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Support system in humans and animals is
called SKELETON or SKELETAL SYSTEM
3 typesofskeletalsystems
ENDOSKELETON
HYDROSTATIC
SKELETONEXOSKELETON
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Inner Frame
Refers to
bones or
cartilage
that is
inside the
body of
vertebrates.
Outer Frame
Consists of
one layer of
hard skin
derived
from
substances
like calciumcarbonate
Formed
from fluid
pressure in
space that is
enveloped
by a
muscularsystem.
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ackbone
mainly
supported by
Pelvic Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
strongest bone in
human body
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ANIMALS
Vertebrates
Land Aquatic
Invertebrates
Exoskeleton Hydrostatic
Skeletal
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Entire weight is supported by its endoskeleton.
Skeletal system : bigger and stronger than that
of the aquatic animal vertebrate system.
Big land animals : Strong and big Pectoraland
Pelvic Girdlesto support their body weight
Four-legged animals : Backboneeither curve
upwards or downwards. Enables backbone to
withstand any heavy load acting on the animal.
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Pelvic
irdle
Pectoral
irdle
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Birds : Have hollow bones and ir sp ces
inside so that the body is lighter
Advantages of hollow bones :
Lighter
Requires less calcium and phosphorous for
its formation
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Examples : Whales, dolphins
Smaller and lighter endoskeleton than
land vertebrates.
Pectoral and pelvic support that is
smaller and lighter.Most of body weight is supported
by buoyancyof the water.
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The buoyancy of the water allows the size of
the aquaticvertebrate animals to be bigger
that landvertebrate animals.
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SIMILARITIES
ENDOSKELETON
VERTEBR TE
BONES RE
FLEXIBLE
PECTOR L
ND PELVIC
GIRDLE
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SUPPORT IN
LAND
VERTEBRATES
Pectoral and pelvicgirdle support the
body weight
Big and strong
Big
DIFFERENCES
SUPPORT
SKELETON
PECTORAL AND
PELVIC GIRDLE
SUPPORT IN
AQUATIC
VERTEBRATES
Water buoyancysupports the
body weight
Small and
weak
Small
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Invertebrates are animals that do not have a
backbone.Its body is supported by :
External skeletal system (exoskeleton)
Body fluids (hyd ros tat ic skeletons)
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Exoskeleton consists of a layer of hard skin or
shell.
Examples of invertebrates with hard outer skin :
Crabs, spiders, prawns and scorpions.
Examples of invertebrates with hard shell : Snails, mussels
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For insects, the exoskeleton is called cuticle.
Cuticle is made of chitin (hard and impermeable
to water)
Cuticle prevent the insects from growing.
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Leeches, worms and octopus do not haveexoskeleton. Their bodies are soft.
Use the body fluid (also known as hydrostatic
skeleton system) as support system.
The body fluids exert a pressure on their body
walls to form a hyd ros tat ic skeleton.
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SUPPORT IN
LAND
INVERTEBRATES
Soft bodies
with external
shells
Hard and made
of chitin, for
example,
insects.
DIFFERENCES
SUPPORT
SKELETON
SUPPORT IN
AQUATIC
INVERTEBRATES
Water
buoyancy
Hard and made
of calcium
carbonate, for
example, crabs.
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Support system of plants are different based
on the type of plant.
PLANTS
Land
Woody Non-woody
(herbaceous)
Aquatic
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Examples: rubber tree, durian tree,
rambutan tree, and teak tree.
Supported by woody tissues.
Woody tissues
dense, hard on tree trunk.
made up of xylem tissues.
Most of the woody plants are tall.
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Also supported
by special
structures :- Buttress roots
- Clasping roots
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Examples: durian trees, casuarina trees,
and yellow flame trees.
Occurs at the base of the trunk where the
main roots branch off at the groundsurface and enter the soil.
Examples : money plant, certain wild
orchid.
Enable a plant to climb by growing around
and clasping its support.
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Examples: roses, bougainvillea.
Supported by turgid cells.
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Supported by special
structures :
- Thorns, Tendrils, Prop Roots
(Adventitious Roots)
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Examples: yam, water lily and lotus.Supported by water buoyancy.
Have soft stems that have air space and
their leaves broad with stomata on the
surface.
Aquatic plants that live in the water have
fine leaves.
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