Best Practice for the Welfare ofAnimals during
TRANSPORT For further information please contact:
The SecretaryFarm Animal Welfare Advisory Council
Animal Health and Welfare DivisionAgriculture House
Kildare Street, Dublin 2www.agriculture.gov.ie/fawac
September 2007
Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Council
CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Guiding principles for animal
welfare during transport
1.2 The Five Freedoms Concept
1.3 Responsibilities
1.4 Competence
2. Planning the journey 2.1 General considerations
2.2 Preparation of animals for thejourney
2.3 Nature and duration of thejourney
2.4 Transport vehicle design andmaintenance
2.5 Space allowance
2.6 Rest, water and feed
2.7 Ability to observe animals duringthe journey
2.8 Control of disease
2.9 Emergency response procedures
2.10 Other considerations
2.11 Documentation
2.12 Pre-journey period
2.13 Selection of compatible groups
2.14 Fitness to travel
2.15 Specific species requirements
3. Loading 3.1 Tips for handling animals
3.2 Facilities
3.3 Goads and other aids
4. Travel 4.1 General considerations
4.2 Methods of restraining orcontaining animals
4.3 Regulating the environment withinvehicles
4.4 Care of sick or injured animals
4.5 Water and feed requirements
4.6 Rest periods and conditionsincluding hygiene
4.7 In-transit observations
5. Unloading and post-journeyhandling
5.1 General considerations
5.2 Sick or injured animals
5.3 Addressing disease risks
5.4 Cleaning and disinfection
Acknowledgements
Appendix I:Link to Department of Agriculture,Fisheries and Food (DAFF) Website forEC and National legislation on animaltransport
Link to DAFF Video on Animal WelfareDuring Transport
Link to World Organisation for AnimalHealth Website
Appendix 2:Animal Welfare DAFF Guidelines forCouncil Regulation (EC) No 1 of 2005 onthe Protection of Animals DuringTransport And Related Operations
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Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Council
BEST PRACTICE FOR THE WELFARE OF ANIMALS
DURING TRANSPORT
1. An Introduction byProfessor Patrick FottrellChairperson of the Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Council
The Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Council was set up to allow representative groups with
a variety of perspectives on animal welfare, meet and exchange views, seek consensus on
various issues and developments relevant to the care of farm animals. These guidelines
are the product of this consensus and have been adopted unanimously by the Council.
In 2006, the Minister for Agriculture and Food introduced the European Communities
(Animal Transport and Control Post) Regulations. The Regulations give effect to Council
Regulation (EC) No. 1 of 2005 on the protection of animals during transport and related
operations and came into operation in January 2007.
The “Best Practice for the Welfare of Animals During Transport” guidelines have been
produced to encourage and assist all those involved in the transportation of live animals
to adopt and maintain the highest standards of animal welfare prior to, during and post
transport. These guidelines apply to the following live domesticated animals: cattle,
sheep, goats, pigs, and equines.
The Council has adopted the best farm animal husbandry practices and welfare
standards, which take account of the five basic needs:
1. Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition
2. Freedom from discomfort
3. Freedom from pain, injury and disease
4. Freedom to express normal patterns of behaviour
5. Freedom from fear and distress
In maintaining these guidelines transporters, owners, managers, animal handlers and
others can demonstrate Ireland’s prominence in the practice of farm animal welfare
standards.
Professor Patrick Fottrell
Chairperson
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1.1 Guiding Principles for Animal Welfare during National Transport
These guidelines apply to the following live domesticated animals: cattle, sheep, goats,pigs, and equines. Wild and partly domesticated animals may need different conditions.While these Guidelines generally apply to all transport situations there are additionalrequirements for journeys in excess of 65 KM which are denoted by means of * in thisdocument.
1.2 The Five Freedoms ConceptIn essence, animal transport guidelines are the application of sensible and sensitiveanimal husbandry practices to the transport of livestock present on the farm. Animalwelfare is concerned with the well being of the animal and complements the objectivesof assurance schemes that demonstrate the production of safe food to consumers andfood chain stakeholders.
Welfare codes usually list five basic freedoms that should underpin animal welfare bestpractice at farm level. The five freedoms are listed below and provide an overall conceptof animal welfare.
1. Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition
2. Freedom from discomfort
3. Freedom from pain, injury and disease
4. Freedom to express normal patterns of behaviour
5. Freedom from fear and distress
Animals can be transported more effectively and with less stress if:
• Care is taken in the selection of animals prior to transportation;
• Care is taken in the loading/unloading of animals, using facilities well designed for animals;
• Well designed road transport vehicles are used;
• The trip is scheduled to minimise delays during transport or at the point of disembarkation of the animals.
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1.3 Responsibilities Once the decision to transport animals by road has been made the welfare of the animalsduring their journey is the paramount consideration in order to avoid illness and injury. Itis the joint responsibility of all people involved, including:
• The owners and managers of the animals
• Business agents or buying/selling agents
• Animal handlers
• Transport companies, vehicle owners and drivers
• Managers of facilities at the start and at the end of the journey
1.4 Competence
All people responsible for animals during journeys should be competent according totheir responsibilities. Competence may be gained through formal training and/orpractical experience.
Best practice requires that all persons involved in transport are competent in thefollowing areas:
• planning a journey, including appropriate space allowance, and feed, water and ventilation requirements;
• responsibilities for animals during the journey;
• sourcing of advice and assistance;
• animal behaviour, general signs of disease and indicators of poor animal welfare such as stress, pain and fatigue, and their alleviation;
• assessment of fitness to travel;
• relevant authorities and applicable transport regulations, and associated documentation requirements;
• general disease prevention procedures, including cleansing and disinfection;
• appropriate methods of driving;
• methods of inspecting animals, managing situations frequently encountered during transport such as adverse weather conditions and dealing with emergencies;
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• species-specific and age-specific aspects of animal handling and care, including feeding, watering and inspection;
• maintaining a journey log and other records.
