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Families Count
Effects on Child and Adolescent Development
Edited by:
ALISON CLARKE-STEWART
University of California Irvine
JUDY DUNN
Institute of Psychiatry Kings College London
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1.
How Families Matter in Child Development
Reflections from Research on Risk and Resilience
Ann S. Masten and Anne Shaffer
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- Throughout the history, the family has played a ubiquito
theories and researches understanding and im
welfare and development.
- Family based adversity has been the focus of extensive s
learn how to prevent or ameliorate the impac
adversity on children.
Aimed at
with
The goalof
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- In developmental psychopathology, the role of family in
has been obviousin the study of risk and resilience.
- Based on the studies of risk and resilience, we aim at thi
frame how one might think about the diverse ways familimatter in human development.
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Basic models of the ways families matter:-
- There are several ways that families may matter; includi
genes.
- In the following figures; we illustrate some of the basic m
family effects on child behavior and development..
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Direct family effect:
F
- Families can function as direct influence on child behavio
cR
In Positive
wayPromotive
(asset)
(resource)
In negative
wayRisk factor
Co
thin
ris
( C
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-These are relatively simple although the process could be
in nature.
- Child problems increase as function of the number of Risk
forming ( Risk gradients).
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- The influences of the families on Child outcomes c
indirect :-
Simple mediated indirect family effects:-
- The effect of the family on child are entirely mediated by
intervening factors. The mediator could be a feature of the
child diet, the school, neighborhood, or health care systeminfluences a child`s behavior.
M
F C
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Example; Parent`s income.
- The same Family could produce all kinds of risks, assets
opportunities to the same child over the course developm
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- The following model illustrates a more complex va
the indirect model;
Complex mediated family effect:
Family effects are mediated by both genes and en
and the interaction of those mediators.
MG
ME
F C
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- Family can also function as the mediator of more
conditions on children;
Family as mediator:
A risk factor alters family functioning (e.g; parenting) in
which in turn affects the child.
Many models of distal Risk Factors such as social class o
hardship are thought to be mediated by their effects on pa
FR C
h l d l f f l d
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- There are also models of family in a moderating
Family as moderator:
Something of the family alters the impact of a risk facto
In this case of a family as a moderator, family alters the eff
factor on child in either:
R CF
Positiveway
(protective
factor)
Negative way
Th l d l f d i l
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- There are also models of more dynamic, complex
over Time. A relatively simple example of a transacti
as the following;
Transactional
Family-Child effects:
In this mode; ongoing interactions of child and family influe
family, the child, and there future interactions.
Transactional models are based on systems theory; in wh
in one system ( such as family ) can lead to changes in all o
connected directly and indirectly to a family.
F1 F2 F3C1 C2 C3
I t ti l b t li d d d
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- Interventions can also be conceptualized and mod
relation to these basic models of family influence on
- The family is the target of the intervention.
- Intervention as an effort to alter the mediator.
- Intervention is targeted to system parts.
In the following sections, highlight examples of models of h
matter based on findings from the literature on risk and res
focus particularly on models of families as adaptive systemdevelopment, as mediators and moderators of change, and
interventions.
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1- Families as major adaptive system for human de
* Attachment and family function.
* Family as regulator.
* Parent as teacher, socializer, protector and cultura
* Family as provider, broker, or purveyor of resource
opportunities.
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* Attachment and family function:
- Attachment relationships are fundamental to the role of
an adaptive system and to the development of emotion reg
- Attachment Theory.
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* Family as regulator:
- Family context and regulation.- Process of internalization.
- Brain Development researches.
- example.
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*Parent as teacher, socializer, protector and cultu
Parents and social development.
Parents and cultural traditions.
Family`s own internal culture.
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* Family as provider, broker, or purveyor of res
opportunities:
- Direct way.
- Indirect way.
2 Families as source of risk and threats:
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2- Families as source of risk and threats:
Some are
passive in
nature:some a
source
- At the biological level.
- As risky social
environment.
- Impaired parents.
- SES.
- Child mal
- Inconsiste
parenting- Relations
conflict.
3 Family as proximal mediator of distal events o
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3- Family as proximal mediator of distal events o
conditions:
- Systems Theory.
- Examples:
1- Problems at work.
2- Economic status.
- Intervention strategies.
implementation with African American
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4- Parents as mediators of Genetic Risk or Vuln
- Study of genetic and environmental effects in the deve
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5- Family as moderator of risk and moderated b
influences:
- In one kind of interaction, family functions to buffer
worst exposure to adversity.
- In another instances, family factors may serve to exa
effect of already negative context.
- The quality of monitoring by parents in risky environ
been strongly implicated as moderator.- Age and individual diffirences in children can also m
family effects.
- Examples.
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6- Ever more complex models of family influen
- There may be parents and families that are more resili
face of adversity in terms of how well they function to prot
for children.
- Child`s adaptation actually reflects the resilience of ththe family system.
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7- Interventions to protect or improve family fun
- In prevention science, there are many examples of in
designed to help children through changing family interactparenting.
- Interventions to create a protective effects.
- Studying the influences on the nature and quality of
- More complex models.- Recent advances in growth curve and structural equa
help.
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