Fate
of P
olyb
rom
inat
ed D
iphe
nyl E
ther
s Fa
te o
f Pol
ybro
min
ated
Dip
heny
l Eth
ers
(PBD
Es) i
n W
aste
wat
ers
(PBD
Es) i
n W
aste
wat
ers
Mar
k J.
La
Guar
dia
Mar
k J.
La
Guar
dia
Virgin
ia I
nst
itute
of
Mar
ine
Sci
ence
Virgin
ia I
nst
itute
of
Mar
ine
Sci
ence
Colle
ge
of
Will
iam
and M
ary
Colle
ge
of
Will
iam
and M
ary
Glo
uce
ster
Poin
t, V
irgin
iaG
louce
ster
Poin
t, V
irgin
iam
arkl
mar
kl@@
vim
svi
ms ..
edu
edu
Poly
brom
inat
ed D
iphe
nyl E
ther
s (P
BDEs
)Po
lybr
omin
ated
Dip
heny
l Eth
ers
(PBD
Es)
O
BrBrBr
Br
Br
Br
Br
BrBrBr
BD
E-2
09
O
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
•Bro
min
ated
Flam
e-re
tard
ants
•G
lobal
2001 d
eman
d 6
7,3
90 m
etric
tons
(MT)
•Thre
e co
mm
erci
al f
orm
ula
tions
•D
eca-
BD
Es,
~80%
, pla
stic
s in
com
pute
rs,
TVs,
…
•O
cta-B
DEs,
~7%
, pla
stic
s…
•Pen
ta-B
DEs,
~13%
, poly
ure
than
e fo
am
s•
sim
ilar
IUPA
C n
amin
g s
chem
e as
PCBs
•98%
of
Penta
-use
d in N
ort
h A
mer
ica
BD
E-1
83
O
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
BD
E-9
9
PBD
E Ex
posu
re
U.S.
bloo
d lev
els 19
73 a
nd 2
003
(pg/
g, lip
id wt
., n=
100)
Sc
hect
er e
t al.,
200
5
110100
1000
1000
0
1000
00
1000
000
Diox
ins
Dibe
nzof
uran
sCo
-Pla
nar P
CBs
Mon
o-Or
tho
PCBs
PBDE
s
pg/g (ppt)
1973
2003
Com
par
ison
Bet
wee
n C
once
ntr
atio
ns
of P
BD
Es
in B
reas
t M
ilk
fro
m N
orth
Am
eric
a an
d E
uro
pe
Sam
plin
g Y
ear
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Concnetration (ng/g lipid weight)
050100
150
200
Nor
th A
mer
ica
Sw
eden
Fin
land
Sa
mp
les
co
lle
cte
d i
n
Au
sti
n &
De
nv
er
Sa
mp
les
co
lle
cte
d i
n N
ew
Yo
rk S
tate
Ca
na
dia
n
Mil
k B
an
k
Ca
na
dia
n
Mil
k B
an
k
4
Ca
nad
ian
Milk
Ba
nk
an
d N
ew
Yo
rk S
tate
fro
m R
yan
an
d P
atr
y 2
00
0,
De
nve
r an
d A
ust
in r
esu
lts
fro
m P
apke
et
al
20
01
; S
we
dis
h d
ata
fro
m M
eir
on
yte
Gu
vern
ius
an
d N
ore
n 2
00
1,
Fin
nis
h d
ata
fro
m S
tra
nd
ma
n e
t al
. 2
00
0
PBD
E Ex
posu
re
•Cla
ssic
PO
P g
lobal
red
istr
ibution
•D
etec
ted in:
US,
Euro
pea
n a
nd A
sian
fis
h,
Arc
tic
seals
, dee
p o
cean
s w
hal
es,
terr
estr
ial
birds/
eggs,
chic
kens,
…,
hum
ans
•PBD
Es
mim
ic t
hyr
oid
horm
ones
critica
l in
ea
rly
dev
elopm
ent
(mg/K
g (
ppm
), b
ody
wei
ght)
•PBD
Es
per
sist
ent
& b
ioac
cum
ula
te
•PBD
E r
estr
ictions/
legis
lation
•Pen
ta-
and
Oct
a-fo
rmula
tion
s
•2004,
ban f
rom
Euro
pea
n m
arke
ts
•2005,
volu
nta
ry p
roduct
ion h
alt
in t
he
US
Fish
Tis
sue
and
Sedi
men
t Con
tam
inan
ts
Fish
Tis
sue
and
Sedi
men
t Con
tam
inan
ts
Mon
itorin
g Pr
ogra
m
Mon
itorin
g Pr
ogra
m --
VA D
EQVA
DEQ
Virg
inia F
ish S
urve
y (To
tal-P
BDEs
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
050
100
150
200
250
300
350
Numb
er of
Sam
ples
mirco-g/Kg (wet wt.)
2000
Virg
inia F
ish S
urve
y (To
tal-P
BDEs
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
050
100
150
200
250
300
350
Numb
er of
Sam
ples
mirco-g/Kg (wet wt.)