2. PLANNING THE JOURNEY
2.1 General ConsiderationsAdequate planning is a key factor affecting the welfare of animals during a journey.Before the journey starts, plans should be made in relation to:
• preparation of animals for the journey;
• nature and duration of the journey;
• vehicle design and maintenance, including roll-on roll-off vessels;
• required documentation;
• space allowance;
• rest, water and feed;
• observation of animals en route;
• control of disease;
• emergency response procedures.
2.2 Preparation of Animals for the Journey• When animals are to be provided with a novel diet or method of water provision
during transport, an adequate period of adaptation should be planned. For animalssuch as pigs, which are susceptible to motion sickness and, in order to reduce urineand faeces production during the journey, a short period of feed deprivation priorto loading may be desirable.
• Animals more accustomed to positive contact with humans and with being handledare likely to be less fearful of being loaded and transported. People handlinganimals should handle and load animals in a manner that reduces their fearfulnessand improves their approachability.
• Behaviour-modifying compounds (such as tranquillisers) should not be usedroutinely during transport. Such compounds should only be administered when aproblem exists in an individual animal and should be administered by a veterinarian.
2.3 Nature and Duration of the Journey The maximum duration of a journey should be determined according to factors such as:
• the ability of the animals to cope with the stress of transport (such as very young, old, lactating or pregnant animals);
• the animals’ previous transport experience;
• the likely onset of fatigue;
• the need for special attention;
• the need for feed and water;
• the increased susceptibility to injury and disease;
• space allowance, vehicle design, road conditions and driving quality;
• weather conditions.
2.4 Transport Vehicle Design and Maintenance • Vehicles used for the transport of animals should be designed, constructed and
fitted as appropriate to the species, size and weight of the animals to betransported; special attention should be paid to the avoidance of injury to animalsthrough the use of secure smooth fittings free from sharp protrusions. Theavoidance of injury to drivers and animal handlers while carrying out theirresponsibilities should be emphasised.
• Vehicles should be designed with the structures necessary to provide protectionfrom adverse weather conditions and to minimise the opportunity for animals toescape.
• In order to minimise the likelihood of the spread of infectious disease duringtransport, vehicles should be designed to permit thorough cleansing anddisinfection and, the containment of faeces and urine during a journey.
• Vehicles should be maintained in good mechanical and structural condition.
• Vehicles should have adequate ventilation to meet variations in climate and specificneeds of the animal species being transported; the ventilation system (natural ormechanical) should be effective when the vehicle is stationary.
• Vehicles should be designed so that the faeces or urine from animals on upper levelsdo not soil animals on lower levels, nor their feed and water.
• When vehicles are carried on board roll-on roll-off ferries, facilities for adequatelysecuring them must be available.
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• If feeding or watering while the vehicle is moving is required, adequate facilities onthe vehicle should be available.
• When appropriate, suitable bedding should be added to vehicle floors to assistabsorption of urine and faeces, to minimise slipping by animals and to protectanimals (especially young animals) from hard flooring surfaces and adverse weatherconditions.
• It is important to facilitate the partitioning of a vehicle when necessary.
2.5 Space Allowance • The number of animals which should be transported on a vehicle and their allocation
to compartments should be determined before loading.
(See Table page 9)
• The space required on a vehicle depends upon whether or not the animals need tolie down (for example, pigs and young animals), or to stand (horses). Animals that willneed to lie down often stand when first loaded or when the vehicle is driven with toomuch side-to-side movement or sudden braking.
• When animals lie down, they should all be able to adopt a normal lying posture whichprevents heat stress.
• When animals are standing, they should have sufficient space to adopt a balancedposition as appropriate to the climate and species transported.
• The amount of headroom necessary depends on the species of animal. Each animalshould be able to assume its natural position for transport (including during loadingand unloading) without coming into contact with the roof or upper deck of thevehicle.
• Other factors that may influence space allowance include:
• vehicle design;
• length of journey;
• need to provide feed and water on the vehicle;
• quality of roads;
• expected weather conditions, especially transporting pigs in hot weather.
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Category Approximate weight in kg Area in m2/animal
Small calves 50kg 0,30 to 0,40 Medium sized calves 110kg 0,40 to 0,70 Heavy calves 200kg 0,70 to 0,95 Medium sized cattle 325kg 0,95 to 1,30 Heavy cattle 550kg 1,30 to 1,60 Very heavy cattle > 700kg > 1,60
These figures may vary, depending not only on the animals' weight and size but also on their physical condition,the meteorological conditions and the likely journey time.
Pregnant animals must be allowed 10% more space.
Category Weight in kg Area in m2/animal
Shorn sheep and lambs of 26 kg and over: < 55kg: 0,20 to 0,30 > 55 > 0,30
Unshorn sheep: < 55 0,30 to 0,40 > 55 > 0,40
Heavily pregnant ewes: < 55kg: 0,40 to 0,50>55 > 0,50
Goats: < 35 0,20 to 0,30 35 to 55 0,30 to 0,40> 55 0,40 to 0,75
Heavily pregnant goats: < 55 0,40 to 0,50 > 55 > 0,50
The surface area indicated above may vary depending on the breed, the size, the physical condition and the lengthof fleece of the animals, as well as on the meteorological conditions and the journey time. As an indication: for smalllambs, an area of under 0,2 m2 per animal may be provided.
B. Bovine animals: Transport by road
C. Sheep/Goats: Transport by road
D. Pigs: Transport by rail and by road
• All pigs must at least be able to lie down and stand up in their natural position.
• In order to comply with these minimum requirements, the loading density for pigs of around 100 kg should not exceed 235 kg/m2.
• The breed, size and physical condition of the pigs may mean that the minimum required surfacearea given above has to be increased; a maximum increase of 20 % may also be requireddepending on the meteorological conditions and the journey time.
(Council Regulation (EC) 1/2005 Refers)
Note: During long journeys, foals and young horses must be able to lie down.
