© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION2
You know us because you rely on our technology every day
Business Segments
Communications & Commercial Optical Products
Communications
Test & Measurement
Advanced Optical Technologies
Total Market Size (Annual)*
$3.9B $2.8B $1.5B
Annual Growth Rate* 5-15% 6-12% 5-10%
JDSU Market Position*
#1-2 #1-2 #1-2
MarketsTelecom, Datacom, Submarine,
Long Haul, Metro, Access, Biotech, Microelec,
Telecom/Cable Access, Metro, Core & Home Networking
Currency, Defense Authentication, Instrumentation
Sample
Customers
Alcatel-Lucent, ASML, Becton Dickinson, Ciena, Cisco, Ericsson, ESI, KLA Tencor, Tellabs, Huawei,
Nortel, NSN, Fujitsu
Alcatel-Lucent, AT&T, British Telecom, China Telecom, Comcast, Telmex, Verizon
Abrisa, Bank of China, Dolby Laboratories, ITT, Lockheed Martin,
Pfizer, SICPA
* Sources: Central Banks, Frost & Sullivan, Infonetics Research, Ovum-RHK, PIRA Research, Prime Data, US Chamber of Commerce, and internal analysis.
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION3
Measurements and Scales
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Light Measurements
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Scales
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Fiber Review
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Optical Fiber
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Optical Fiber Types
2 types:– Singlemode– Multimode
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION9
Multimode Fiber – Denoted by an Orange Jacket
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Single Mode Fiber - SMF
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9125250
Cross section of an Single Mode optical fiber
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Refraction
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n = c / v
n = refractive indexc = velocity of light in a vacuumv = velocity of light in glass
IOR = Index of Refraction
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Reflection
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Light in an optical fiber – Total Internal Reflection
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Bending
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Common Connector Types
SC Commonly referred to as Sam Charlie
FC Commonly referred to as Frank Charlie
ST Commonly referred to as Sam Tom
LC Commonly referred to as Lima Charlie
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION22
Connector Configurations
PC or UPC vs APC
SC - PC
SC - APC
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IBYC
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION24
Focused On the Connection
Bulkhead Adapter
Fiber Connector
Alignment Sleeve
Alignment Sleeve
Physical Contact
FiberFerrule
Fiber connectors are widely known as the WEAKEST AND MOST
PROBLEMATIC points in the fiber network.
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION25
What Makes a GOOD Fiber Connection?
Perfect Core Alignment
Physical Contact
Pristine Connector Interface
The 3 basic principles that are critical to achieving an efficient fiber optic
connection are “The 3 P’s”:
Core
Cladding
CLEAN
Light Transmitted
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION26
What Makes a BAD Fiber Connection?
A single particle mated into the core of a fiber can cause significant back reflection, insertion loss and even equipment damage.
Visual inspection of fiber optic connectors is the only way to determine if they are truly clean before mating them.
CONTAMINATION is the #1 source of troubleshooting in optical networks.
DIRT
Core
Cladding
Back Reflection Insertion LossLight
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION27
Illustration of Particle Migration
Each time the connectors are mated, particles around the core are displaced, causing them to migrate and spread across the fiber surface.
Particles larger than 5µ usually explode and multiply upon mating.
Large particles can create barriers (“air gap”) that prevent physical contact.
Particles less than 5µ tend to embed into the fiber surface creating pits and chips.
11.8µ
15.1µ
10.3µ
Actual fiber end face images of particle migration
Core
Cladding
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION28
Types of Contamination
A fiber end-face should be free of any contamination or defects, as shown below:
Common types of contamination and defects include the following:
Dirt Oil Pits & Chips Scratches
Simplex Ribbon
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION29
Contamination and Signal Performance
Fiber Contamination and Its Affect on Signal PerformanceCLEAN CONNECTION
Back Reflection = -67.5 dBTotal Loss = 0.250 dB
11
DIRTY CONNECTION
Back Reflection = -32.5 dBTotal Loss = 4.87 dB
33
Clean Connection vs. Dirty Connection
This OTDR trace illustrates a significant decrease in signal performance when dirty connectors are mated.
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION30
OTDRs
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Reflection
Loss
Backscattered light
Transmitted lightFresnel Reflection
Reflective events on an OTDR
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION32
Mechanical Splice
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Loss
Transmitted light
Non-Reflective Events
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Fusion Splice
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30 seconds
OTDR
OTDR Trace
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WDM
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[nm]
“C” Band
“L” Band
“O” Band
“E” Band
“S” Band
“U” Band
»C-Band - 1535nm to 1565nm
»L-Band - 1565nm to 1625nm
»U-Band - 1640nm to 1675 nm
»O-Band - 1260nm to 1310nm
»E-Band - 1360nm to 1460nm
»S-Band - 1460nm to 1530nm
1300 1400 1500 1600
Bands and Wavelengths
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION38
1310 nm
1550 nm
1625 nm
Fiber
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION39
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
Wave Division Multiplexing
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION40
Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
PRO: Virtually unlimited scalability of channels number and bandwidth
CON: higher equipment and maintenance cost
100Ghz spacing = 0.8 nm spacing
ITU Channels
C band – 100 channels
L band – 100 channels
50Ghz spacing = 0.4 nm spacing
Therefore ITU wavelengths
C band – 200 channels
L band – 200 channels
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION41
Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing
1271
1291
1311
1331
1351
1371
1391
1411
1431
1451
Most common
1471
1491
1511
1531
1551
1571
1591
1611
PRO: Wavelengths are 20 nm apart as a cost effective solution to DWDMCON: fiber issues prevalent and # of channels fixed
Wavelengths used:
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION42
CWDM System Overview
Coarse Wavelength division Multiplexing for metro network– Multiplexing a given number of channels: From 4 to 18 channels as per
ITU-T G.694.2– In a limited environment: Distance range (<80km). No need for amplifiers,
CD compensators…– Over a wide wavelength range (1271-1611nm)
• new fibers available (All Wave …). • First step, use of 1471-1611nm
– With a wide channel spacing (20nm)low cost components: Uncooled lasers, broad filters…
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION43
Wavelength Allocation
The nominal wavelength grid supporting CWDM systems has been defined by the ITU-T G.694.2 recommendation. It shows up a large wavelength range coverage (from 1271 to 1611nm) with a 20nm spacing.
