -2.6 9590 -8.9
11 2006 383926 2.3 9360 -2.4
12 2007 526705 37.2 14191 51.6
13 2008 500277 -5.0 16911 19.2
14 2009 509956 1.9 17065 0.9
15 2010 602867 18.2 18075 5.9
16 2011 736215 22.1 19646 8.7
17 2012 803092 9.1 19499 -0.7
18 2013 797616 -0.7 21207 8.8
19 2014 790118 -0.9 20694 -2.4
20 2015 538970 -31.8 13615 -34.2
21 2016 753002 39.7 22108 62.4
22 2017 940218 24.9 27068 22.4
23 2018 1173072 24.8 29484 8.9
Figure 5-1: Annual number of tourists visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Ye
ar
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Annual No. of Tourist
Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang
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5.2 REVENUE GENERATION
Revenue from tourism sector is observed from foreign currency exchange made by tourists and tourism
industries as proxy of income. The revenue generation from tourism sector has increase each year. Nepal
Rastra Bank report shows total foreign currency exchange (less return) for 2018 stood NRs. 69,750,584
thousand, (Around 617,263 thousand US$). This is almost 17% higher than previous year 2017 in USD. There
is less increase in currency compare to tourist arrivals results decreased in per tourist per day expenditure at
44 USD which is 18% less than last year.
Gross Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism
Fiscal Year
Total Earnings (Net received)
NRs. (million) Annual Average
US$ (million) Exchange Rate
2000/01 11,717.00 158.7
2001/02 8,654.30 109.7
2002/03 11,747.70 151.0
2003/04 18,147.40 245.2
2004/05 10,464.00 71.76 132.1
2005/06 9,556.00 72.03 143.6
2006/07 10,125.00 70.19 286.9
2007/08 18,653.00 64.72 363.7
2008/09 27,960.00 76.58 377.5
2009/10 28,139.00 74.24 340.4
2010/11 24,611.00 72.07 379.0
2011/12 30,703.80 81.02 388.9
2012/13 34,210.60 87.96 472.2
2013/14 46,374.90 98.21 544.1
2014/15 53,428.80 99.49 392.7
2015/16 41,765.40 106.35 551.0
2016/17 58,526.90 106.21 642.9
2017/18 67,094.60 104.37 418.0
2018/19 47584.9 113.83 418.0
(Source: Nepal Rastra Bank)
Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang
Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | 30
Figure 5-2: Gross Foreign Currency Revenue Generation from tourism
5.3 TOURISM FLOW ANALYSIS
The analysis of tourist flows behavior can help to achieve the reasonable allocation of social resources for
tourist area and respond effectively to the tourist destination traffic pressure, maintain social public
security, etc. It helps to understand the demographic characteristics of tourist visitors and origin or
nationality of tourists. The required data to explain all of these components, are collected from Annapurna
Conservation Area (ACA) Check Post and Visitor information Center Dharapani Check post.
Tourist Nationality
5.3.1.1 International visitors
As per records available from Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) Check Post and Visitor information Center
Dharapani in Manang, tourists from 98 different countries visited Manang in 2018. German citizens ranked
highest followed by French citizens. Top ten tourist visitors visited Manang via Dharapani Check Post in 2018
is presented in the following Table 5-2 and Figure 5-3.
Table 5-2: Top ten nationality visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post
S. N Nationality Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total
1 Germany 42 174 709 450 216 51 34 68 343 923 501 80 3591
2 French 21 59 308 514 226 49 30 84 171 1077 657 62 3258
3 Israel 1 2 321 698 114 1 1 15 555 553 165 2426
4 British 30 66 326 307 157 57 131 45 167 432 303 74 2095
5 American 24 53 266 341 260 82 69 40 145 413 268 61 2022
6 Spain 18 24 104 139 69 38 67 142 127 341 294 33 1396
-
10,000.00
20,000.00
30,000.00
40,000.00
50,000.00
60,000.00
70,000.00
80,000.00
To
tal E
arn
ing
s (N
Rs
in m
illio
ns)
Fiscal Year
Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang
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S. N Nationality Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total
7 Australia 47 60 127 164 90 25 36 21 140 299 252 97 1358
8 Russia 9 27 153 377 146 15 6 20 36 337 198 10 1334
9 Dutch 28 54 155 205 93 19 26 20 63 322 193 58 1236
10 Chinese 62 108 115 126 23 17 19 25 215 228 117 54 1109
(Source: ACA Check post and Visitor Information Center Dharapani)
Figure 5-3: Top ten nationality visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post
5.3.1.2 Domestic Visitors
Among 10,401 numbers of total domestic visitors, 5,143 numbers of Nepali guide, 5,057 numbers of Nepali
porter and 201 numbers of Nepali Trekkers visited the area.
S. N Going to Route Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
1 Nepali Guide 114 150 588 874 322 107 130 143 647 1340 518 210 5143
2 Nepali Porter 54 95 529 898 254 72 92 73 604 1654 537 195 5057
3 Nepali Trekkers 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 0 191 0 201
Total 168 245 1117 1772 576 179 222 220 1257 2994 1246 405 10401
Demographic Characteristics of Tourist Visitors
The annual number of tourists visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post from the year 1996 to 2018 is
presented in the following Table 5-3. Europeans are the main tourists visiting in this area. Usually, tourists
who complete the Annapurna Circuit spend two to three nights in Upper Manang. According to local hotel
owners, visitors generally spend one night at Pisang and the remaining two nights at Manang village.
For the analysis of demographic characteristics of tourist, a 12 month’s records of tourist visitors passing
through Dharapani Check Post from January to December of the year 2018 was taken.
3591
3258
2426
2095 2022
1396 1358 1334 12361109
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Nationality
Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang
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Table 5-3: Comparative annual tourist data (1996-2018) visiting Manang via Dharapani Check Post
Year/ Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Change
No. %
1996 51 196 984 1216 355 60 66 129 637 2831 1548 236 8309 0 0
1997 39 162 1320 1104 361 58 102 166 773 3193 1649 156 9083 774 9.32
1998 46 239 1067 1414 495 69 121 165 928 3543 1923 254 10264 1181 13
1999 58 379 1469 1668 427 139 284 197 1150 3362 1841 260 11234 970 9.45
2000 120 307 1669 1126 179 132 293 247 1367 4334 2697 306 12777 1543 13.74
2001 176 484 1980 2453 731 74 181 207 1305 3832 2222 275 13920 1143 8.95
2002 79 294 1386 1476 433 88 177 107 777 3060 1660 304 9841 -4079 -29.3
2003 104 269 1552 1629 601 122 119 165 685 3504 2029 357 11136 1295 13.16
2004 112 313 1499 1771 423 65 109 183 650 3339 1810 252 10526 -610 -5.48
2005 93 89 1081 1038 394 107 104 172 859 3627 1720 306 9590 -936 -8.89
2006 137 177 1063 806 316 64 68 207 853 3627 1780 262 9360 -230 -2.4
2007 116 270 1485 2229 674 136 175 300 1249 4810 2339 408 14191 4831 51.61
2008 168 283 1906 2249 954 214 210 311 1606 5924 2713 373 16911 2720 19.17
2009 188 337 1993 2499 933 162 211 338 1821 5456 2661 466 17065 154 0.91
2010 258 341 1909 2534 748 199 369 436 1993 5985 2794 509 18075 1010 5.92
2011 247 412 2113 2808 1023 278 371 420 2099 5811 3560 504 19646 1571 8.69
2012 315 493 2195 2651 961 295 426 493 2462 5811 2848 549 19499 -147 -0.75
2013 280 573 2351 3201 1301 331 516 498 2522 5742 3117 775 21207 1708 8.76
2014 458 640 2550 3647 1434 413 536 567 2279 4517 2998 655 20694 -513 -2.42
2015 427 652 2212 2871 155 85 105 231 1101 3285 1967 524 13615 -7079 -34.21
2016 315 576 2398 3178 1464 383 406 602 2497 5792 3624 873 22108 8493 62.38
2017 459 843 3060 4473 1828 516 673 721 2620 6674 4338 863 27068 4960 22.44
2018 479 880 3798 5041 2085 527 618 702 2856 7163 4386 949 29484 2416 8.93
Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang
Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | 33
5.3.2.1 Gender Wise Distribution of Tourist
The gender distribution of tourist flow in Dharapani Check post in 2018 shows males dominating the
total flow of tourists. Of the total 29,484 tourists’ records, 59.15 percent were male and 40.85 percent
of female tourists. The numerical dominance of male over female in the tourist arrival remains almost
the same thought the year.
Table 5-4: Distribution of tourists as per gender through Dharapani Check post in 2018
S.
N
Gende
r Jan Feb
Marc
h April May
Jun
e
Jul
y
Au
g Sept Oct Nov
De
c Total
1 Female
16
2
33
7 1584
218
6 875 188 233 278
111
2
294
2
180
1 345
1204
3
2 Male
31
7
54
3 2214
285
5
121
0 339 385 424
174
4
422
1
258
5 604
1744
1
Total
47
9
88
0 3798
504
1
208
5 527 618 702
285
6
716
3
438
6 949
2948
4
Figure 5-4: Distribution of tourists as per gender through Dharapani Check post in 2018
5.3.2.2 Seasonal variation of tourist flow
Seasonality is an important feature in mountainous region. There are mainly two tourist seasons,
namely spring and autumn. In three months, March, April and May of spring season, total 37.1 percent
of the total annual tourist visited Manang while 48.9 percent visitors visited Manang in autumn season
i.e. September, October and November as per records collected from Dharapani Check post in 2018.
Nearly 86 percent of the total visitors visited Manang in these two seasons. The total no of tourist
visiting Manag in different months of the year 2018 is shown in the following
Table 5-5: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in 2018
SN Months Number of visitors Percentage
1 January 479 1.62
2 February 880 2.98
3 March 3798 12.88
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Female Male
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SN Months Number of visitors Percentage
4 April 5041 17.10
5 May 2085 7.07
6 June 527 1.79
7 July 618 2.10
8 August 702 2.38
9 September 2856 9.69
10 October 7163 24.29
11 November 4386 14.88
12 December 949 3.22
Total 29484 100.00
Figure 5-5: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in 2018
5.4 TOURISM PACKAGE ANALYSIS
Nepal’s natural beauty within various ecological zones and its rich cultural heritage have attracted large
number of tourists annually from around the world. The Annapurna Region is one of the notable tourist
destinations, especially for trekking tourists. The region lies in the north-western part of Nepal.