These figures may vary by a maximum of 10% for adult horses and ponies and by a maximum of 20% for younghorses and foals, depending not only on the horses' weight and size but also on their physical condition, themeteorological conditions and the likely journey time.
Adult horses 1,75 m2 (0,7 × 2,5 m)
Young horses (6 — 24 months) (for journeys of up to 48 hours) 1,2 m2 (0,6 × 2 m)
Ponies (under 144 cm) 1 m2 (0,6 × 1,8 m)
Foals (0 — 6 months) 1,4 m2 (1 × 1,4 m)
Table: Space Allowances for animals shall comply at least with the following figures:
A. Domestic equidae: Transport by road
2.6 Rest, Water and Feed* There should be planning for the availability of suitable water and feed as appropriateand needed for the species, age, and condition of the animals, as well as the duration ofthe journey, climatic conditions, etc.
*In general the maximum journey time for Cattle, Sheep, Pigs and non-registeredhorses/donkeys is 8 hours. This maximum journey time can only be exceeded wherecertain additional requirements are met. These additional requirements includeadditional vehicle specifications, ventilation requirements, satellite tracking systems andthe completion of a journey log.
(See Appendix 1)
2.7 Ability to Observe Animals During the JourneyAnimals should be positioned to enable each animal to be observed regularly during thejourney to ensure their safety and good welfare.
2.8 Control of Disease As animal transport is often a significant factor in the spread of infectious diseases,journey planning should take the following into account:
• mixing of animals from different sources in a single consignment should beminimised;
• contact at resting points between animals from different sources should be avoided;
• when possible, animals should be vaccinated against diseases to which they arelikely to be exposed at their destination;
2.9 Emergency Response ProceduresThere should be an emergency management plan that identifies the important adverseevents that may be encountered during the journey, such as punctures or road trafficaccidents, the procedures for managing each event and the action to be taken in anemergency. The plan should document the actions to be undertaken and theresponsibilities of all parties involved, including emergency contact numbers and recordkeeping.
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2.10 Other Considerations Extreme weather conditions are hazardous for animals undergoing transport and requireappropriate vehicle design to minimise risks. Special precautions should be taken foranimals, especially pigs, that have not been acclimatised or which are unsuited to eitherhot or cold conditions. In some extreme conditions of heat or cold, animals should notbe transported at all.
In some circumstances, transportation during the night may reduce thermal stress or theadverse effects of other external stimuli.
2.11 Documentation Animals should not be loaded until all the documentation required is completed.
(See Appendix 1 for legal requirements in relation to documentation)
2.12 Pre-journey Period It should be noted that loading and unloading represent the most stressful events duringthe transport of animals. Therefore, every effort should be made to apply best practiceduring these procedures. Prior to the journey appropriate feed and water should beprovided for the animals and they should be fully rested.
2.13 Selection of Compatible Groups Compatible groups should be selected before transport to avoid adverse animal welfareconsequences. The following guidelines should be applied when assembling groups ofanimals:
• animals reared together should be maintained as a group; animals with a strongsocial bond should be transported together;
• animals of the same species can be mixed unless there is a significant likelihood ofaggression; aggressive animals should be segregated; for some species, animalsfrom different groups should not be mixed because poor welfare occurs unless theyhave established a social structure;
• young or small animals should be separated from older or larger animals, with theexception of a nursing mother with young at foot;
• animals with horns should not be mixed with animals lacking horns unless judged tobe compatible;
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• animals of different species should not be mixed unless they are judged to becompatible.
(See Appendix 1 in relation to Regulations)
2.14 Fitness to Travel• No animal shall be transported unless it is fit for the intended journey and all animals
shall be transported in conditions guaranteed not to cause them injury orunnecessary suffering.
• Each animal should be inspected by an animal handler to assess fitness to travel. Ifits fitness to travel is in doubt, the animal should be examined by a veterinarian.Animals found unfit to travel should not be loaded onto a vehicle, except fortransport to receive veterinary treatment. (See Appendix 1)
• Humane and effective arrangements should be made by the owner or agent for thehandling and care of any animal rejected as unfit to travel.
• Unfitness to travel includes animals if for example;
• they are unable to move independently without pain or to walk unassisted
• they have a severe open wound, or prolapse
• they are pregnant females for whom 90% or more of the expected gestationperiod has already passed, or females who have given birth in the previousweek
(For a complete list see Annex 1, Chapter 1 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005)
• Sick or injured animals may be considered fit for transport if they are;
• slightly injured or ill and transport would not cause additional suffering; incases of doubt, veterinary advice shall be sought
• transported under veterinary supervision for or following veterinary treatmentor diagnosis. However, such transport shall be permitted only where nounnecessary suffering or ill treatment is caused to the animals concerned
(For a complete list see Annex 1, Chapter 1 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005)
• Risks during transport can be reduced by selecting animals best suited to theconditions of travel and those that are acclimatised to expected weather conditions.
• Animals ‘at risk’ which require special conditions (such as in the design of facilitiesand vehicles, and the length of the journey) and additional attention duringtransport, may include:
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• vulnerable animals such as young calves or animals which have recently beenill;
• large, obese or old animals;
• excitable or aggressive animals or animals which have had little contact withhumans;
• animals subject to motion sickness;
• females in late pregnancy or heavy lactation, dam and offspring;
2.15 Specific Species Requirements Transport procedures should be able to take account of variations in the behaviour of thespecies. Flight zones, social interactions and other behaviour vary significantly amongspecies and even within species. Facilities and handling procedures that are successfulwith one species are often ineffective or dangerous with another.
3. LOADING• Loading should be carefully planned as it has the potential to be the cause of poor
welfare in transported animals.
• Loading should be supervised and/or conducted by animal handlers. These animalhandlers should ensure that animals are loaded quietly and without unnecessarynoise, harassment or force, and that untrained assistants or spectators do notimpede the process.
