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Chapter 27: Reproductive System 1

FemaleReproduc.veAnatomy

• Ovariesaretheprimaryfemalereproduc4veorgans

• Makefemalegametes(ova)

• Secretefemalesexhormones(estrogenandprogesterone)

• Accessoryductsinclude

• uterinetubes,uterus,andvagina

• Internalgenitalia

• Ovariesandtheinternalducts

• Externalgenitalia

• Externalsexorgans

FemaleReproduc.veAnatomy

Figure 27.11


Ovaries

• Bloodsupply

• Ovarianarteriesandtheovarianbranchoftheuterineartery

• Consistof

• Germinalepithelium

• Layerofsimplecuboidalepithelium

• Coversoutsideofovaries

• Con4nuouswithperitoneum

Ovaries

• Tunicaalbuginea

• Capsuleoffibrousconnec4ve4ssue,deeptogerminal

• Stroma

• Connec4ve4ssuedeeptotunicaalbuginea

• Cortex

• Outerdenselayerofstromacontainingovarianfollicles

• Medulla

• InnerlooseCTlayerofstroma


Ovaries• Eachfollicle

• Consistsofanimmatureeggcalledanoocyte

• Inadultwoman

• Onefoliclematureseachmonth(typically)

• Ruptures,releasingtheoocyte

• Ovula4on

• Invariousstagesofdevelopmentinclude

• Primaryfollicles,Graafianfollicles,corpusluteum

• Cellsaroundtheoocytearecalled:

• Folliclecells(onecelllayerthick)

• Granulosacells(whenmorethanonelayerispresent)

Ovaries

• Primordialfollicle

• Onelayerofsquamouslikefolliclecellssurroundstheoocyte

• Primaryfollicle

• Twoormorelayersofcuboidalgranulosacellsenclosetheoocyte

• Secondaryfollicle

• Hasafluid‐filledspacebetweengranulosacellsthatcoalescestoformacentralantrum


Ovaries• Graafianfollicle

• Secondaryfollicleatitsmostmaturestage

• Bulgesfromthesurfaceoftheovary

• Ovula4on

• Ejec4onoftheoocytefromtheripeningfollicle

• Corpusluteum

• RupturedfollicleaRerovula4on

• Initallybrieflyacorpushemorrhagicum

• Fillswithfatcells

• Producesprogesteroneandestrogen

• ~10days

• Ifnopregnancyoccurs‐degeneratestocorpusalbicans

Ovaries

Figure 27.12


OvarianPosi.on• Pairedorgans

• Oneachsideoftheuterus

• Heldinplacebyseveralligaments

• Ovarianligament

• Anchorstheovarymediallytotheuterus

OvarianPosi.on• Suspensoryligament

• Anchorstheovarylaterallytothepelvicwall

• OvarianarteriesandnervesfromPNS/ANStravelinsuspensoryligament

• Broadligament

• Partofparietalperitoneum

• Mesosalpinx,mesovarium,mesometrium

• Alsosuspendsuterus,uterinetubes,vagina


TheOvaries

Figure 27.14a

UterineTubes(FallopianTubesorOviducts)

• ~4incheslong

• Extendsuperior‐laterallyfromuterusinbetweenfoldsofbroadligament

• Mesosalpinx

• Isthmus

• Short,narrow,thickwalledpor4onataYachmenttouterus

• Ampulla

• Distalend

• Widestandlongestpor4on

• Curvesaroundovary


UterineTubes(FallopianTubesorOviducts)

• Infundibulum

• Funnel‐shaped

• Os4um‐opening

• Fimbrae‐fingerlikeprojec4onsaroundos4um

• Collectovumfromovary

• Doesnottouchovary

UterineTubeHistology• Threelayers

• Innerlayer‐mucosa

• Bea4ngciliaonthefimbriae

• Createcurrentstocarrytheoocyteintotheuterinetube

• Carriedtowardtheuterusbyperistalsisandciliaryac4on

• Nonciliatedcells

• Keeptheoocyteandthespermnourishedandmoist


UterineTubeHistology

• Threelayers

• Middlelayer

• Thickcircular,thinlongitudinalsmoothmuscle

• Peristal4ccontrac4on

• Outerlayer

• Serosa

Uterus

• Siteof

• Menstrua4on,implanta4on,development,labor,delivery

• Hollow,thick‐walledorgan

• Locatedinthepelvis

• Anteriortotherectumandposterosuperiortothebladder

• Subdivisions

• Fundus–roundedregionsuperiortotheentranceoftheuterinetubes

• Body–major,taperingpor4onofuterus

• Isthmus–narrowedregionbetweenthebodyandcervix


Uterus

• Cervix

• Narrowneckwhichprojectsintothevaginainferiorly

• Cervicalcanal–cavityofthecervixthatcommunicateswith:

• Thevaginaviatheexternalos

• Theuterinebodyviatheinternalos

• Anteversion

• Fundusandbodyofuterusflexedanteriorlyrela4vetocervix

• Retroversion‐opposite

UterineWall• Composedofthreelayers

• Perimetrium

• Outermostserouslayer

• Visceralperitoneum

• Laterallybecomesbroadligament

• Myometrium

• Middlelayer

• Interlacinglayersofsmoothmuscle

• Thickestinfundus

• Thinnestincervix


UterineWall

• Endometrium

• Mucosalliningoftheuterinecavity

• Twoprincipallayers

• Stratumfunc4onalis(func4onallayer)

• Undergoesdevelopmentalchangesduringmenstrualcycle

• Eachmonththickensandbecomesengorgedwithbloodinprepforimplanta4on

• Stratumbasale(basallayer)

• Permenantlayer

• Responsibleforongoingproduc4onoffunc4onallayerfollowingmenstrua4on

• Thicklaminapropria

UterineWall

Figure 27.15b

(functional layer)

(basal layer)

(endometrial)


SupportsoftheUterus• Lateralcervical(orcardinal)ligaments

• Extendfromthecervixandsuperiorpartofthevaginatothelateralwallsofthepelvis

• Uterosacralligaments

• Pairedligamentsthatsecuretheuterustothesacrum

• Roundligaments

• Betweenlayersofbroadligament

• Bindtheanteriorwalltothesubcutaneouslabiamajorathroughtheinguinalcanal

Vagina

• Canal

• Internallybetweenbladderandrectum

• Extendsfromcervixtoexteriorofbody

• 3layers

• Inner(mucosa)‐stra4fiedsquamousepithelium

• Withtransverserugae

• Middle‐longitudinalsmoothmuscle

• Outer‐Fibroelas4cadven44a


Vagina

• Vaginalfornix–upperendofthevaginasurroundingthecervix

• 3parts‐anterior,lateral,posterior

• Introitus‐vaginalorifice

• Mucosanearthevaginalorificeformsanincompletepar44on

• Hymen

• Nomucousglands

• Mucousfromcervix

• Secretesglycogen

• Metabolizesintolac4cacid

• LowpHchecksmicrobialgrowth

Vagina

Figure 27.16


ExternalGenitalia:Vulva(Pudendum)• Femaleexternalgenitaliaandincludes

• Monspubis,labia,clitoris,andves4bularstructures

• Monspubis

• Round,faYyareaoverlyingthepubicsymphysis

• Labiamajora

• Elongated,hair‐covered(outersurface),faYyskinfolds

• Homologoustothemalescrotum

• Largeamountofsebaceousglands

• Labiaminora

• Hair‐freeskinfoldslyingwithinthelabiamajora

• Homologoustotheventralpenis

• Highlyvascular