Popularly known as the Annapurna Trekking Route (Annapurna Circuit) boasting/ comprising some of
the world’s highest peaks of above 8,000 m elevation and the world’s deepest valley, the Kali Gandaki
Valley, it has attracted trekkers from many countries since the late 1980s in particular and since the
1970s in general (see Ives, 2006). Ecologically, the region comprises two high mountain districts and
three hill districts. The region has unique ecological and cultural diversity. Such features include diverse
climates, i.e. subtropical to alpine and diverse landscapes supporting 22 different forest types with
1,140 plant species, 21 species of amphibians, 32 species of reptiles, 478 bird species and 101 different
mammals (KMTNC, 1997). In addition, its cultural diversity is demonstrated in its accommodation of
people of different castes and ethnic groups such as Brahman, Chhetri, Gurung, Magar, Thakali, Tibetan
and many occupational groups plus their own cultural and religious patterns and expressions.
Moreover, the Annapurna Region has also been noted for its innovative work as early as in the 1980s
0
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7000
8000
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in terms of participation of local community in activities and decision- making regarding tourism
activities (see Sharma, 1989).
Number of tourists by purpose of visit is a major indicator for tourism sector output. This indicator is
very useful for evaluation of characteristics, type and economic and social contributions made by
tourists and to plan and manage infrastructure, services and market economy accordingly. It also
shows inflow of high value tourists. According to Nepal Tourism Statistics 2018, a total of 11,73,072 of
tourist arrived in Nepal where higher proportion (60%) visited Nepal for holiday and pleasure followed
by adventure including trekking & mountaineering (16%), pilgrimage (14.4%) and other purpose (9.6%).
Table 5-6: No of Tourist by purpose of visit
Purpose of Visit Total number of visitors Percentage
Holiday/Pleasure 703,843.00 60.00
Pilgrimage 187,692.00 16.00
Trekking & Mountaineering 169,180.00 14.42
Others 112,357.00 9.58
Total 1,173,072.00
(Source: Nepal Tourism Statistics 2018, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation.)
The project site is located in Annapurna trekking route. Most of the visitors have purpose of
adventurous trekking and mountaineering, catching pleasing view of natural beauty and landscaping of
Manang, while few other visitors visit for cultural, religious and holiday purpose. As per records from
Dharapani Check Post, about 81 percent of the visitors chose the Annapurna Trekking Route and 15.76
percent took Jeep for reaching their destination while 2.7 percent of visitors visited Nar/Phu and about
0.52 percent visit Manaslu from Dharapani Check post in 2018. The monthly variation of tourist visiting
Manang via different routes for different purposes are presented in the following Table 5-7.
Table 5-7: Monthly number of tourists visiting different route in Manang via Dharapani Check Post
S. N Route Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total
1
Annapurna
Trekking
Route
377 713 3213 4154 1687 328 445 460 2194 5700 3866 747 23884
2 Manaslu 4 4 24 68 22 17 2 14 155
3 Nar/Phu 6 0 65 97 42 37 26 36 83 334 62 10 798
4 Jeep 92 163 496 722 334 145 145 192 579 1129 458 192 4647
TOTAL 479 880 3798 5041 2085 527 618 702 2856 7163 4386 949 29484
(Source: Dharapani Check Post 2018)
Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang
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Figure 5-6: Monthly number of tourists visiting different route in Manang via Dharapani Check Post
The visitors generally took tour package for visiting Upper Manang for adventurous trekking and
mountaineering. The tour package follows Annapurna Trekking route starting from Besisahar via
Besisahar-Dharapani-Chame-Pisang-Manang_Ledar-Thorung Phedi- Thorung La Pass-Muktinath-
Jomsom-Pokhara.
Figure 5-7: Annapurna Circut Treaking Route
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Annapurna Trekking
Route
Manaslu Nar/phoo Jeep
Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang
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As Swargadwari project area has been developed as one of the major touristic hubs which is located in
the Annapurna Circuit Trek Route, a new tour package has been proposed by including proposed
Swargadwari project area for visiting.
Table 5-8: Tour Package of Annapurna Circuit Trek (including proposed Swargadwari project area)
Days Route Main Features
Day 1 Kathmandu to Besi Sahar 172 km, 8 hrs. drive through Prithvi Highway to reach from Kathmandu
to Besi Sahar.
Day 2 Trek from Syange to
Dharapani
Crossing Marsyangdi River, move towards Tal, from Tal descend
following the east bank of river to reach Karte and ascend to Dharapani.
Enter east-west Manang valley and reach Bagarchhap.
Day 3 Trek from Dharapani to
Chame
The trail ascends through forest to Danakyu, crossing landslides areas
and ascend to Lata Manang, reach Kothe that is surrounded by huge
pine and spruce trees then trek to Chame by viewing Mt. Annapurna II,
Mt. Annapurna IV and Lamjung.
Day 4 Trek from Chame to
Pisang
Trek through pine forest and big apple orchard, trail present views of
Mt. Pisang, Mt Himalchuli and Ngadi Chuli, continuing ahead along
Marsyangdi river then reach to Pisang.
Day 5 Pisang to Swargadwari
Project area (proposed
site)
The present study site is located at Pisang, will see beautiful
landscaping of Manang with proposed tea house, bridge, gate, view
tower structure and foot trail of about 4km length after crossing
Marsyangdi River, will see natural beauty of Manang through foot trail
and proposed viewing decks. Beautiful views of Dhukur Pokhari, Green
Lake will see from the site.
Day 5 Trek from Pisang to
Manang
The route will ascend with wonderful views of Tilicho peak and Manang
valley to reach Manang airstrip at Humde, cross Marsyangdi river and
trek towards Munchi then move towards Bhraka which is a Tibetan
influenced village then arrive at Manang.
Day 6 Acclimatization day in
Manang
Climb the ridge to north of village then descend to see Glacier lake at
the foot of massive ice-fall from Gangapurna, returning back to Manang
village.
Day 7 Trek from Manang to
Ledar
After crossing a stream ascend to Tengi and continue ascending to get
out of Marsyangdi Valley and reaches Ghunsang, cross a large stream to
reach Yak Kharka, walk for an hour to reach Lehar.
Day 8 Trek from Ledar to
Thorung Phedi
Trail ascends along east bank of jar Sang khola then descend and cross
a bridge and descend to reach Thorung Phedi, along the ascent glorious
views of Annapurna and Manaslu ranges.
Day 9 Trek from Thorung Phedi
to Thorung La Pass to
Muktinath
Steep and rocky trail to reach Thorung la Pass, the highest spot of this
trek, beautiful views of landscapes and mounains, descend steeply to
reach Chabarbu then cross a meadow and trek towards Muktinath.
Day
10
Trek from Muktinath to
Jomsom
Descend to Jharkot and further to Khingar, trekking towards Jomsom
following beautiful Kali Gandaki River, after reaching Jomsom enjoy the
apple brandy 'Marpha'.
Day
11
Fly from Jomsom to
Pokhara
Fly to Pokhara from Jomsom (20 min).
Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang
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Visiting Season
Seasonality is an important feature in mountainous region. The main trekking season is from September
to April, due to appropriate climate, clear visibility of the mountains and no rains. More tourists visit
Nepal during this period.
When the monthly tourist arrivals are compared for 1996 to 2018, the heavy concentration on
September, October and December was alleviated along with the months of March, April and May.
Similarly, the arrivals in the months of January and February were gaining ground. This analysis of the
seasonal variation of the tourist flow shows that tourist mainly visit Manang in two seasons. The highest
concentration of tourist being in autumn season (September to November) followed by spring (March
to May).
Out of total 29,484 tourist visiting Manang in 2018, about 37 percent visited in spring season while 49
percent visitors visited Manang in autumn season (i.e. September, October and November) as per
records collected from Dharapani Check Post. Nearly 86 percent of the total visitors visited Manang in
these two seasons. The total no of tourist visiting Manang in different months of the year 2018 is shown
in the following Table 5-5.
Table 5-9: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in 2018
SN Months Number of visitors Percentage
1 January 479 1.62
2 February 880 2.98
3 March 3798 12.88
4 April 5041 17.10
5 May 2085 7.07
6 June 527 1.79
7 July 618 2.10
8 August 702 2.38
9 September 2856 9.69
10 October 7163 24.29
11 November 4386 14.88
12 December 949 3.22
Total 29484 100.00
Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang
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Figure 5-8: Number of tourists visiting Manang in different months recorded in Dharapani Check Post in 2018
Nature Culture and Adventure Weighting
The project site area is located in natural beauty of Manang landscape, from where Annapurna
Range Mountain view, vernacular architecture of Upper Manang valley, Glacier and majestic
Landscaping can be observed. Yearly, large number of tourists visit Manang for viewing this
natural beauty. The proposed project area shall also add the aesthetic view of the area.
Moreover, the proposed project site carries important religious and cultural values of people
living in Manang. The famous tourist attraction is Swargadwari rock, which falls, in Pisang
village of Manang district carries both religious and cultural values of people living in Manang.
Also, name as “Gateway to Heaven” the steep sides look smooth from the other side of the
valley, slate grey with the occasional silver streak of water running through, deep fissures cast
shadows, as do the white cotton wool clouds. The “Gateway to Heaven” is a sacred place,
protected by spiritual and environmental law. No one may set foot upon it. Likewise, the
culture and festivals of the local community also increase the cultural and religious value of the
area.
Additionally, the project site is located along the Annapurna Trekking Route so the tour
becomes more adventurous. The exciting foot trail of length about 4km inside the project area
after crossing Marsyangdi River Bridge, provides more excitement to the visitors. In addition,
the viewing decks at different location along the foot trail and one at the end of the trail adds
additional adventurous to the trekkers.
Thus, the project area is the mix up of all three components, Nature, Culture and Adventure.
The visitors can catch the view of natural beauty along with cultural and religious values as well
as adventurous trekking.