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3.1 Tips for Handling Animals(http://www.grandin.com/references/new.corral.html)
• Keep animal calm – Calm animals are easier to move and load. When animalsbecome agitated, it takes up to 30 minutes for them to calm down.
• Move animal at a walk or a trot – Injuries from falls and bruising increases whenanimals run into gates and fences.
• Reduce noise – Animals have very sensitive ears and shouting and whip crackingstresses them. Handlers should not shout or constantly whistle.
• Eliminate Electric Prods – In most facilities animals can be loaded and unloadedwithout electric prods. A flag or paddle stick or other non-electric aid should be aperson’s primary handling tool. Truckers and handlers must not constantly carryaround electric prods. Several feedlots have greatly reduced costly dark cuttingcarcasses by eliminating electric prods during truck loading.
• Use Behavioural Principles – Handlers should be trained so that they understand thebehavioural principles of flight zone and point of balance (Figure 1).
To keep animals calm and move them easily, the handler should work on the edge of theflight zone. He penetrates the flight zone to make the animals move and he backs up ifhe wants them to stop moving. The best positions are shown on the diagram. The handlershould avoid the blind spot behind the animal’s rear. Deep penetration of the flight zone
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should be avoided. Animals become upset when a person is inside their personal spaceand they are unable to move away. If animals turn back and run past the handler whilethey are being driven down a drive alley in the stockyard, overly deep penetration of theflight zone is a likely cause. The animals turn back in an attempt to get away from thehandler. If the animals start to turn back, the handler should back up and increase thedistance between him and the animals. Backing up must be done at the first indication ofa turn back. If a group of animals balk at a smell or a shadow up ahead, be patient andwait for the leader to cross the shadow. The rest of the animals will follow. If cattle rear upin a loading chute, back away from them (Figure 2). Do not touch them or hit them. Theyare rearing in an attempt to increase the distance between themselves and the handler.They will usually settle down if you leave them alone.
The point of balance is at the animal’s shoulder. Animals will move forward if the handlerstands behind the point of balance. They will back up if the handler stands in front of thepoint of balance. Many handlers make the mistake of standing in front of the point ofbalance while attempting to make an animal move forward in a chute. Groups of animalsin a chute will often move forward without prodding when the handler walks past thepoint of balance in the opposite direction of each animal in the chute. It is not necessaryto prod every animal. If the animals are moving through the chute by themselves, leavethem alone.
Walking quickly past the point of balance at the animal's shoulder in the oppositedirection as desired movement is an easy way to induce an animal to move forward. Theprinciple is to walk inside the flight zone in the opposite direction of desired movementand to return to the starting position by walking outside the flight zone. The animal hasto be able to see you to make this movement pattern work. In chute (race) systems withcompletely solid sides you may need to make a small slit at animal eye level along theinner radius. In curved systems the handler should work along the inner radius and theouter radius should have a completely solid fence. In systems with catwalks alongside thechute the animals will be able to see you and the chute (race) sides should be completelysolid.
• Make Animal Flow – Animals will move up a ramp and onto a truck more easily if theyare quietly driven up to the ramp and immediately loaded. Do NOT allow animals tostand and turn around in the crowd pen that leads to a loading ramp. Animalsshould not be brought up to the loading ramp until the truck is ready to load.
• Remove Distractions – If animals refuse to move up a loading ramp or down an alley,remove distractions that cause them to balk. Some common distractions are seeingpeople up ahead, reflections off puddles, vehicles parked near the chute, dogs, or apiece of chain hanging down. Painting the facility one colour to reduce contrast andinstalling solid fences on ramps and around pens will often improve animalmovement. Solid sides improve movement because they prevent animals fromseeing distractions outside the fence.
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3.2 Facilitiesa. The facilities for loading including the collecting area, races and loading ramps
should be designed and constructed to take into account the needs and abilities ofthe animals with regard to dimensions, slopes, surfaces, absence of sharpprojections, flooring, etc.
Figure 1. Flight zone and point of Balance
Figure 2. Point of balance diagram
Handlermovementpattern to keepcattle movinginto a squeezechute orrestrainer
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b. Loading facilities should be properly illuminated to allow the animals to be observedby the animal handler(s), and to allow the animals’ ease of movement at all times.Facilities should provide uniform light levels directly over approaches to sortingpens, chutes, loading ramps, with brighter light levels inside vehicles, in order tominimise baulking. Artificial lighting may be required. As a result in the change ofMart times with the move to part time farming, adequate internal lighting should beprovided in the trailers thereby facilitating easy loading.
c. Ventilation during loading and the journey should provide for fresh air, the removalof excessive heat, humidity and noxious fumes (such as ammonia and carbonmonoxide), and the prevention of accumulations of ammonia and carbon dioxide.Under warm and hot conditions, ventilation should allow for the adequateconvective cooling of each animal. In some instances, adequate ventilation can beachieved by increasing the space allowance for animals.
3.3 Goads and Other Aids The following principles should apply:
• Animals, which have little or no room to move, should not be subjected to physicalforce or goads and other aids which compel movement.
• Useful and permitted aids include panels, flags, plastic paddles, flappers (a lengthof cane with a short strap of leather or canvas attached), plastic bags and metallicrattles; they should be used in a manner sufficient to encourage and directmovement of the animals.
• Painful procedures (including whipping, tail twisting, use of nose twitches, pressureon eyes, ears or external genitalia), or the use of unsuitable goads or other aids(including sticks with sharp ends, lengths of metal piping, fencing wire or heavyleather belts), should not be used to move animals.
• The use of instruments which administer electric shocks shall be avoided as far aspossible. In any case, these instruments shall only be used for adult bovine animalsand adult pigs which refuse to move and only when they have room ahead of themin which to move. The shocks shall last no longer than one second, be adequatelyspaced and shall only be applied to the muscles of the hindquarters. Shocks shallnot be used repeatedly if the animal fails to respond.