O-Band E-Band S-Band C- Band L-Band
Water Peak
1271 12911311 133113511371
13911411
14311451
1471 1491 1511 1531 1551 15711591
1611
Wavelength (nm)
Attenuation (dB)
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION44
CWDM cost constraints
Central wavelength and drift tolerance– Lasers used for CWDM systems are directly modulated Distributed Feedback
(DFB) lasers with bit rates of up to 2.5 Gb/s. – Relaxed specifications for
• Central wavelength accuracy + wavelength drift over system lifetime. • Wide spacing of CWDM allows for a central wavelength to drift by as much as +/- 6.5 nm
MUX/DEMUX– CWDM transmission, with 20 nm channel spacing, allow using filters with reduced
technical constraints compare to DWDM, driving the cost dramatically down.
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION45
Channel/Wavelength turn-up (Alt. 2)
Optical channel verification according to the CWDM ITU-T G.694.2 grid over the full wavelength range.
Provide wavelength and power level measurements.
test
Mux
1551nm
1271nm
1291nm
1591nm
1611nm
Tx
Tx
Tx
Tx
Tx
test
test
Mux
1551nm
1271nm
1291nm
1591nm
1611nm
Tx
Tx
Tx
Tx
Tx
test
T-BERD 4000 OCC-4055 module used for
transmission wavelength verification
Handheld OCC-55 used for transmission
wavelength verification
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION46
CWDM Channel/Wavelength Provisioning
Test new wavelength route not yet in use Make sure wavelength goes through In-service test when other wavelengths already active
– OTDR test without disturbing current traffic– Reliable OTDR test taking other wavelength powers into account
CWDM OTDR 1551nm testing
Fiber Network
Mux
1511nm
1531nm
1551nm
1551nm
1471nm
1491nm
1591nm
1611nm
test-1551nm
traffic
traffic
traffic
traffic
traffic
test-1551nm
1311nm shot through Mux and Demux in presence of other wavelengths
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION47
Comparison between CWDM and DWDM
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION48
[nm]
“C” Band
“L” Band
“O” Band
“E” Band
“S” Band
“U” Band
»C-Band - 1535nm to 1565nm
»L-Band - 1565nm to 1625nm
»U-Band - 1640nm to 1675 nm
»O-Band - 1260nm to 1310nm
»E-Band - 1360nm to 1460nm
»S-Band - 1460nm to 1530nm
1300 1400 1500 1600
Bands and Wavelengths
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION49
Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
PRO: Virtually unlimited scalability of channels number and bandwidth
CON: higher equipment and maintenance cost
100Ghz spacing = 0.8 nm spacing
ITU Channels
C band – 100 channels
L band – 100 channels
50Ghz spacing = 0.4 nm spacing
Therefore ITU wavelengths
C band – 200 channels
L band – 200 channels
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION50
Dispersion
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION51
Different Polarization States = different speeds thru fiber The difference = Differential Group Delay (DGD) PMD = Mean value of various DGD’s
PMD – What is it ?
DGD
v1
v2
Fast
Slo
w
External stress !!
Values change constantly due to external stress (e.g., wind, temp, weight)
Compensation Unavailable
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION52
V1
V2
V1
V2
PMD
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PMD as a function of Birefringence
Stresses and Strains on the fiber changes the shape of the cladding and core. As the stresses change at various point throughout the fiber link, coupled with the polarization states constantly spinning, makes pin pointing PMD and removing the “bad” section a game of chance.
Perfect FiberStrained Fiber
Fiber Strain Causes
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION56
Evolution of Dispersion testing
Rate PMD Max CD Coef Max at
1550 nm
Max Distance in before DCMs*
OC - 12 160 ps 301056 ps/nm*km 10625 miles
OC-48 40 ps 18816 ps/nm*km 576 miles
OC-192 10 ps 1176 ps/nm*km 36 miles
10 Gig E 5.0 ps 738 ps/nm*km 25 miles
OC-768 2.5 ps 64 ps/nm*km 2.25 miles
* Distances are for SMF-28 fiber. Amount of compensation varies dramatically with different fiber types introduced into a network.
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION57
Dispersion Testing Timeline
1980 – 1997 - PMD and CD testing not widely performed outside of the lab
1985 – 1989 - PMD purposely added to fiber to try to compensate for CD
1997 - OC-48 rollout begins and PMD testing and CD testing begins in different areas
1995 - 2006 – companies consolidate with other companies with different fiber types.
2002 – OC-192 rollout begins and PMD and CD testing performed more widespread.
2005 – 10 GigE rolled out over SONET. PMD and CD testing continues on links some mandated by SLAs
2009 – OC-768 rollout begins.
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION58
Chromatic Dispersion – What is it ?
Pulse spreading
Different wavelengths = different speeds thru fiber Value doesn’t change (ps/nm.km) Can be compensated using DCMsOver compensating just as dangerous as under compensating
InputPulse
Output Pulse
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION60
Attenuation Profile (AP)
Characterizes fiber for Wavelength Dependent Loss
Indicates where engineers efficiently place Optical Amplifiers adding to cost savings
Allows for intelligent planning of CWDM wavelengths
© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION61
Questions
John Swienton
Office:413-525-1379
Cell: 413-231-2077
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