Beneficiaries Analysis
Beneficiaries' analysis is a highly effective framework for planning and promoting services because it
emphasizes that there are both direct and indirect benefits to the community. It is a qualitative research
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8000
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tool used to improve the impact of development operations by gaining the views of intended
beneficiaries regarding a planned or ongoing intervention. The objective of beneficiaries’ analysis is to
assess the value of an activity as perceived by project beneficiaries and to integrate findings into project
activities.
As the project site is situated along the Annapurna Trekking route, there will be large number of visitors
who will visit the proposed site. The proposed Swargadwari Masterplan site is located at Pisang village
in Manang district. Due to its natural beauty, location along Annapurna Trekking route and cultural and
religious importance, it is expected that many international and domestic visitors will visit the site area.
The main targeted visitors’ group at the project site is Annapurna route trekkers and mountaineers,
pilgrimage and domestic/foreigner with the purpose of spending holiday and pleasure.
Tourism has direct, indirect and induced impacts on local economy, which can often be largely divergent
between countries, based on the structure of the sector but most importantly on how well linked
tourism activities are with the local economy.
Table 5-10: Components of Direct, Indirect & induced tourism contribution to GDP
Direct
Contribution
of Tourism
Industries
Accommodation services, Food & Beverage
services, Retail trade, Transportation services,
Cultural & recreational services
Commodities Accommodation, transportation, Entertainment,
Attractions
Source of Spending
Resident's Domestic Spending, Business Domestic
Travel Spending, Visitor Exports, Individual
Government Tourism & Travel Spending
Indirect Contribution of Tourism
Private tourism investment spending, Government
collective tourism spending, impact of purchase
from suppliers
Induced Contribution of Tourism Food & beverages, Recreation, Clothing, Housing,
Household goods
(Source: WTTC 2012)
Table 5-10 above shows different components of the direct, indirect and induced impacts of tourism on
local economy. The table highlights the different activities that are undertaken at the three levels of
impacts i.e. direct impacts will be accrued through the activities of accommodation or tourism transport
services, indirect contributions through expenditure on food and beverage suppliers to tourism
enterprises, whilst induced impacts will be the expenses of people working in the tourism sector (or
benefitting from the sector) within the local economy.
While visiting the proposed master plan area, the local people and local government can get direct and
indirect benefits from the visitors or tourism sector. Apart from that, nearby villages as well as the whole
nation will get an opportunity to increase an economy that helps to increase Gross Domestic Products
(GDP) of the nation. The beneficiaries may categories as Direct and Indirect benefits. The possible direct
and indirect beneficiaries of the proposed master plan project is described as follows:
5.4.3.1 Direct Beneficiaries
Direct benefit is a return that can be directly observed and is easily quantified that includes
transportation, lodging and fooding expenses during travelling period, ticket counter fee, souvenir fee,
accommodation and dining facilities expenses, and all other miscellaneous expenses done by the
foreigners as well as domestic visitors at the proposed project site.
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5.4.3.2 Indirect Beneficiaries
An indirect benefit is a return that cannot be directly observed but is nonetheless realized and is not
easily computed that includes social benefits (such as contribution to community pride and identity,
stronger social networks and community connectedness), income generation in local community (that
includes porter charge, employment generation), improvement, increased property values, etc.),
revenue generation, increase in cultural and natural values of the area.
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6. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE MASTER PLAN PROJECT
The premises for the concept development of Manang Nesyang Rural Municipality as a tourism
destination were conceived to ensure long-term socio-economic benefits of tourism by making optimal
use of environmental resources, maintaining essential ecosystems and helping conserve biodiversity in
the area. It aims to prioritize fair distribution of benefits to all local residents, including stable
employment and income-earning opportunities, social services and poverty alleviation. The master plan
is based on the principles of sustainable tourism to ensure the benefits is in accord with the stakeholders
and is handed down through the generations of the local community. It proposes the structures
essential for a place with attraction to be a successful tourist destination along with the required
amenities.
6.1 COMPONENT OF MASTER PLAN
As per the site visit, the requirements of the locals were discussed and considered. The requirements
for the Conceptual Master planning in Swargadwari include:
1. Existing Settlement
2. Access to Swargadwari
3. Existing Vehicular Road
4. Tea House
5. Zen Garden
6. Proposed Bridge
7. Swargadwari Rock
8. Marsyangdi River
9. The Gate
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Figure 6-1 Component of Swargadwari Masterplan
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6.2 GENERALIZATION OF DESIGN CONCEPT:
The Masterplan is divided into two parts. The entrance, Tower, Tea House, Resting space and spill out
spaces in one hill and the trail is to be designed in the Swargadwari Hill. The bridge acts as a connection
between the hill and the Swargadwari Mountain.
Areas for Design Development
The main Architectural concept behind the Swargadwari Masterplan was minimum intervention in the
rock to protect the natural state of the existing rock yet to fulfill the requirement of the locals of creation
of the trail to reach at the top will also be accomplished at the same time. The bare rock was treated as
a blank vertical canvas for displaying art and religion of the Buddhist. During the site visit, the local
architecture, culture, religion was studied. The relationship between the human and the religion,
culture can be perceived in the Manang Village. The people of Manang are devoted to their gods and
goddesses. Each individual house of Manang carries a fluttering Prayer flag at the roof. The mesmerizing
view of the religious flags carries Buddhist Mantras “OM MANI PADME HUM”. It is the most common
mantra in Tibet. It is recited by Buddhist, painted in rocks, and carved on prayer wheels. The essence of
all the teachings of the Buddha are said to be contained in this mantra. Tibetan people and almost all
Buddhist believe that chanting this mantra helps to rescue them from the sea of suffering and to activate
the Buddhahood. Repeating it is believed to purify the mind and body and the mantra is used for
protection.
• Om: Helps to achieve perfection in the practice of generosity.
• Mani: Helps to perfect the practice of pure ethics.
• Padme: Helps you to achieve perfection in the practice of perseverance and concentration.
Hum: Helps you to achieve perfection in the practice of wisdom
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Figure 6-2: Representing Buddhist Religion Prayer Flag in Viewing Deck
The prayer flags and its five different colors were used as an abstraction of the Land Art in the Rock. So,
the flags were used in the intervals for resting and viewing deck along the path to reach at the top. The
number of view decks were five with four cantilevered balconies in between the flags.
Design Alignment:
The decks are aligned in such a way that the flags in the deck are seen at an angle from the entrance
gate.
Figure 6-3: Line of Axis of the View Deck and Entrance
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6.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS JUSTIFICATION
• The proposed project components not only solve the basic tourist facilities like tea house,
toilets, spill out areas, trail but at the same time it gives an opportunity to reflect the
architecture of the Manang valley, religious and traditional aspects of their culture through
built spaces and architecture.
• The concept of gate symbolizes pointing towards heaven, which welcomes the tourists in
Swargadwari. The designed structure is inspired by the abstraction of the intangible
aspects, which helps the visitors to understand their culture, social, economic life more
closely of the Manang valley and its people.
• Since the tourists visits the Annapurna Conservation Area for trekking purpose. The walking
trail was proposed so that the route is more adventurous by crossing the Marsyandi River
and reaching at the top rather than providing the cable car to reach at the top.
• The cost of alternate means of path to reach at the top makes the project more
costly/expensive to reach at the top. The preparation of trail makes the project financially
viable.
6.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS
The various components designed in the preparation of master plan is described in the subsequent
chapters.
Entry Gate
The entry gate is an abstract of the name Swargadwari which means Heaven’s door. The designed Gate
is a symbol of pointing towards heaven and consists of concrete doorframe. Through the concrete gate,
one can view the five colored Buddhist Flag in five different decks, which is vertically aligned and
cantilevered in the rock, as one can seize the Buddhist Religious aspect from this Gate. It reflects the
religious belief and myth of the Rock that climbing a rock one can go to heaven. The area of Gate is 47
sqm.
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Figure 6-4: Plan, Elevation and 3D view of Entry Gate
The View Tower
The tower consists of the linear path where one can take the view of the Swargadwari curved rock and
mountains behind it and reach to the bridge. It is an expression of the stepped houses of the Manang
villages with certain voids within. The tower is in a Brutalism style expression with concrete shear walls
and cantilevered platforms with rotation in 360 degree to reach at the bottom so that one can enjoy
the overall Majestic view of the exceptional Swargadwari rock and incredible Himalayas in the
background. The area of View Tower is 133 sq.m
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The Tea House
The teahouse consists of three small towers with 8 m X 4 m rectangular box. The central tower acts as
a service tower where there is rest rooms, kitchen, and locker rooms for the tourists. Whereas the other
two towers acts as functional wings serving the purpose of the tea house. These towers are connected
through the glass box bridge. The exterior is inspired form the punctured balconies of the typical
Manang Village houses. The area of Tea house is 109 sq.m.
Figure 6-5: Plan, Elevation and 3D view of View Tower (Tunnel)
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Figure 6-6: Elevation of Tea House inspired by voids of Manang Village
The Bridge
The 1.5 km suspension bridge that connects the hill with the Swargadwari Rock is designed as an
abstract of the criss cross of the wooden bridge in Manang.
Figure 6-7: Conceptual Design of Bridge connecting Left and Right Bank
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The Foot Trail
The 4.095 km foot trail with a width of 1.5m is designed to reach at the top of the Rock.
Figure 6-8: Proposed Trail Layout
Viewing Decks
Along the Foot trail there are 6 different decks where 5 (8 m X 2.5 m) cantilevered decks are vertically
aligned with 5 different colors reflecting the Prayer flag colors of the Buddhist religion. The Rock is taken
as bare surface of vertical Canvas where the five decks are aligned to reach at the top of the view deck,
which is 10 m X 3 m. The top deck is a simple deck with a glowing phosphorescent material at the top
as a symbol of silver lining at the top and heavenly feeling while reaching at the top.
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Figure 6-9: Viewing Decks Align along the Trail at Interval
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Figure 6-10 Plan and 3D view of deck at end of trail
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7. PROJECT COST ESTIMATE
7.1 QUANTITY ESTIMATES
After completion of design and preparation of drawings and in consideration to the technical
specifications, bill of quantities is prepared wherein items of work are identified and corresponding
quantities are computed and recorded. The quantities of different structures proposed are determined
based on the design and drawings prepared. Similarly, provision for miscellaneous cost and
contingencies is detailed out.