• The use of well-trained dogs to help with the loading of some species may beacceptable.
• The throwing or dropping of animals, or their lifting or dragging by body parts suchas their tail, head, horns, ears, limbs, wool or hair should not be permitted. Themanual lifting of small animals is permissible.
• Shouting at animals or making loud noises should be avoided.
4. TRAVEL4.1 General Considerations • Drivers and animal handlers should check the load immediately before departure to
ensure that the animals have been properly loaded. Each load should be checkedagain early in the trip and adjustments made as appropriate. Periodic checks shouldbe made throughout the trip.
• Drivers should utilise smooth, defensive driving techniques, without sudden turns orstops, to minimise uncontrolled movements of the animals. Bad driving, takingbends too quickly, accelerating too quickly and changing gears abruptly can haveserious adverse effects on animal welfare during transport. (Click on Links below forexamples)
• Drivers should allow sufficient time for the journey
http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/fawac/video/sheep_ex1.wvx
http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/fawac/video/sheep_ex2.wvx
4.2 Methods of Restraining or Containing Animals Methods of restraining animals should be appropriate to the species and age of animalsinvolved and the training of the individual animal.
4.3 Regulating the Environment Within Vehicles • Animals should be protected against harm from hot or cold conditions during travel.
Effective ventilation procedures for maintaining the animals’ environment withinvehicles will vary according to whether conditions are cold, hot and dry or hot andhumid, but in all conditions a build-up of noxious gases should be prevented.
• The animals’ environment in hot weather can be regulated by the flow of airproduced by the movement of the vehicle. In warm and hot weather, the duration ofjourney stops should be minimised and vehicles should be parked under shade, withadequate and appropriate ventilation.
• To minimise slipping and soiling, and maintain a healthy environment, urine andfaeces should be removed from floors when necessary and disposed of in such a wayas to prevent the transmission of disease and in compliance with all relevant healthand environmental legislation.
4.4 Care of Sick or Injured Animals• A driver or an animal handler finding sick or injured animals should act according
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to a predetermined emergency response plan.
• If possible, sick or injured animals should be segregated.
• In order to reduce the likelihood that animal transport will increase the spread of
infectious disease, contact between transported animals, or the waste products of
the transported animals, and other farm animals should be minimised.
• When euthanasia is necessary, the driver or animal handler should ensure that it is
carried out as quickly as possible and assistance should be sought from a
veterinarian or other person(s) competent in humane euthanasia procedures.
4.5 Water and Feed RequirementsIf the duration of the journey is such that feeding or watering is required or if the species
requires feed or water throughout, access to suitable feed and water for all the animals
(appropriate for their species and age) carried in the vehicle should be provided. There
should be adequate space for all animals to move to the feed and water sources and due
account taken of likely competition for feed. (See Appendix 1 for journeys over eight
hours).
4.6 Rest Periods and Conditions Including Hygiene• Animals that are being transported should be rested at appropriate intervals during
the journey and offered feed and water, either on the vehicle or, if necessary,unloaded into suitable facilities (See Appendix 1 for journeys over eight hours).
• Suitable facilities should be used en route, when resting requires the unloading ofthe animals. These facilities should meet the needs of the particular animal speciesand should allow access of all animals to feed and water. (See Appendix 1)
4.7 In-Transit Observations • Animals being transported by road should be observed soon after a journey is
commenced and whenever the driver has a rest stop. After meal breaks and
refuelling stops, the animals should be observed immediately prior to departure.
• During stops, it should be ensured that the animals continue to be properly
confined, have appropriate feed and water, and their physical condition is
satisfactory.
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5. UNLOADING AND POST-JOURNEY HANDLING5.1 General Considerations• The required facilities and the principles of animal handling apply equally to
unloading, but consideration should be given to the likelihood that the animals will
be fatigued.
• Unloading should be supervised and/or conducted by an animal handler with
knowledge and experience of the behavioural and physical characteristics of the
species being unloaded. Animals should be unloaded from the vehicle into
appropriate facilities as soon as possible after arrival at the destination but sufficient
time should be allowed for unloading to proceed quietly and without unnecessary
noise, harassment or force.
• Facilities should provide all animals with appropriate care and comfort, adequate
space and ventilation, access to feed (if appropriate) and water, and shelter from
extreme weather conditions.
5.2 Sick or Injured Animals • An animal that has become sick, injured or disabled during a journey should be
appropriately treated or humanely killed. When necessary, veterinary advice should
be sought in the care and treatment of these animals. In some cases, where animals
are non-ambulatory due to fatigue, injury or sickness, it may be in the best welfare
interests of the animal to be treated or euthanased aboard the vehicle.
• At the destination, the animal handler during transit should ensure that
responsibility for the welfare of sick, injured or disabled animals is transferred to a
suitable person.
• There should be appropriate facilities and equipment for the humane unloading of
animals that are non-ambulatory due to fatigue, injury or sickness. These animals
should be unloaded in a manner that causes the least amount of suffering. After
unloading, separate pens and other appropriate facilities should be available for sick
or injured animals.
• Feed, if appropriate, and water should be available for each sick or injured animal.
5.3 Addressing Disease RisksThe following should be taken into account in addressing the greater risk of disease due
to animal transport and the possible need for segregation of transported animals at the
destination:
• increased contact among animals, including those from different sources and with
different disease histories;
• increased stress facilitates the spread of disease;
• exposure of animals to infective agents which may contaminate vehicles, resting
points, markets, etc.
5.4 Cleaning and Disinfection • Vehicles used to carry the animals should be cleaned before re-use through the
physical removal of manure and bedding by scraping, washing and flushing vehicles
with water and detergent. This should be followed by disinfection when there are
concerns about disease transmission.
• Manure, litter, bedding should be disposed of in such a way as to prevent the
transmission of disease and in compliance with all relevant health and environmental
legislation.