2000
2001
Virg
inia
Fis
h Su
rvey
(Tot
al-P
BD
Es)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
010
020
030
040
050
0N
umbe
r of S
ampl
es
mirco-g/Kg (wet wt.)
2000
2001
2002
2000 –
322 s
ample
s (6
9 n
d),
24 (
7%
) >
50µg/K
g,
max
. 417µg/K
g
2001 –
413 s
ample
s (6
7 n
d),
26 (
6%
) >
50µg/K
g,
max
. 220µg/K
g
2002 –
386 s
ample
s (2
4 n
d),
53 (
14%
) >
50µg/K
g,
max.
14
09
µg
/K
g
ww
w.d
eq
.vir
gin
ia.g
ov/
fish
tiss
ue/
ho
mep
ag
e.h
tml
Parti
tioni
ng o
f PBD
Es in
WW
TPPa
rtitio
ning
of P
BDEs
in W
WTP
Lit
tle R
iver
WW
TP
, W
ind
sor,
On
tari
o,
Can
ad
a
•an
aero
bic
dig
estion (
Dec
a-BD
Es)
•hal
f-liv
e ~
700 d
ays
(Ger
ecke
et a
l.,
(Chem
osp
her
e, 2
006)
•re
duct
ive
deb
rom
ination (
pro
duct
s nona-
and o
cta-
BD
Es
(Ger
ecke
et a
l.,
(ES&
T,
2005)
PBD
Es in
Effl
uent
& E
fflue
nt D
omin
ated
PB
DEs
in E
fflue
nt &
Effl
uent
Dom
inat
ed
Rec
eivi
ng S
tream
Rec
eivi
ng S
tream
Pent
a- (f
orm
ulat
ion)
BD
Es
02468101214
BD
E47
BD
E100
BD
E99
BD
E154
BD
E153
PBD
E co
ngen
ers
ng/L (ppt)
Efflu
ent
Stre
am
•PBD
Es
det
ecte
d in W
WTP e
fflu
ent
(ppt
to p
pb)
•lo
w n
g/L
(ppt)
for
Pen
ta-
•µg/L
(ppb)
leve
ls f
or
Dec
a-B
DEs
•Ass
oci
ated
with p
articl
es
•Sim
ilar
effluen
t an
d s
trea
m c
once
ntr
ations
•Eff
luen
t-dom
inat
ed s
trea
ms
•Tex
tile
& p
last
ics
indust
ries
pote
ntial
sourc
es t
o W
WTPs
•In
dust
rial
pre
trea
tmen
t (D
eca-
reduct
ion)
Dec
a- (f
orm
ulat
ion)
BD
Es
02,
000
4,00
06,
000
8,00
010
,000
12,0
0014
,000
BDE2
07BD
E206
BDE2
09
PBD
E co
ngen
ers
ng/L (ppt)
Efflu
ent
Stre
am
Pent
aPe
nta --
BDEs
BDEs
in R
ecei
ving
Stre
am
in R
ecei
ving
Stre
am
Sedi
men
ts fr
om a
WW
TP
Sedi
men
ts fr
om a
WW
TP
Penta
-BDEs
in Se
dimen
ts
01,0
002,0
003,0
004,0
005,0
006,0
007,0
00
-0.1
00.5
3.26.7
miles
from
outfa
ll
micro-g/kg (% TOC)
BDE4
7BD
E100
BDE9
9BD
E154
BDE1
53
•PBD
Es
(Pen
ta-)
incr
ease
d fro
m t
he
outf
all to
6.7
mile
s (<
7 µ
g/K
g,
dry
wt.
)
•Bio
ta (
min
now
s an
d s
unfish
) nea
r th
e outf
all
190 t
o 8
30 µ
g/K
g,
whole
body,
wet
wt.
Dec
aD
eca --
BDEs
BDEs
in a
WW
TP R
ecei
ving
Stre
am
in a
WW
TP R
ecei
ving
Stre
am
Sedi
men
tsSe
dim
ents
Dec
a-B
DE
s in
Sed
imen
ts
050
,000
100,
000
150,
000
200,
000
250,
000
300,
000
350,
000
-0.1
00.
53.
26.
7
mile
s fr
om o
utfa
ll
micro-g/kg (% TOC)
BD
E-20
9
BD
E-2
09
•D
eca-
BD
E (
curr
en
t u
se p
rod
uct
) det
ecte
d a
t th
e outf
all an
d u
p t
o 6
.7 m
iles
dow
n s
trea
m
•hig
hes
t at
0.5
mile
s (~
300 µ
g/k
g,
dry
wt.
)
•al
so B
DE-2
09 p
ote
ntial
deg
radat
ion p
roduct
s (p
pb,
dry
wt.
)
Pote
ntal
Dec
a- (B
DE-
209)
deg
rada
tion
prod
ucts
in s
edim
ents
110100
1,00
0
10,0
00
100,
000
-0.1
00.
53.
26.