7.2 RATE ANALYSIS
The preliminary work to be carried out for the determination of the project cost is to prepare the unit
rate of various items required for the construction. During the calculation of unit rates, 3-major
components were considered. These include:
i. Labor Cost
ii. Material Cost and
iii. Equipment Cost
The unit rate of all items of work are prepared as realistically as possible, taking into account the
expected hauling distance of various structural materials required during construction. The prices of
materials like cement, steel, stone, etc. and labor are based on market rates or approved District Rates
for FY 2075/76. Analysis of rates for various items of work are prepared keeping in view all the above-
mentioned factors based on unit rate derived from Rate Analysis Norm of the government or current
rates of similar works in Nepal. Sometimes historic data are used with appropriate escalation factors to
estimate unit rates applicable at the expected start date of construction. With the unit costs derived as
explained above and the quantities developed by estimation, the project base costs are worked out.
Detailed quantity estimate together with rate analysis and cost estimate has been included in the annex.
7.3 COST ESTIMATE
In order to calculate the total project cost, quantities of various individual components were multiplied
with the calculated unit rates from the rate analysis as mentioned in the previous chapter. The total
cost of individual items of work were then summed up to obtain the total project cost. The expected
total cost of the project is NRs. 159,199,912.67 including contingencies and VAT. The summary of total
cost of the project is presented in the following Table 7-1.
Table 7-1: Summary of the project cost of Swargadwari Project
S. No. Description of Works Estimated Cost
1 Gate 4,957,333.65
2 Tunnel and Ramp 17,543,557.85
3 Service Building 8,061,203.46
4 Foot Trail including viewing deck 65,413,256.20
5 Suspension Bridge 18,900,000.00
6 Landscaping Works 6,055,875.00
Sub Total of Civil works 120,931,226.15
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S. No. Description of Works Estimated Cost
9 Services 10,279,154.22
a. Electrical Services 4,232,592.92
b. Sanitary Services 6,046,561.31
Sub Total (Nrs.) 131,210,380.37
Miscellaneous works 3,627,936.78
Contingency 6,046,561.31
VAT 13% 18,315,034.20
Grand Total 159,199,912.67
In words: Fifteen Crore Ninety-one Lakhs Ninety-nine Thousand Nine hundred and thirteen rupees
only.
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8. FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENT, REVENUE GENERATION AND
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
8.1 FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENT OF PROJECT
Project finance is the long-term financing of infrastructure and projects based upon the projected cash
flows of the project rather than the balance sheets of its sponsors. Usually, a project financing structure
involves a number of equity investors, banks or other lending institutions that provide loans to the
operation.
Financial arrangement of the project is basic for development of the project. The study project “Master
Plan for the Tourism Development of Swargadwari, Manang” is project under the Government of the
Nepal, Ministry of Tourism, Gandkai Province, 4. So, the total investment will be financed from the same
authority. However, in course of project development there is possibility of fund collection from local
people, international donor and other funding organization. Thus, two separate funding mechanism has
been proposed based on present and future scenario. The chart below shows the present and future
financial arrangement for the project.
Table 8-1: Proposed financial arrangement for the project
Financial Arrangement Proposed at Present Proposed for Future
Total Cost (including 13% VAT) 159,199,912.67 100% 159,199,912.67 100%
Government fund 159,199,912.67 100% 127,359,930.14 80%
Equity - 0% 15,919,991.27 10%
Donation - 0% 15,919,991.27 10%
Figure 8-1: Proposed financial arrangement for the project
8.2 REVENUE GENERATION
The purpose masterplan is mainly focused on tourism development of the Swargadwari area of Manang.
The Swargadwari rock which carry religious and cultural values of Manang, is located in Pisang village
along the Annapurna Trekking Circuit. Annapurna Trekking Circuit is one of the world's famous tourism
attraction of Nepal and is travelled by a lot of international and domestic tourist. A brief revenue
10
0%
0%
0%
80
%
10
%
10
%
G O V E R N M E N T F U N D E Q U I T Y D O N A T I O N
FINANCIAL ARRANGEMNT OF THE PROJECT
Proposed at Present Proposed for Future
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generation plan is prepared based on expected tourist arrival at the rock area after its development.
The figure of expected tourist arrival considered in this study is based on the tourist arrival data
collected from Dharapani Check Post of Manang district. The calculated net annual incremental benefit
is NRs 50,659,411.22. The sources of the revenue after the development of the project are described
below.
Employment Generation
After commissioning of the project, a lot of employment opportunity will be created for the people
living in the project area. Job will be created directly through souvenir sales, ticketing office, teahouse
and management unit etc.
Foreign Exchange Earnings
Generation of foreign exchange earnings plays an important indicator for the revenue generation. After
development of the project, large number of foreigner tourist is expected to visit the site which will
increase the collection of foreign currency.
Contribution to Local Economics
Once the project is opened for tourist, money is earned from tourism through informal employment
(informal guides, portal, hotel and sales of other local goods). The positive side of informal employment
is that the money is returned to the local economy and has a great multiplier effect as it is spent
repeatedly.
Contribution to Government Revenue
The commissioning of the project will bring both direct and indirect revenue in the project area. Direct
contribution is generated by the taxes in the income from tourism employment and tourism businesses
and direct levies on tourist such as departure taxes.
Indirect contribution come from taxes and duties levied on goods and services supplied to the tourist.
Stimulation of Infrastructure Investment
Tourism can induce the local government to make infrastructure improvements such as better water
and sewage systems, roads, electricity, telephone and public transport networks. This can improve the
quality of life for residents as well as facilitate tourism industry.
8.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
8.3.1.1 Basis of economic Analysis
Economic analysis of Swargadwari Master Plan Project is carried out based on the incremental benefit,
which will be earned by proposed project. The economic life of the project is taken as 25-years. The
construction works are planned to be completed within 3 years. Average Operation and Maintenance
cost of the project is considered 3% of total project cost/year.
In the economic analysis, a distinction is made between financial and economic prices. The financial
prices refer to the actual prices as they occur in the market and as paid or received by individual and
companies, where the latter refers to the values which reflects the real value of an input or output to
the national economy. Financial prices of goods and service are usually converted to the economic value
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by using conversion factors, taking account of the distortions to the price system within the national
economy.
8.3.1.2 Assumption
The economic analysis of the project is based on the following assumptions.
• The economic analysis for the project has been carried on the cost of the project without
contingency and VAT.
• Project life has been taken as 25 years including construction period.
• All input and output have been evaluated based on the fiscal 2075/2076.
• The Project would start giving revenue immediately after the completion of the construction works,
the annual benefit obtained increasing in the successive years until full benefit is realized at the end
of the three year from completion.
• It has been assumed that the project will be completed in three successive years; the cash flows in
these years will be distributed by 10%, 20%, 20%, 20% and 30% respectively.
• Cost expenditure for Operation and Maintenance of the project will be started one year after the
Project completion. Average Operation and Maintenance cost of the project is assumed to be 3%
of total project cost.
• The salvage value at the end of the Project life is assumed as zero.
8.3.1.3 Result of Economic Analysis
The economic analysis of Swargadwari Master Plan Project has been carried for discount rate of 12%
and 14%. The values of EIRR obtained is 20 % and BC ratio of the project obtained is 1.92 and 1.64 at
12% and 14% discount rate.
The result of economic analysis show that BC ratio of the project is greater than 1 for both discount
rates and EIRR for the project is greater than the discount rate. Hence the project is attractive and good
for investment. The results of the economic analysis are presented in the Table 8-2 below.
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Table 8-2: Economic Analysis
Name of Project = Master plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang Assumptions District: Manang, Pisang Village Life of protection work is 10 years. Total of cost 133,840,634.55 NRs Benefit 40% in 1st year,60% in 2nd year and 100% thereafter
Benefit (after deducting expenditure) : 50,659,411.22 NRs O & M is 2% for 1st 2 years and 1% thereafter
Construction cost- 20% for1st,2nd year and 60% for 3rd year.
Year Capital cost O & M cost Total cost Incremental Net Return Present Value Present Value Present Value Present Value Cash flow
NRs NRs NRs return Nrs of cost at 12% of benefit at 12% of cost at 14% of benefit at 14%
Nrs NRs NRs NRs NRs
1 13384063.45 0.00 13384063.45 0.00 -13384063.45 11950056.66 0.00 11740406.54 0.00 -13384063.45
2 26768126.91 0.00 26768126.91 0.00 -26768126.91 21339386.89 0.00 20597204.45 0.00 -26768126.91
3 26768126.91 0.00 26768126.91 0.00 -26768126.91 19053024.01 0.00 18067723.21 0.00 -26768126.91
4 26768126.91 0.00 26768126.91 0.00 -26768126.91 17011628.58 0.00 15848880.01 0.00 -26768126.91
5 40152190.36 0.00 40152190.36 0.00 -40152190.36 22783431.13 0.00 20853789.48 0.00 -40152190.36
6 2676812.69 2676812.69 20263764.49 17586951.80 1356156.61 10266253.72 1219519.85 9231898.51 17586951.80
7 2676812.69 2676812.69 30395646.73 27718834.04 1210854.12 13749446.95 1069754.26 12147234.88 27718834.04
8 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 540559.88 20460486.53 469190.46 17759115.31 49321004.87
9 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 482642.75 18268291.54 411570.58 15578171.33 49321004.87
10 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 430931.02 16310974.59 361026.83 13665062.57 49321004.87
11 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 384759.84 14563370.17 316690.20 11986896.99 49321004.87
12 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 343535.57 13003009.08 277798.42 10514821.92 49321004.87
13 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 306728.19 11609829.54 243682.82 9223528.00 49321004.87
14 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 273864.46 10365919.23 213756.86 8090814.04 49321004.87
15 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 244521.84 9255285.03 187506.02 7097205.29 49321004.87
16 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 218323.07 8263647.35 164478.97 6225618.68 49321004.87
17 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 194931.31 7378256.56 144279.79 5461069.02 49321004.87
18 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 174045.81 6587729.07 126561.22 4790411.42 49321004.87
19 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 155398.05 5881900.96 111018.62 4202115.28 49321004.87
20 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 138748.26 5251697.28 97384.75 3686066.03 49321004.87
21 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 123882.37 4689015.43 85425.22 3233391.26 49321004.87
22 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 110609.26 4186620.92 74934.40 2836308.12 49321004.87
23 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 98758.27 3738054.39 65731.93 2487989.58 49321004.87
24 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 88177.03 3337548.56 57659.59 2182447.00 49321004.87
25 1338406.35 1338406.35 50659411.22 49321004.87 78729.49 2979954.08 50578.59 1914427.19 49321004.87
Total 99093684.43 190147290.98 92856553.08 152314592.42 799243238.94
BCR at 12% = 1.92 BCR at 14% = 1.64
EIRR = 20%
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9. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT STAGES
The implementation program for proposed masterplan is carried out by following Implementation
Schedule. Implementation program can be divided into three major stages.