• Establishments like livestock markets, slaughterhouses, resting sites, etc. where
animals are unloaded should be provided with appropriate areas for the cleaning
and disinfection of vehicles.
Acknowledgements: Dr. Temple Grandin,Professor of Animal Science
Cover photograph of Goats ©2007 by Hauke Steinberg (www.haukesteinberg.com)
22 Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Council
APPENDIX 1:http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/animal_health/transport_rules/Council%20Regulation%201%20of%202005.pdf
http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/legislation/SI2006/SI675-2006.pdf
http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/animaltransport
http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/fawac/video/animal_transport_1.mpeg
http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mcode/en_titre_3.7.htm
23Best Practice for the Welfare of Animals During Transport
24 Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Council
GU
IDEL
INES
*
FOR
CO
UN
CIL
REG
ULA
TIO
N
(EC
) No.
1 O
F 2
00
5
OF
22
DEC
EMB
ER 2
00
4
ON
TH
E
PR
OTE
CTI
ON
OF
AN
IMA
LS
DU
RIN
G T
RA
NSP
OR
T
AN
D
REL
ATE
D O
PER
ATI
ON
S
* Th
e g
uid
elin
es d
o n
ot
pu
rpo
rt t
o b
e an
inte
rpre
tati
on
of t
he
leg
isla
tio
n
5.
FAR
MER
S
5. F
arm
ers
Farm
ers
tran
spo
rtin
g a
nim
als
over
65k
m o
n a
reg
ula
r b
asis
may
hav
e to
reg
iste
r w
ith
th
e D
epar
tmen
t o
f A
gri
cult
ure
and
Fo
od
. I
n r
elat
ion
to
tra
inin
g, t
hes
e fa
rmer
s w
ill b
ed
eem
ed t
o h
ave
the
nec
essa
ry c
om
pet
ence
bas
ed o
nag
ricu
ltu
ral
trai
nin
g u
nd
erta
ken
in
Ire
lan
d, t
he
app
rova
lp
roce
ss f
or
her
d n
um
ber
s an
d t
he
avai
lab
ility
of
a b
oo
klet
on
sta
nd
ard
s fo
r an
imal
tra
nsp
ort
.
6. V
EHIC
LES
6. V
ehic
le R
equ
irem
ents
The
des
ign
of
the
veh
icle
mu
st b
e to
a s
tan
dar
d t
hat
it
pro
vid
es f
or
the
safe
ty o
f an
imal
s d
uri
ng
lo
adin
g, t
ran
sit
and
un
load
ing
an
d p
rote
ct a
nim
als
fro
m u
nn
eces
sary
suff
erin
g, in
jury
an
d fr
om
th
e w
eath
er.
The
veh
icle
mu
st b
e es
cap
e-p
roo
f an
d s
uff
icie
ntl
y st
ron
g to
bea
r th
e w
eig
ht
of
the
spec
ies
it i
s to
car
ry.
The
wal
ls,
par
titi
on
s, flo
ors
an
d s
ide-
pro
tect
ion
gat
es m
ust
be
free
of
any
shar
p e
dg
es, p
rotr
usi
on
s, g
aps,
ho
les
and
sp
aces
th
atar
e lik
ely
to c
ause
inju
ry.
Slip
per
y co
nd
itio
ns
on fl
oors
mu
stb
e av
oid
ed.
Ther
e m
ust
be
acce
ss, w
ith
su
ffic
ien
t lig
hti
ng,
to t
he
anim
als
in t
he
veh
icle
to
allo
w t
hem
to
be
insp
ecte
dan
d c
ared
for.
In a
dd
itio
n, s
uff
icie
nt
spac
e sh
ou
ld b
e p
rovi
ded
insi
de
the
anim
als’
com
par
tmen
t an
d a
t ea
ch o
f it
s le
vels
, to
en
sure
that
th
ere
is a
deq
uat
e ve
nti
lati
on
ab
ove
the
anim
als
wh
enth
ey a
re i
n a
nat
ura
lly s
tan
din
g p
osi
tio
n, w
ith
ou
t o
n a
ny
acco
un
t h
ind
erin
g t
hei
r n
atu
ral m
ovem
ent.
Veh
icle
s in
wh
ich
an
imal
s ar
e tr
ansp
ort
ed m
ust
be
clea
rly
and
vis
ibly
mar
ked
ind
icat
ing
th
e p
rese
nce
of l
ive
anim
als.
7.
AP
PR
OV
AL
OF
VEH
ICLE
S
7. A
pp
rova
l of v
ehic
les
use
d o
n lo
ng
jou
rney
s
(ove
r 8
ho
urs
in d
ura
tio
n).
Veh
icle
s u
sed
for t
he
tran
spo
rt o
f an
imal
s o
n lo
ng
jou
rney
sm
ust
be
insp
ecte
d a
nd
ap
pro
ved
by
the
Dep
artm
ent
of
Ag
ricu
ltu
re a
nd
Fo
od
. G
uid
elin
es o
n t
he
spec
ifica
tio
ns
req
uir
ed fo
r ve
hic
les
to b
e ap
pro
ved
are
ava
ilab
le fr
om
th
eTr
ansp
ort
Sec
tio
n (c
on
tact
det
ails
bel
ow
).
SCO
PE
Thes
e Re
gu
lati
on
s ap
ply
to
th
e tr
ansp
ort
of
all
spec
ies
of
vert
ebra
te a
nim
als,
and
to
all
tran
spo
rt v
ehic
les.
REF
EREN
CES
Co
un
cil R
egu
lati
on
(EC
) No.
1 o
f 200
5 o
f 22
Dec
emb
er 2
004
on
th
e p
rote
ctio
n o
f an
imal
s d
uri
ng
tra
nsp
ort
an
d r
elat
edo
per
atio
ns
and
am
end
ing
Dir
ecti
ves
64/4
32/E
EC a
nd
93/1
19/E
C a
nd
Reg
ula
tio
n (E
C) N
o 1
255/
97.