7
mile
s fr
om o
utfa
ll
micro-g/kg (% TOC)
-197
-203
-196
-208
-207
-206
PBD
Es in
Sew
age
Slud
ge (B
ioso
lids)
PBD
Es in
Sew
age
Slud
ge (B
ioso
lids)
•Bio
solid
s, >
50%
(~
7 m
illio
n t
ons)
of
the
U.S
. se
wag
e sl
udge
is lan
d a
pplie
d
•cr
op/r
ange/
pas
ture
s la
nds,
fore
sts,
min
e si
te r
ecla
mat
ion a
nd
hom
e gar
den
s
•use
d a
s so
il co
nditio
ner
and f
ertiliz
er
•Sed
imen
tation is
an e
ssen
tial
ste
p in w
aste
wat
er t
reat
men
t
•re
sultin
g s
olid
s ar
e im
port
ant
sinks
for
the
rem
ova
l of
per
sist
ent
lipophili
c co
mpounds
•>
96%
of PB
DEs
rem
ove
d in s
ludge
(Nort
h,
et a
l.,
ES&
T 2
004)
PBD
E Bi
osol
id S
urve
y
Penta
-BDEs
in Bi
osoli
ds
050
010
0015
0020
0025
00
Compost-A
Compost-B
Compost-C
Lime-A
Lime-B
Heat-A
Heat-B
AD-A
AD-B
AD-C
AD-D
Stabil
izatio
n proc
ess
micro-g/kg (dry wt.)
BDE4
7BD
E100
BDE9
9BD
E154
BDE1
53
PBD
E Bi
osol
id S
urve
y
•Sam
ple
s (n
=11)
from
NY,
MD
, VA,
TX ,
CA
•Cla
ss B
(n=
7),
5-a
nae
robic
ally
sta
bili
zed,
2-
lime-
stab
ilize
d
•Cla
ss A
(n=
5)
3-c
om
post
ed,
and 2
-hea
t tr
eate
d/p
elle
tize
d
•100%
PBD
E d
etec
tion
•m
g/k
g (
ppm
) le
vels
•lo
cation o
r tr
eatm
ent
had
no e
ffec
t
R.C
Hale
et
al.
,2001
PBD
E Bi
osol
id S
urve
y (c
ont.)
PBD
E Bi
osol
id S
urve
y (c
ont.)
Deca
-BDE (
BDE-2
09) in
Bios
olids
010
0020
0030
0040
0050
00
Compost-A
Compost-B
Compost-C
Lime-A
Lime-B
Heat-A
Heat-B
AD-A
AD-B
AD-C
AD-D
Stabil
izatio
n proc
ess
micro-g/kg (dry wt.)
BDE2
09•
Bio
solid
s (n
=11)
from
NY,
MD
, VA,
TX,
CA
•100%
det
ection
•µg/k
g (
ppb)
to m
g/k
g (
ppm
) le
vels
•sp
ikes
may
indic
ate
indust
ry r
elea
ses
or
trea
tmen
t ef
fect
(?)
•D
eca-
BD
E c
urr
ent
use
BFR
•deb
rom
inat
ion (
?)
R.C
Hale
et
al.
,2001
Sour
ces
of P
BDEs
to w
aste
wat
er…
?So
urce
s of
PBD
Es to
was
tew
ater
…? ??
??
•PBD
Es
in foam
, fa
bric
&
carp
et b
acki
ng
•Exp
osu
re t
o U
V &
w
eath
er
•Fo
am y
ello
ws,
su
rfac
e fr
agm
ents
•PBD
Es
in h
ouse
dust
•ppb t
o p
pm
range
•dust
vs.
bre
ast
milk
, …
no c
orr
elat
ion
no c
orr
elat
ion
0
5,000
10,00
0
15,00
0
20,00
0
25,00
0
30,00
0
35,00
0
40,00
0
45,00
0
FLCA
1TX
CA2
CODC
MIW
AOR
MT
house dust (micro-g/kg, dw)
0100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
breast milk (micro-g/kg, lw)
brea
st m
ilkho
useh
old
dust
May
200
4: h
ttp://
ww
w.e
wg.
org
Con
clus
ions
Con
clus
ions
•PB
DEs
det
ecte
d in ~
85%
of Virgin
ia’s
fis
h (
2001-2
003)
•~
9%
>50µg/K
g (
wet
wt.
)
•Sourc
e of PBD
E e
nvi
ronm
enta
l re
leas
es•
WW
TP
effluen
ts•
Eff
luen
t/Str
eam
s –
ppt
(ng/L
)•
Sed
imen
t –
ppb (
µg/K
g)
•Bio
ta –
ppm
(mg/K
g)
•P
BD
E a
re p
ers
iste
nt
an
d b
ioacc
um
ula
te
•Additio
nal
sourc
es…
???
•W
WTP s
olid
res
idual
s (B
ioso
lids)
-ppm
(mg/K
g)
•D
isca
rded
poly
mer
pro
duct
s•
House
hold
dust
–ppm
(mg/K
g)
…hum
an h
ealth c
once
rn…
???
•D
eca-
BD
E (
curr
ent
use
pro
duct
curr
ent
use
pro
duct
) m
ay d
egra
de
to low
er
bro
min
ated
PBD
Es,
incr
easi
ng b
ioav
aila
bili
ty a
nd t
oxi
city
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