9.1 PLANNING STAGE
Various activities are carried out during this stage. Error! Reference source not found. below depicts the
list of activities and its allocated time. The first task to be carried out is desk level study. During desk
study, review of the existing document related to project, relevant data collection, program formulation
and conceptual planning is carried out prior to site visit. The field visit and topographical survey of the
area is carried out. During the field visit, a general meeting with Rural Municipality personnel and local
people is also conducted for their view and need regarding the project. After returning from the site,
technical study along with socio-economic study and tourism potential analysis is conducted and draft
master plan is prepared. The prepared draft report is submitted to the Ministry of Industry, Tourism,
Forest, and Environment. After incorporating comment and suggestion, a final master plan report is
prepared and submitted to authority.
9.2 CONSTRUCTION PREPARATION STAGE
Preparatory work is needed for every project before implementing the actual construction works. During
this stage, detailed layout surveying, detailed investigation, finalization of engineering design,
preparation of construction drawing, finalization of the project cost, tender document preparation and
detail of construction plan shall be carried out.
9.3 CONSTRUCTION STAGE
The construction of project shall be carried out based on construction plan, construction drawing, BoQ
specification and method of the statement. The supervisor of the project will inspect and verify each item
of works quality control. The safety of the worker during construction shall always have higher priority.
After completion of each item of work, quantity and bill verification and payment shall be carried out in
the parallel basis.
The details of project development are presented in Error! Reference source not found..
Table 9-1: Stages of Project Development
SN Stages Details of Activities
Approximate
Time
Required
1 Planning Stage
Desk level Study
Field Investigation and Topographical Survey
Engineering Design of Masterplan Component, BoQ and Costing,
Financial and Economic Analysis
Tourism potential and Beneficiaries analysis
Final report preparation
6 months
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SN Stages Details of Activities
Approximate
Time
Required
2 Construction
preparation stage
Detailed layout survey, Detailed Investigation and Detailed
Engineering Design and Tender document preparation, Tender
Award, Detailed construction plan
1 year
3 Construction Stage
Contractors Mobilization,
Project Construction/ management and supervision for quality
control;
Progress monitoring and reporting
Measurement, payment and disbursements;
Commercial Operation
5 year
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Figure 9-1: Construction Schedule of the Project
J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M
1 Initial Infromation Dissemination Completed
2 Field Investiagtion and Surveying Completed
3 Planning and Design Completed4 Appraisal Approval
5 Signing of MOA
6 Detail Design and Approval of Estimate
7 Tendering and Selection of Contractor
8 Signing of Agreement with Contractor
9 Mobilization of Contractor
10 Construction of Work11 Commissioning
2025 20262022 2023 2024
S.N Activity 2019
2019 2020 2021
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10. SWOT ANALYSIS
The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by the tourism of Swargadwari are
summarized in Table 10-1 below. Swargadwari has a diversity of attractions. Especially, its cultural and
religious importance and its natural endowments are potentially excellent in attractiveness. But it is
underperforming its potential, due to its weak tourism competitiveness and enabling capacity
Growing demands, as well as flourishing domestic tourism, offer opportunities to the tourism of
Swargadwari. On the other hand, a growing competition in tourism, the instability in the Nepali politics
and lack of vision in the top management level are expected to be limiting factors.
Table 10-1: SWOT analysis for Swargadwari Project
STRENGTH
Majestic natural endowments
Important cultural and religious values
Diversity of attractions
Strong geographical location (i.e. along
the Annapurna Trekking Circuit)
Peaceful and Silent Environment
WEAKNESS
Poor infrastructure
Weak governance and leadership
Human resource constraints
Difficult accessibility
OPPORTUNITIES
Flourishing International Tourism
Growing domestic market
Growing demand for new travelling
pockets
Attraction for new group of tourism
(place for meditation)
THREATS
Growing competition
Lack of Political Vision
Unfavorable environment for
construction
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11. DISASTER AND SAFETY
Risks of the project can be defined as an elaboration of unfortunate consequences, both of finance and
structure of project, because of decisions taken or due to environmental conditions on the project
location. Risks in projects are the matter that cannot be eliminated, but their impact can be minimized.
Every project is unique, specific, and dynamic, and therefore projects have different levels and
combinations of risks, hence different responses are taken to minimize those risks and different
consequences affect the project performance. Risk can be external risks, economic and financial risks,
technical and contractual risks, and managerial risk. It is important to manage the multifaceted risks
associated with projects, in particular in developing countries, not only to secure work but also to make
profit. To effectively manage risks in projects, it is crucial to correctly identify the important risks and
properly allocate them to the contractual parties. Stakeholders’ perceptions of risk vary due to different
interests in the project. Risks are identified in each risk category. The risk category in the project can be
within the scope of financial risk, time risk, physical risk, personnel risk, design and technical risk,
contractual risk, political and regulation risk, and safety risk.
11.1 RISK ASSESSMENT
The section has presented some general discussions on the topic and tabulated the identified risks along
with root cause, potential mitigation and severity level.
Listed risks being:
• Geological and natural risk
• Construction schedule risk
• Risk related to construction material
• Safety and security
Geological and Geo-technical Risks
The project area falls in higher Himalayan zone. The main geological formation of the area is Gneisses,
schists, migmatites and marbles. The proposed master plan components are located in both the bank of
the Marsyangdi River. Geologically the right bank area seems more stable compared the left bank where
the 4.0 km trail is proposed. The study showed that the topographical set up of proposed trail is likely to
pass to align oblique/sub parallel to the foliation/bedding plane of the rock strata. Plane failure in such
setup is minimal and even toe cutting may not tiger huge instability problem. Overall geology of the area
seems stable. However, during construction of the project, detailed investigation of the area should be
carried out since those terrain is once a glacier valley and during movement of ice there could be deeply
dissected fractured in the vicinity and those features are highly sensitive to hill slope cuttings.
Risk of Land Degradation
Minimal removal of vegetation and reshaping of topography is considered during design of project
component. Therefore, risk of land degradation is very low in this project.
Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang
Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | 64
Risk to Flora and Fauna
The proposed project area falls in the conservation area, attention is given during planning stage to
ensure minimal losses during the implementation stages and steps must be taken later to ensure that the
losses are “replenished.”
Construction Schedule Risks
The Swargadwari master plan is located at varying elevation of 3100 to 4300 m from mean sea level.
Construction work at such location is seasonal based and mainly govern by climatic condition. The
physical environment of area has low humidity, strong winds and inadequate cellular oxygen, intensified
UV radiation and air pressure, which is not favorable for workers. Thus, during planning stage of the
project all these foreseen risks are analyzed and total 5 years construction period is proposed for the
work. In addition, for the timely completion of the project, there should be highly efficient project
management and experienced contractors/suppliers for constructing the project within anticipated time-
period and to the required quality. Lack of interface management can delay the project and increase the
cost.
Risks Related to Construction Materials
Local construction materials including sand, gravel, boulders and cobbles are easily available within the
project area and thus there is no major risk related to availability of local construction materials. However,
as the trail area is located at difficult terrain and lack of accessibility of motor able road, carrying other
construction material such as reinforcement, cement to the site is quite challenging and time consuming.
Risk Related to Climatic Condition
The climate of the project area is not construction friendly. The major health risks for worker related to
the altitude is represented by the reduction of partial pressure of oxygen (hypoxia), humidity, speed wind
and atmospheric pressure
Master Plan for Tourism Development in Swargadwari, Manang
Shell Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. Page | 65
12. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
12.1 CONCLUSION
The initiative taken by the Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality along with the provincial government for
preparation of Detailed Master Plan of Swargadwari area is a gateway for developing the area as a
religious and tourist destination. Manang itself being a majestic and marvelous place, Swargadwari laying
on the laps of the Annapurna range and the religious and cultural values of the area will lure the
international and domestic tourists. The proposed master plan is well equipped with necessary
components, infrastructures and amenities necessary for attracting tourists and people of Manang. The
development of the plan at this moment includes The Entry Gate, The View Tower (Tunnel), The Tea
House, The Bridge, The Foot Trail, Viewing Decks, Landscaping and other required components needed
to develop the place as tourism destination. Further, the possibility of further extension is wide open and
the current plan serves as a milestone and guideline for the future. The components are fairly distributed
based on a planned and guided approach. However, practically, distributing the infrastructures as foot
trails in the geography is challenging. So, the project should be implemented in a systematic manner.
The development of the current project will not only increase the foreign exchange revenue but also will
have direct impact on the livelihood of the community. There will be the generation of employment
opportunity, increase in local business and economy, development of local infrastructures and overall
quality of life of the community around the area is expected to increase to higher values. The overall cost
of infrastructural development identified in the Master Plan is approximately NRs. 159.20 million and
revenue generation of around NRs. 50 million per year. Owing to all these facts and positive impact of
the project, it will be a wise decision for Gandaki Province and Manang Ngisyang Rural Municipality to
invest in the project development.
12.2 RECOMMENDATION
1. The components are fairly distributed based on a planned and guided approach. However,
practically, distributing the infrastructures as foot trails in such geology is quite challenging. So,
it is strongly recommended to carry detailed survey and design before going for the construction.
2. It is recommended to carry the structural analysis of all the structures (Viewing deck, View tower
of Tunnel, Tea House and other required structures) before actual start of the construction.
3. The implementation of the project should be carried in a systematic manner. For timely
implementation, a good technical and financial planning is necessary. A strong supervision team
is essential for the project to keep its attractiveness on timely construction keeping cost in
control.