FOR
FU
RTH
ER IN
FOR
MA
TIO
N:
Plea
se s
ee o
ur
web
site
:
ww
w.a
gri
cult
ure
.go
v.ie
/an
imal
tran
spo
rt
or
con
tact
:
Tran
spo
rt S
ecti
on
Nat
ion
al B
eef A
ssu
ran
ce D
ivis
ion
Dep
artm
ent
of A
gri
cult
ure
an
d F
oo
d
May
no
oth
Bu
sin
ess
Cam
pu
s
M
ayn
oo
thC
o. K
ildar
e
Tele
ph
on
e: 0
1 50
5340
0Fa
x: 0
1 50
5351
5Em
ail:
tra
nsp
ort
@ag
ricu
ltu
re.g
ov.ie
APPENDIX 2:
25Best Practice for the Welfare of Animals During Transport
1. I
NTR
OD
UC
TIO
N
1. T
he
Reg
ula
tio
nC
ou
nci
l R
eg
ula
tio
n (
EC
) N
o.1
of
20
05
on
th
e p
rote
cti
on
of
an
ima
ls d
uri
ng
tra
nsp
ort
an
d r
ela
ted
op
era
tio
ns
lay
s d
ow
n
the
we
lfa
re r
eq
uir
em
en
ts a
nd
co
nd
itio
ns
for
the
tra
nsp
ort
,
ha
nd
lin
g, l
oa
din
g a
nd
un
loa
din
g o
f a
nim
als
. It
ca
me
in
to
op
era
tio
n o
n 5
Ja
nu
ary
20
07
(alt
ho
ug
h s
om
e a
spe
cts
ap
ply
fro
m
late
r d
ate
s).
It
ap
pli
es
to
the
tr
an
spo
rt
of
liv
e
ve
rte
bra
te
an
ima
ls
incl
ud
ing
ca
ttle
, sh
ee
p,
go
ats
, p
igs,
ho
rse
s, d
og
s a
nd
po
ult
ry.
Th
e
Re
gu
lati
on
in
tro
du
ces
cha
ng
es
to
imp
rov
e
an
ima
l
we
lfa
re s
tan
da
rds
du
rin
g t
ran
spo
rt a
nd
re
late
d o
pe
rati
on
s.
Th
e
ne
w
rule
s h
arm
on
ise
tr
an
spo
rt
req
uir
em
en
ts
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
Co
mm
un
ity
an
d w
ill
ap
ply
dir
ec
tly
to
ea
ch
Me
mb
er
Sta
te.
2.
AP
PLI
CA
TIO
N O
F TH
E R
EGU
LATI
ON
2.W
ho
will
the
Reg
ula
tio
n a
pp
ly to
?T
he
Re
gu
lati
on
wil
l a
pp
ly t
o a
ny
pe
rso
n w
ho
tra
nsp
ort
s
an
ima
ls i
n c
on
ne
cti
on
wit
h a
n e
con
om
ic a
cti
vit
y.
Th
e R
eg
ula
tio
n p
rov
ide
s th
at:
•
All
an
ima
ls b
ein
g t
ran
spo
rte
d m
ust
be
fit
to
tra
ve
l
an
d b
e t
ran
spo
rte
d i
n a
ma
nn
er
tha
t is
no
t li
ke
ly
to c
au
se i
nju
ry o
r u
nd
ue
su
ffe
rin
g;
•
A p
ers
on
tra
nsp
ort
ing
an
ima
ls b
ey
on
d 6
5k
m
mu
st b
e a
uth
ori
sed
an
d a
dd
itio
na
l p
rov
isio
ns
ap
ply
in
th
e c
ase
of
tra
nsp
ort
ing
an
ima
ls
be
yo
nd
8 h
ou
rs.
Ho
we
ve
r, th
e R
eg
ula
tio
n d
oe
s n
ot
ap
ply
to
th
e t
ran
spo
rt o
f
an
ima
ls:
• W
he
re t
he
tra
nsp
ort
is
no
t in
co
nn
ec
tio
n w
ith
an
eco
no
mic
ac
tiv
ity
(e
.g. i
n c
on
ne
cti
on
wit
h a
ho
bb
y, m
ov
em
en
ts t
o a
nd
fro
m a
gri
cult
ura
l
sho
ws,
gy
mk
ha
na
s)
an
d
• W
he
re t
he
tra
nsp
ort
is
dir
ec
tly
to
or
fro
m a
ve
teri
na
ry p
rac
tice
or
clin
ic u
nd
er
the
ad
vic
e o
f
a v
ete
rin
ari
an
.
3.
AU
THO
RIS
ATI
ON
3.W
ho
will
nee
d to
ap
ply
for
au
tho
risa
tio
n?
An
y p
ers
on
wh
o t
ran
spo
rts
liv
e a
nim
als
on
jo
urn
ey
s o
ve
r
65
km
fo
r co
mm
erc
ial
pu
rpo
ses.
Th
ere
wil
l b
e t
wo
le
ve
ls o
f a
uth
ori
sati
on
–
(1)
Ty
pe
1 A
uth
ori
sati
on
– w
he
re a
nim
als
are
tra
nsp
ort
ed
on
jo
urn
ey
s o
ve
r 6
5k
m b
ut
less
tha
n 8
ho
urs
in
du
rati
on
; an
d
(2)
Ty
pe
2 A
uth
ori
sati
on
– w
he
re a
nim
als
are
tra
nsp
ort
ed
on
lo
ng
jo
urn
ey
s (o
ve
r 8
ho
urs
in
du
rati
on
).
3.1
Jou
rne
ys
ov
er
65
km
bu
t le
ss t
ha
n 8
ho
urs
in
du
rati
on
(tr
an
spo
rts
un
de
rta
ke
n w
ith
in t
he
isla
nd
of
Ire
lan
d).
