Fig. 46-1
Chapter 46
Animal Reproduction
Fig. 46-2
Fig. 46-3
Asexual reproduction
Female
Sexual reproduction
Female
Generation 1
Male
Generation 2
Generation 3
Generation 4
Fig. 46-4a
Both are females; Parthenogenic
Fig. 46-4b
Ova
ry
size
Ho
rmo
ne
leve
lB
ehav
ior
Estradiol
Ovulation Ovulation
Progesterone
Time
Female Male-like
Female Male-like
The sexual behavior the cycle of ovulation
Fig. 46-5
Eggs
Fertilization
Fig. 46-6
Giant water bugs: parental protection; few offsprings
Fig. 46-7
Accessorygland
EjaculatoryductTestis
Vas deferens
Seminalvesicle
Penis
Ovary
Oviduct
Spermatheca
Vagina
Accessorygland
(a) Male honeybee (drone) (b) Female honeybee (queen)
Fig. 46-8
Genitalpore
(Digestive tract)
Male organs:
Seminalvesicle
Sperm duct(vas deferens)
Vas efferens
Testis
Female organs:
UterusYolk gland
Yolk duct
Oviduct
Ovary
Seminalreceptacle
(Excretory pore)
4
3
2
1
3
2
1
A hermaphrodite 雌雄同體
Fig. 46-10a
(Rectum)
Cervix
Vagina
Vaginal opening
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Pubic bone)
Urethra
ClitorisShaftGlansPrepuce
Labia minora
Labia majora
Fig. 46-10b
OvariesOviduct
FolliclesCorpus luteum
Uterine wallUterus
Cervix
Endometrium
Vagina
Fig. 46-11b
Seminal vesicle
(Rectum)
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Vas deferens EpididymisTestisScrotum
(Urinarybladder)
(Urinaryduct)
(Pubic bone)
Erectiletissue
Urethra
Glans
Prepuce
Penis
Spermatogenesis
Fig. 46-12b
Epididymis
Seminiferous tubuleSertoli cellnucleus
Testis
Cross sectionof seminiferoustubule
Spermatogonium
Primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatids(two stages)
SpermLumen ofseminiferous tubule
Fig. 46-12cPrimordial germ cell in embryo
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonialstem cell
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primary spermatocyte
Meiosis I
Secondary spermatocyte
Meiosis II
Earlyspermatid
Differentiation (Sertolicells provide nutrients)
Sperm
2n
2n
2n
n n
n n n n
n n n n
Spermatogenesis
Fig. 46-12e
Ovary
In embryo
Primordial germ cell
Mitotic divisions
Oogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primary oocyte(present at birth), arrestedin prophase of meiosis I
Firstpolarbody
Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II
Secondary oocyte,arrested at metaphase of meiosis II
Ovulation, sperm entry
Completion of meiosis IISecondpolarbody
Fertilized egg
Primaryoocytewithinfollicle
Growingfollicle
Mature follicle
Rupturedfollicle
Ovulatedsecondary oocyte
Corpus luteum
Degeneratingcorpus luteum
2n
2n
nn
n
n
Oogenesis
Fig. 46-12f
Ovary
Primaryoocytewithinfollicle
Rupturedfollicle
Growingfollicle
Mature follicle
Ovulatedsecondary oocyte
Corpus luteum
Degeneratingcorpus luteum
Fig. 46-12g
Primordial germ cell
Mitotic divisions
Oogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primary oocyte(present at birth), arrestedin prophase of meiosis I
Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II
Secondary oocyte,arrested at metaphase of meiosis II
Firstpolarbody
Ovulation, sperm entry
Completion of meiosis IISecondpolarbody
Fertilized egg
2n
2n
nn
n
n
In embryo
Hormone control of the testes
Nurse cells
5 Sertoli cell,
7 Leydig cell,
Fig. 46-14aControl by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of
estradiol and progesterone
Stimulated by high levelsof estradiol
Inhibited by low levels of estradiol
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
FSH LH
Pituitary gonadotropinsin blood
LH
FSH
FSH and LH stimulatefollicle to grow
LH surge triggersovulation
Ovarian cycle
Growing follicle Maturingfollicle
Corpusluteum
Degeneratingcorpus luteum
Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase
(a)
(b)
(c)
Da
ys
0 5 10 14 15 20 25 28| | | | | | | |
–
–
+
Fig. 46-14b
Ovarian hormones in blood
Peak causesLH surge
Estradiol level very low
Estradiol Progesterone
Ovulation Progesterone and estradiolpromote thickeningof endometrium
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Endometrium
0 5 10 14 20 25 28| | | | | | | |
Da
ys
15
Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase
(d)
(e)
Estrous cycle:Mammals share the same reproductive system, including the regulatory hypothalamic system that releases gonadotropin releasing hormone in pulses, the pituitary that secretes follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and the ovary itself releases sex hormones including estrogens and progesterone.
1.One difference is that animals that have estrous cycles reabsorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. 2. Another difference is sexual activity. In species with estrous cycles, females are generally only sexually active during the estrus phase of their cycle (see below for an explanation of the different phases in an estrous cycle).
Fig. 46-16
Placenta
Uterus
Umbilical cord
Chorionic villus,containing fetalcapillaries
Maternal bloodpools
Maternalarteries
Maternalveins
Maternalportionof placenta
Fetal arterioleFetal venuleUmbilical cord
Fetalportion ofplacenta(chorion)
Umbilicalarteries
Umbilicalvein
Fig. 46-17
(a) 5 weeks (b) 14 weeks (c) 20 weeks
Fig. 46-17a
(a) 5 weeks
Fig. 46-17b
(b) 14 weeks
Fig. 46-17c
(c) 20 weeks
Fig. 46-18
Estradiol Oxytocin
fromovaries
Induces oxytocinreceptors on uterus
from fetusand mother’sposterior pituitary
Stimulates uterusto contract
Stimulates placenta to make
Prostaglandins
Stimulate morecontractions
of uterus
Po
siti
ve
fee
db
ac
k
+
+
Fig. 46-19-4
3
2
1 Dilation of the cervix
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Uterus
Cervix
Expulsion: delivery of the infant
Uterus
Placenta(detaching)
Umbilicalcord
Delivery of the placenta
Fig. 46-20Male Female
Method Event Event Method
Production of
sperm
Production ofprimary oocytes
Vasectomy Combination birth controlpill (or injection, patch, orvaginal ring)
Sperm transport
down maleduct system
Oocytedevelopmentand ovulation
Abstinence
Condom
Coitusinterruptus(very highfailure rate)
Abstinence
Spermdepositedin vagina
Capture of theoocyte by the
oviduct
Tubal ligation
Female condom
Spermmovement
throughfemale
reproductivetract
Transportof oocyte in
oviduct
Spermicides;diaphragm;cervical cap;progestin alone(as minipill,implant,or injection)
Meeting of sperm and oocyte
in oviduct
Union of sperm and eggMorning-afterpill; intrauterinedevice (IUD)
Implantation of blastocyst in endometrium
1. Describe oogenesis and spermatogenesis; describe three major differences between them
2. Explain how the uterine and ovarian cycles are synchronized and describe the functions of the hormones involved
You should now be able to:
Top Related