4. Proper and sufficient security arrangements shall be made for safety of visitors, existing bio-
diversity and components of the area with cultural values.
ANNEXES
Annex A:
Bill of Quantity and Details of Quantity Estimate
Annex A1: Bill of Quantities
S. No. Work Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount
1
Clearing (site clearance) construction
sites before and after construction also
leveling the surface as per instruction,
specification and drawing all complete.
sqm 1,490.00 25.00 37,250.00
2
Earthwork in excavation in hard soil in
perfect line and level in foundation
stacking to the appropriate location near
site for refill all complete as per
instruction, specification and drawing all
complete.
cum 1,236.99 895.48 1,107,702.94
3
Earthwork in backfilling in perfect line
and level in foundation stacking to the
appropriate location near site for refill all
complete as per instruction, specification
and drawing all complete.
cum 865.90 545.02 471,930.34
4
Soling works at the foundations or floors
with bricks on flat face on line level as per
the specifications and instructions of site
engineer.
sqm 92.75 5,080.13 471,171.90
5
Mixing and laying Cement sand,
aggregate of approved quality in ration
1:3:6 ( M10) including mixing, finishing,
laying with proper compaction in perfect
line, level & dimensions, curing, all
complete as per design & drawings(upto
30m haul).
cum 39.33 27,621.44 1,086,392.67
6
Mixing and laying Cement sand,
aggregate of approved quality in ration
1:2:4 ( M15) including mixing, finishing,
laying with proper compaction in perfect
line, level & dimensions, curing, all
complete as per design & drawings(upto
30m haul).
cum 2.18 34,698.63 75,573.62
7
Mixing and laying Cement sand,
aggregate of approved quality in ration
1:1.5:3 ( M20) including mixing, finishing,
laying with proper compaction in perfect
line, level & dimensions, curing, all
complete as per design & drawings(upto
30m haul).
cum 166.16 43,576.38 7,240,615.35
7
Steel reinforcement bars Fe 500 all sizes
(dia.) including supplying straightening,
cleaning, cutting, bending, binding with
18 SWG Annealed type wire and fixing in
positions all complete as per design &
drawings(haul distance upto 30m).
kg 13,254.17 205.51 2,723,865.28
8
Supplying and laying shuttering of
Formworks (12mm thick Waterproof
Plywood & steel adjustable props for
concreting works) including nails,
propping scaffolding, staging, supporting
sqm 1,046.03 1,151.25 1,204,241.46
S. No. Work Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount
and bracing in proper lines and level all
complete as per design & drawings.
9
Providing, laying and fixing saal wood
Door/Window Chaukhat 4"x3" size all
complete
cum 1.59 89,356.38 141,681.24
10
Providing, laying and fixing of saal wood
Window Shutter 38mm thick with 5mm
glass window all complete
sqm 77.61 9,858.24 765,098.01
11
Providing and laying 12.5 mm thick
cement plaster on all surface with 1:4
cement sand mortar in perfect line and
level including Chipping Concrete Surface,
scaffolding, curing etc. all complete as per
drawings.
sqm 62.34 806.77 50,294.04
12
Stone masonry works in 1:6 C/S ratio with
perfect line and level, provide weepholes
using 75mm dia PVC pipe in required
location of the retaining structures as per
drawings all complete
cum 525.23 19,233.92 10,102,162.56
13
Stone masonry works in 1:4 C/S ratio in
foundation and walls with perfect line and
level as per drawings all complete
cum 112.48 22,947.02 2,581,126.70
14
50 mm average thick P.C.C. with stone
chips (1:2:4) M15 concrete for floor
screed work in required level, slope and
curing all works complete .
sqm 52.92 1,977.84 104,667.29
15
Making providing and fixing of MS
Tubular structure with mat finish enamel
black paint on metal surface with smooth
finish with all necessary fittings as per
design and drawing
kg 1,528.69 238.16 364,072.72
16
Providing, laying and fixing 50mm
sandwich panel walls with necessary
anchoring and inplace holding channels at
top and bottom in line level and as per
drawings with all necessary fitting and
accessories.
sqm 18.40 4,607.44 84,776.90
17
Providing and laying 50mm flagstone
flooring work 1 : 6 Cement Sand Mortar
in line & level as per instructions of site
engineer.
cum 509.70 2,339.04 1,192,208.69
18
Providing and fixing glass panel with
required thickness all complete as per
drawings and instructions of site
engineer.
sqm 53.91 9,858.24 531,457.72
19
Providing and fixing non glazed porcelain
tiles fixed on walls with 1 : 4 Cement
Sand Mortar in line & level as per
instructions of site engineer.
sqm 36.80 6,136.02 225,805.54
S. No. Work Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount
20 Construction of 135m span Suspension
bridge over Marsyangdi River m 135.00 140,000.00 18,900,000.00
21
Landscaping works including pathway,
gardening, statue, surface drainage
system including catch drains, retaining
structures, sand filling and dressed
peebles all complete as per drawings
sqm 4,037.25 1,500.00 6,055,875.00
22
Construction of 1.5m wide foot trail on
rock surface including 5 nos. of viewing
decks, one viewing deck at top, RCC
footing with anchorage at cantilever, M/S
railing and all other neccesary items.
m 4,094.00 15,977.83 65,413,256.20
A. SUB TOTAL OF CIVIL WORKS (Rs.) 120,931,226.15
B. Electrical works ( 3.5% of total civil cost ) 4,232,592.92
C. Sanitary works (5% of total civil cost) 6,046,561.31
D. Miscellaneous (3% of total civil cost) 3,627,936.78
E. Contingency (5% of total civil cost) 6,046,561.31
SUBTOTAL OF A,B,C,D&E 140,884,878.47
Vat 13% 18,315,034.20
GRAND TOTAL (NRs.) 159,199,912.67
Annex A2: Details of Quantity Estimate
S. No. Work Description Unit Quantity
1
Clearing (site clearance) construction sites before and after
construction also leveling the surface as per instruction,
specification and drawing all complete.
sqm 1,490.00
2
Earthwork in excavation in hard soil in perfect line and level
in foundation stacking to the appropriate location near site
for refill all complete as per instruction, specification and
drawing all complete.
cum 1,236.99
3
Earthwork in backfilling in perfect line and level in
foundation stacking to the appropriate location near site for
refill all complete as per instruction, specification and
drawing all complete.
cum 865.90
4
Soling works at the foundations or floors with bricks on flat
face on line level as per the specifications and instructions of
site engineer.
sqm 92.75
5
Mixing and laying Cement sand, aggregate of approved
quality in ration 1:3:6 ( M10) including mixing, finishing,
laying with proper compaction in perfect line, level &
dimensions, curing, all complete as per design &
drawings(upto 30m haul).
cum 39.33
6
Mixing and laying Cement sand, aggregate of approved
quality in ration 1:2:4 ( M15) including mixing, finishing,
laying with proper compaction in perfect line, level &
dimensions, curing, all complete as per design &
drawings(upto 30m haul).
cum 2.18
7
Mixing and laying Cement sand, aggregate of approved
quality in ration 1:1.5:3 ( M20) including mixing, finishing,
laying with proper compaction in perfect line, level &
dimensions, curing, all complete as per design &
drawings(upto 30m haul).
cum 166.16
7
Steel reinforcement bars Fe 500 all sizes (dia.) including
supplying straightening, cleaning, cutting, bending, binding
with 18 SWG Annealed type wire and fixing in positions all
complete as per design & drawings(haul distance upto 30m).
kg 13,254.17
8
Supplying and laying shuttering of Formworks (12mm thick
Waterproof Plywood & steel adjustable props for concreting
works) including nails, propping scaffolding, staging,
supporting and bracing in proper lines and level all complete
as per design & drawings.
sqm 1,046.03
9 Providing, laying and fixing saal wood Door/Window
Chaukhat 4"x3" size all complete cum 1.59
10 Providing, laying and fixing of saal wood Window Shutter
38mm thick with 5mm glass window all complete sqm 77.61
11
Providing and laying 12.5 mm thick cement plaster on all
surface with 1:4 cement sand mortar in perfect line and
level including Chipping Concrete Surface, scaffolding, curing
etc. all complete as per drawings.
sqm 62.34
S. No. Work Description Unit Quantity
12
Stone masonry works in 1:6 C/S ratio with perfect line and
level, provide weepholes using 75mm dia PVC pipe in
required location of the retaining structures as per drawings
all complete
cum 525.23
13 Stone masonry works in 1:4 C/S ratio in foundation and walls
with perfect line and level as per drawings all complete cum 112.48
14
50 mm average thick P.C.C. with stone chips (1:2:4) M15
concrete for floor screed work in required level, slope and
curing all works complete.
sqm 52.92
15
Making providing and fixing of MS Tubular structure with
mat finish enamel black paint on metal surface with smooth
finish with all necessary fittings as per design and drawing
kg 1,528.69
16
Providing, laying and fixing 50mm sandwich panel walls with
necessary anchoring and inplace holding channels at top and
bottom in line level and as per drawings with all necessary
fitting and accessories.
sqm 18.40
17
Providing and laying 50mm flagstone flooring work 1 : 6
Cement Sand Mortar in line & level as per instructions of site
engineer.
cum 509.70
18 Providing and fixing glass panel with required thickness all
complete as per drawings and instructions of site engineer. sqm 53.91
19
Providing and fixing non glazed porcelain tiles fixed on walls
with 1 : 4 Cement Sand Mortar in line & level as per
instructions of site engineer.
sqm 36.80
20 Construction of 135m span Suspension bridge over
Marsyangdi River m 135.00
21
Landscaping works including pathway, gardening, statue,
surface drainage system including catch drains, retaining
structures, sand filling and dressed peebles all complete as
per drawings
sqm 4,037.25
22
Construction of 1.5m wide foot trail on rock surface including
5 nos. of viewing decks, one viewing deck at top, RCC footing
with anchorage at cantilever, M/S railing and all other
necessary items.
m 4,094.00
Annex B:
Rate Analysis
S.n. Work Description Resour
ce Type/Grade Qty UnitRate per unit
Amount Amt per resource
Unskilled 0.023 no. 945 21.74 21.74
Equipment
21.7425
m2
Unskilled 0.7 no. 945 661.5 661.5
0Equipment 19.845
681.345783.55
m3
Unskilled 0.8 no. 945 756 756
0Equipment 22.68
778.68895.48
m3
Unskilled 0.5 no. 945 472.5 472.5Water 5 ltr 0.286 1.43
1.43Equipment
473.93545.02
m3
Unskilled 0.5 no. 945 472.5 472.5Water 5 ltr 0.286 1.43Soil 1.5 cum 370 555 556.43
Equipment
1028.931183.27
m3Skilled 1 no. 1120 1120Unskilled 0.5 no. 945 472.5 1592.5Stone for Soling 1.1 cum 850 935Sand coarse 0.7 cum 2700 1890 2825
Equipment
4417.55080.13
m3
6
Soling works at the foundations with hard stones and filling the voids with sand as per the specifications and instructions of site engineer.