A
pe
rso
n
wh
o
ap
pli
es
for
a T
yp
e
1
Au
tho
risa
tio
n
as
a
tra
nsp
ort
er
for
jou
rne
ys
ov
er
65
km
bu
t le
ss t
ha
n 8
ho
urs
in
du
rati
on
mu
st:
(i)
Be
est
ab
lish
ed
wit
hin
Ire
lan
d;
(ii)
De
mo
nst
rate
th
at
he
/sh
e h
as
a s
uff
icie
nt
sta
ff,
eq
uip
me
nt
an
d o
pe
rati
on
al
pro
ced
ure
s a
t h
is/h
er
dis
po
sal
to e
na
ble
him
/he
r to
co
mp
ly w
ith
th
e
Re
gu
lati
on
, in
clu
din
g w
he
re a
pp
rop
ria
te G
oo
d
Pra
cti
ce G
uid
es;
an
d
(iii
)
No
t h
av
e b
ee
n c
on
vic
ted
of
an
y s
eri
ou
s a
nim
al
we
lfa
re o
ffe
nce
s (u
nd
er
an
y w
elf
are
le
gis
lati
on
) in
the
th
ree
ye
ars
pre
ced
ing
th
e d
ate
of
ap
pli
cati
on
.
3.2
Jou
rne
ys
ov
er
8 h
ou
rs i
n d
ura
tio
n (
Lo
ng
Jou
rne
ys
– t
ran
spo
rts
fro
m I
rela
nd
)
A
pe
rso
n
wh
o
ap
pli
es
for
a T
yp
e
2
Au
tho
risa
tio
n
as
a
tra
nsp
ort
er
for
lon
g j
ou
rne
ys
(ov
er
8 h
ou
rs i
n d
ura
tio
n)
mu
st b
e a
ble
to
sa
tisf
y t
he
re
qu
ire
me
nts
in
33.1
(i)
Furt
he
rmo
re t
he
fo
llo
win
g d
ocu
me
nts
se
t o
ut
be
low
mu
st b
e s
ub
mit
ted
to
th
e D
ep
art
me
nt
of
Ag
ricu
ltu
re a
nd
Fo
od
–
(a)
A
va
lid
ce
rtif
ica
te o
f co
mp
ete
nce
(a
pp
lie
s
fro
m 5
Ja
nu
ary
20
08
) fo
r e
ach
dri
ve
r a
nd
att
en
da
nt
tra
nsp
ort
ing
liv
e a
nim
als
on
jou
rne
ys
ov
er
8 h
ou
rs i
n d
ura
tio
n,
(b)
A v
ali
d c
ert
ific
ate
of
ap
pro
va
l fo
r e
ach
ro
ad
ve
hic
le w
hic
h w
ill
be
iss
ue
d s
ub
jec
t to
a
sati
sfa
cto
ry i
nsp
ec
tio
n o
f th
e v
eh
icle
,
(c)
D
eta
ils
of
pro
ced
ure
s in
pla
ce e
na
bli
ng
th
e
tra
nsp
ort
er
(i)
to t
race
an
d r
eco
rd t
he
mo
ve
me
nts
of
roa
d v
eh
icle
s u
nd
er
his
or
he
r
resp
on
sib
ilit
y a
nd
(ii
) to
co
nta
ct
dri
ve
rs a
t a
ny
tim
e d
uri
ng
a l
on
g j
ou
rne
y,
(d)
C
on
tin
ge
nc
y p
lan
s in
th
e e
ve
nt
of
em
erg
en
cie
s;
(ii)
D
em
on
stra
te t
he
use
of
a n
av
iga
tio
n s
yst
em
fo
r
all
me
an
s o
f tr
an
spo
rt b
y r
oa
d f
or
the
fir
st t
ime
in
serv
ice
fro
m 1
Ja
nu
ary
20
07
.T
his
re
qu
ire
me
nt
wil
l b
ee
xte
nd
ed
to
all
roa
d v
eh
icle
s fr
om
1 J
an
ua
ry 2
00
9.
(iii
) D
em
on
stra
te t
ha
t h
e/s
he
un
de
rsta
nd
s th
e
req
uir
em
en
ts o
f th
e j
ou
rne
y l
og
(ro
ute
pla
n)
an
d
be
in
co
mp
lia
nce
wit
h i
ts p
rov
isio
ns.
Th
e
req
uir
em
en
ts o
f (i
i) a
nd
(ii
i) d
o n
ot
ap
ply
to
th
e
tra
nsp
ort
of
reg
iste
red
ho
rse
s.
Au
tho
risa
tio
ns
issu
ed
in a
cco
rda
nce
wit
h t
he
Re
gu
lati
on
wil
l
be
va
lid
fo
r 5
ye
ars
un
less
oth
erw
ise
sp
eci
fie
d.
Ca
lve
s y
ou
ng
er
tha
n 1
4 d
ay
s a
nd
pig
s le
ss t
ha
n 1
0 k
g s
ho
uld
no
t b
e t
ran
spo
rte
d o
n j
ou
rne
ys
in e
xce
ss o
f 8
ho
urs
un
less
acc
om
pa
nie
d b
y i
ts m
oth
er.
4.
TRA
ININ
G
4.Tr
ain
ing
Th
e
Re
gu
lati
on
re
qu
ire
s th
at
a
pe
rso
n
wh
o
tra
nsp
ort
s liv
e
an
ima
ls o
n j
ou
rne
ys o
ver
65
km
fo
r co
mm
erc
ial
ga
in t
o h
ave
rece
ive
d t
rain
ing
in s
pe
cifi
c a
spe
cts
of a
nim
al h
ea
lth
an
d w
elf
are
.
A c
ert
ific
ate
of
com
pe
ten
ce w
ill
be
re
qu
ire
d f
or
such
dri
ve
rs
an
d a
tte
nd
an
ts f
rom
Ja
nu
ary
20
08
on
wa
rds.
Th
ere
is
als
o a
re
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