Manpower
Material
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
5
Back filling works including cost of soil by spreading in layers of 150mm thickness, watered and well consolidated by suitable mechanical compactors at every layers, all complete & as per drawing, specification & instruction of site in-charge.
Manpower
Material
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
4
Back filling works from stock pile within 10mtrs including spreading in layers of 150mm thickness, watered and well consolidated by suitable mechanical compactors at every layers, all complete & as per drawing, specification & instruction of site in-charge.
Manpower
Material
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
3
Earthwork in excavation in hard clay/ soft rock in perfect line and level in foundation stacking to the appropriate location near site for refill all complete as per instruction, specification and drawing all complete.
Manpower
Material
3% of total manpowerTotal(Rs.)
Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overheadUnit
2
Earthwork in excavation in soft soil in perfect line and level( upto 1.5m lift and 10m haul) in foundation stacking to the appropriate location near site for refill all complete as per instruction, specification and drawing all complete.
Manpower
Material
3% of total manpowerTotal(Rs.)
Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overheadUnit
1
Clearing & uprooting (site clearance) thin vegetation,grubbing their roots and disposal far from the construction sites before and after construction also leveling the surface as per instruction, specification and drawing all complete.
Manpower
Material
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
S.n. Work Description Resour
ce Type/Grade Qty UnitRate per unit
Amount Amt per resource
Manpo Skilled 1.5 no. 1120 1680Unskilled 5 no. 945 4725 6405Stone for walls 1.1 cum 2250 2475Sand coarse 0.45 cum 2700 1215Cement PPC 0.159 mt 61826 9830.33Water 100 ltr 0.286 28.6 13548.93
Equipment
19953.9322947.02
m3Skilled 1.5 no. 1120 1680Unskilled 5 no. 945 4725 6405Stone for walls 1.1 cum 2250 2475Sand coarse 0.47 cum 2700 1269Cement PPC 0.106 mt 61826 6553.56Water 79 ltr 0.286 22.59 10320.15
Equipment
16725.1519233.92
m3Skilled 1 no. 1120 1120Unskilled 2 no. 945 1890 3010Stone for walls 1.1 cum 2250 2475
2475Equipment
54856307.75
m3Skilled 1 no. 1120 1120Unskilled 4 no. 945 3780Cement OPC 0.22 mt 63826 14041.72Gravel 40mm 0.65 cum 4240 2756Gravel 20mm 0.24 cum 4240 1017.6Sand coarse 0.47 cum 2700 1269Water 120 ltr 0.286 34.32
Equipment
24018.6427621.44
m3Skilled 1 no. 1120 1120Unskilled 4 no. 945 3780Cement OPC 0.32 mt 63826 20424.32Gravel 40mm 0.52 cum 4240 2204.8Gravel 20mm 0.22 cum 4240 932.8Gravel 10mm 0.11 cum 4240 466.4Sand coarse 0.445 cum 2700 1201.5Water 150 ltr 0.286 42.9
Equipment
30172.7234698.63
m3
11
Mixing and laying Cement sand, aggregate of approved quality in ration 1:2:4 ( M15) including mixing, finishing, laying with proper compaction in perfect line, level & dimensions, curing, all complete as per design & drawings.
Manpower 4900
Material
25272.72
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
10
Mixing and laying Cement sand, aggregate of approved quality in ration 1:3:6 ( M10) including mixing, finishing, laying with proper compaction in perfect line, level & dimensions, curing, all complete as per design & drawings.
Manpower 4900
Material
19118.64
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
9
Providing and laying dry stone masonry (coursed rubble) including dressing etc. complete as per specification, lead 30m
Manpower
Material
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
8
Providing and laying random rubble stone masonry of hard block stone in 1 : 6 cement sand mortar(M5) including stone dressing,mortar transportation(upto 10m) all complete.
Manpower
Material
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
7
Providing and laying random rubble stone masonry of hard block stone in 1 : 4 cement sand mortar(M5) including stone dressing,mortar transportation(upto 10m) all complete.
Manpower
Material
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
S.n. Work Description Resour
ce Type/Grade Qty UnitRate per unit
Amount Amt per resource
Manpo Skilled 0.8 no. 1120 896Unskilled 7 no. 945 6615Cement OPC 0.4 mt 63826 25530.4Gravel 20mm 0.57 cum 4240 2416.8Gravel 10mm 0.29 cum 4240 1229.6Sand coarse 0.425 cum 2700 1147.5Water 200 ltr 0.286 57.2
Equipment
37892.543576.38
m3Skilled 0.012 no. 1120 13.44Unskilled 0.012 no. 945 11.34Rebar Fe500 1.05 kg 145.08 152.33Binding wire 0.01 kg 159.08 1.59
Equipment
178.7205.51
kgSkilled 0.267 no. 1120 299.04Unskilled 0.4 no. 945 378Wood local 0.004 cum 30022 117.09Ply 12mm 0.165 sqm 1087.6 179.46Metal Props 0.04 no. 0 0Nails 0.25 kg 110 27.5
Equipment
1001.091151.25
sqmSkilled 17.65 no. 1120 19768Unskilled 1.67 no. 945 1578.15Wood local 1.05 cum 30022 31523.1Nails 0.55 kg 110 60.5
Equipment
52929.7560869.21
sqmSkilled 34 no. 1120 38080Unskilled 3.4 no. 945 3213Wood local 1.1 cum 30022 33024.2Holdfast 92 no. 32 2944Nails 4 kg 110 440
Equipment
77701.289356.38
sqm
16
Providing, laying and fixing local salla wood Door/Window Chaukosh 4"x3" size with all complete
Manpower 41293
Material36408.2
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
15
Fixing at proper place local salla wood posts as column and beams including all materials complete as per specifications and drawings.
Manpower 21346.15
Material31583.6
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
14
Supplying and laying shuttering of Formworks (12mm thick Waterproof Plywood & steel adjustable props for concreting works) including nails, propping scaffolding, staging, supporting and bracing in proper lines and level all complete as per design & drawings.
Manpower 677.04
Material
324.05
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
13
Steel reinforcement bars Fe 500 all sizes (dia.) including supplying straightening, cleaning, cutting, bending, binding with 18 SWG Annealed type wire and fixing in positions all complete as per design & drawings(haul distance upto 30m).
Manpower 24.78
Material153.92
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
12
Mixing and laying Cement sand, aggregate of approved quality in ration 1:1.5:3 ( M20) including mixing, finishing, laying with proper compaction in perfect line, level & dimensions, curing, all complete as per design & drawings(upto 30m haul).
Manpower 7511
Material
30381.5
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
S.n. Work Description Resour
ce Type/Grade Qty UnitRate per unit
Amount Amt per resource
Manpo Skilled 4.036 no. 1120 4520.18Unskilled 0.404 no. 945 381.39Wood local 0.022 cum 30022 659.68Glass 5mm 1.085 sqm 2399.2 2603.1375mm hinge 4 pcs 21 84100mm lock 4 pcs 37 148Handle 2 pcs 63 126Screw 50
Equipment
8572.389858.24
sqmSkilled 3.118 no. 1120 3492.2Unskilled 0.312 no. 945 294.65Wood local 0.015 cum 30022 462.7Ply 6mm 1.036 sqm 636.31 658.98Ply 3mm commercial 1.036 sqm 488.92 506.34100mm hinge 1.336 pcs 37 49.44150mm lock 0.891 pcs 48 42.76Mortice lock 0.445 pcs 861 383.52Screw 50
Equipment
5940.596831.68
sqmSkilled 0.12 no. 1120 134.4Unskilled 0.16 no. 945 151.2Cement OPC 0.005 mt 63826 343.38Sand coarse 0.015 cum 2700 39.42Water 100 ltr 0.286 28.6
Equipment 4.536
701.536806.77
m3Skilled 0.12 no. 1120 134.4Unskilled 0.16 no. 945 151.2Cement OPC 0.004 mt 63826 243.82Sand coarse 0.016 cum 2700 42.39Water 100 ltr 0.286 28.6
Equipment 4.536
604.946695.69
m3Skilled 0.125 no. 1120 140Unskilled 0.25 no. 945 236.25Cement OPC 0.017 mt 63826 1085.04Gravel 10mm 0.046 cum 4240 195.04Sand coarse 0.023 cum 2700 62.1Water 5 ltr 0.286 1.43
Equipment
1719.861977.84
m2
21
50 mm average thick P.C.C. with stone chips (1:2:4) M15 concrete for floor screed work in required level, slope and curing all works complete .
Manpower 376.25
Material
1343.61
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
20
Providing and laying 12.5 mm thick cement plaster on all surface with 1:6 cement sand mortar in perfect line and level including Chipping Concrete Surface, scaffolding, curing etc. all complete as per drawings.
Manpower 285.6
Material314.81
3% of unskilled labourTotal(Rs.)
Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
19
Providing and laying 12.5 mm thick cement plaster on all surface with 1:4 cement sand mortar in perfect line and level including Chipping Concrete Surface, scaffolding, curing etc. all complete as per drawings.
Manpower 285.6
Material411.4
3% of unskilled labourTotal(Rs.)
Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
18
Providing, laying and fixing of local salla wood Door Shutter 38mm thick with 6mm waterproof plywood joint all complete
Manpower 3786.85
Material
2153.74
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
17
Providing, laying and fixing of local salla wood Window Shutter 38mm thick with 5mm glass window all complete
Manpower 4901.57
Material
3670.81
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
S.n. Work Description Resour
ce Type/Grade Qty UnitRate per unit
Amount Amt per resource
Manpo Skilled 1.3 no. 1120 1456Unskilled 0.45 no. 945 425.25Cement OPC 0.006 mt 63826 357.43Porcelain tile floor 1.1 sqm 2979.7 3277.68White cement 0.323 kg 42 13.56Sand fine 0.015 cum 2700 41.04Water 5 ltr 0.286 1.43
Equipment
5572.396408.25
m2Skilled 1.3 no. 1120 1456Unskilled 0.45 no. 945 425.25Cement OPC 0.006 mt 63826 357.43Porcelain tile wall 1.1 sqm 2764.5 3040.96White cement 0.323 kg 42 13.56Sand fine 0.015 cum 2700 41.04Water 5 ltr 0.286 1.43
Equipment
5335.676136.02
m2Skilled 0.2 no. 1120 224Unskilled 0.45 no. 945 425.25Cement OPC 0.006 mt 63826 402.1Flagstone 50mm 1.1 sqm 850 935Sand fine 0.017 cum 2700 46.17Water 5 ltr 0.286 1.43
Equipment
2033.952339.04
m2Skilled 0.036 no. 1120 40.63Unskilled 0.041 no. 945 38.97MS HS 1 kg 118.51 118.51Metal Primer 0.02 ltr 330 6.6
Equipment 2.388
207.098238.16
kgSkilled 0.12 no. 1120 134.4Unskilled 0.08 no. 945 75.6Wood Primer 0.081 ltr 352 28.51Enamel Paint 0.16 ltr 440 70.4
Equipment 6.3
315.21362.49
m2Skilled 0.11 no. 1120 123.2Unskilled 0.125 no. 945 118.13GI Sheet 0.179
bundle 9696.4 1738.88
Fixtures 20Equipment 7.2399
2007.44992308.57
m2
27Laying and fixing of CGI Sheet roofing ( 26 gauge) in truss structures all works complete.
Manpower 241.33
Material1758.88
3% of labour costTotal(Rs.)
Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
26
Two coat of premium enamel paint of approved color over one coat of primer with smooth sanding and cleaning dust on wood surface including sealing works.
Manpower 210
Material98.91
3% of labour costs for scaffoldingTotal(Rs.)
Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
25
Making providing and fixing of MS Tubular truss with mat finish enamel black paint on metal surface with smooth finish with all necessary fittings as per design and drawing
Manpower 79.6
Material125.11
3% of labour costsTotal(Rs.)
Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
24
Providing and laying 50mm flagstone flooring work 1 : 6 Cement Sand Mortar in line & level as per instructions of site engineer.
Manpower 649.25
Material
1384.7
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
23
Providing and fixing non glazed porcelain tiles fixed on walls with 1 : 4 Cement Sand Mortar in line & level as per instructions of site engineer.
Manpower 1881.25
Material
3454.42
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
22
Providing and fixing non glazed porcelain tiles fixed on floors with 1 : 4 Cement Sand Mortar in line & level as per instructions of site engineer.
Manpower 1881.25
Material
3691.14
Total(Rs.)Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
S.n. Work Description Resour
ce Type/Grade Qty UnitRate per unit
Amount Amt per resource
Manpo Skilled 0.2 no. 1120 224Unskilled 0.3 no. 945 283.5GI Sheet Dhuri 0.179
bundle 7966.4 1428.63
Fixtures 10Equipment 15.225
1961.3552255.56
m2Skilled 0.175 no. 1120 196Unskilled 0.2 no. 945 189GI sheet plain 9E-04
bundle 10627 9.96
Fixtures 300Equipment 11.55
706.51812.49
rmSkilledUnskilledMetal pipes ready 1 kg 151.51 151.51Metal Primer 0.02 ltr 330 6.6
Equipment 0
158.11181.83
m2Skilled 0.036 no. 1120 40.63Unskilled 0.041 no. 945 38.97MS I-Beam 1 kg 118.51 118.51Red oxide paint 0.02 ltr 330 6.6
Equipment 2.388
207.098238.16
m2Skilled 1.069 no. 1120 1197.11Unskilled 1.24 no. 945 1172.2150mm ssp 1.693 m 0 025mm ssp 2.186 m 0 0
Equipment 43.715847
2413.03582774.99
m2
32
Making providing and fixing of Stainless steel railing ( 50mm dia handrail supported at 2mc/c 50mm dia vertical posts with 2 layers of 25mm rails within 2.5-3 ft height) works smooth finish with all necessary fittings as per design and drawing
Manpower 2369.32
Material0
welding costs Total(Rs.)
Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
31
Making providing and fixing of MS structural sections red oxide finish on metal surface with all necessary fittings as per design and drawing
Manpower 79.6
Material125.11
3% of labour costsTotal(Rs.)
Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
30
Making providing and fixing of MS Angles and pipes with mat finish enamel black paint on metal surface with smooth finish with all necessary fittings as per design and drawing
Manpower 0
Material158.11
3% of labour costsTotal(Rs.)
Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
29
Laying and fixing of Rainwater collection gutter of coloured plain sheet (150mm wide)with necessary brackets and fixtures in roof all works complete.
Manpower 385
Material309.96
3% of labour costTotal(Rs.)
Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
28Laying and fixing of CGI ridge cover (0.5mm 0.6m wide) in truss structures all works complete.
Manpower 507.5
Material1438.63
3% of labour costTotal(Rs.)
Total(Rs.) with 15% contractor's overhead
Unit
Annex C:
Site Photographs
Ongoing Survey Works during field visit
Interviews with local community
View of Swargadwari Rock from Swargadwari bridge
Gorge on Marsyangdi River
Location of proposed Tea house
View of existing trail from settlement
Ongoing Survey Works during field visit
Ongoing Survey Works during field visit
Interaction with local peoples
View of proposed foot trail location
View of vegetation around site
Surrounding view of Swargadwari rock
Annex D:
Master Plan Design Drawings
3210
3205
3200
3195
3190
3185
3180
3175
3170
3165
3250
3245
3240
3235
3230
3145
3140
3125
3120
3110
3105
3110
3105
3230
3225
3185
3180
3130
3125
3120
3125
3120
3115
3230
3225
3130
3115
3110
3220
3215
3155
3135
3130
3100
3255
3130
3110
3105
3135
3130
ZEN GARDEN
ZEN GARDEN
1
2
3
46
7
8
9
5
Y
Y
X
X
ZEN GARDEN
EXIT FROM
TRAIL
ENTRY TO
TRAIL
TEA HOUSE
TEA HOUSE
SERVICE BLOCK
GARDEN
AMPHITHEATRE
VIEW DECK
THE GATE
S.NO PARTICLUARS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
EXISTING SETTLEMENT
ACCESS TO SWARGADWARI
EXISTING VEHICULAR ROAD
TEA HOUSE
ZEN GARDEN
PROPOSED BRIDGE
8
SWARGADWARI ROCK
9
MARSYANGDI RIVER
THE GATE
S.K.C
S.K.C
M.MAHARAJAN
1:10000
01
Checked By:
Drawn By:
Designed By:
(MOITFE)
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
Dwg No.
Shell Engineering Consultancy
Pvt. LtdMasterplan for Tourism Development in
Swargadwari, Manang
Date:
Ministry of Industry, Tourism,
Forest and Environment
Signature
Checked By:
Recommended
By:
Accepted By:
DesignationJune, 2019
SHEET TITLE : ClientConsultant SignatureDesignation
Approved By:Gandaki Province
CONSULTANT: Name of Project:
Pokhara, Kaski
Sitapaila, Kathmandu, Nepal
Scale :
Sheet No.
01
SITE PLAN
3210
3205
3200
3195
3190
3185
3180
3175
3170
3250
3245
3240
3235
3230
3110
3105
3230
3225
3230
3225
3130
3110
3220
3215
3130
3100
3255
3110
3105
3135
3130
ZEN GARDEN
ZEN GARDEN
Y
Y
X
X
ZEN GARDEN
EXIT FROM
TRAIL
ENTRY TO
TRAIL
TEA HOUSE
TEA HOUSE
SERVICE BLOCK
GARDEN
AMPHITHEATRE
VIEW DECK
THE GATE
3170
3165
3145
3140
3110
3105
3125
3120
3115
3115
3155
3135
S.K.C
S.K.C
M.MAHARAJAN
1:10000
02
TEA HOUSE AND
LANDSCAPE
02Checked By:
Drawn By:
Designed By:
(MOITFE)
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
Dwg No.
Shell Engineering Consultancy
Pvt. LtdMasterplan for Tourism Development in
Swargadwari, Manang
Date:
Ministry of Industry, Tourism,
Forest and Environment
Signature
Checked By:
Recommended
By:
Accepted By:
DesignationJune, 2019
SHEET TITLE : ClientConsultant SignatureDesignation
Approved By:Gandaki Province
CONSULTANT: Name of Project:
Pokhara, Kaski
Sitapaila, Kathmandu, Nepal
Scale :
Sheet No.
Y
Y
X
X
EXIT FROM
TRAIL
ENTRY TO
TRAIL
TEA HOUSE
TEA HOUSE
SERVICE BLOCK
GARDEN
AMPHITHEATRE
VIEW DECK
THE GATE
3135
S.K.C
S.K.C
M.MAHARAJAN
1:10000
03
BLOW UP OF TEA HOUSE
TEA HOUSE AND
LANDSCAPE
Checked By:
Drawn By:
Designed By:
(MOITFE)
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
Dwg No.
Shell Engineering Consultancy
Pvt. LtdMasterplan for Tourism Development in
Swargadwari, Manang
Date:
Ministry of Industry, Tourism,
Forest and Environment
Signature
Checked By:
Recommended
By:
Accepted By:
DesignationJune, 2019
SHEET TITLE : ClientConsultant SignatureDesignation
Approved By:Gandaki Province
CONSULTANT: Name of Project:
Pokhara, Kaski
Sitapaila, Kathmandu, Nepal
Scale :
Sheet No.
02
Annex E:
Minutes of Meeting
Annex F:
Linkage Map of Major Tourist Destination of
Manang
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