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5. Sustainabil ity and Life Cycle study ofLighting systems
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
BCA Academy (GMP) ProgrammeModule: Efficient Eco-lighting systems(indoor & Outdoor)
Recommended office lighting level = 500 lux
Our eye is used to = 100,000 luxLighting level and energy consumption
ec r ca oa or s um nance = a s m
Average space per of fice s taf f = 8 m2
So, the Lighting load per staff = 80 Watts
For 10 hrs per day, energy consumed = 80 x 10 WHr = 0.80 Kw Hr
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
. , .How much does a cup of coffee cost ?
How many cups would we drink everyday?
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How our Brain takes Light
1.retina2.optic nerve3.visual cortex4.RetinoHypothalamicTract (RHT)
melatoninsecretion
12
36
4
5
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
.
6.pineal gland (melatonin secretion)7.spinal cord
8.superior cervical ganglion(sympathic nervous system)
78
visual pathway
photobiologicalpathway
Lighting and Productivity
Productivity and
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
500 2000 Lux
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Errors and
Lighting and Errors
as
Illuminance
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
500 2000
Lux
Lighting and Fatigue
Fatigue and
Task
um nance
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
500 2000
Lux
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Illuminance Area of Activity
Recommended Illuminance
For various Areas and Activities
100
300
500
750
Circulation Areas, Simple Orientation
Visually Simple Tasks
Offices, Average Tasks in Industries
Visually demanding Tasks, Electronic and
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
1000
30,000
rec s on n us ry, rawng o ces
Graphic Reproduction
Task Lighting in Operating Theatre (example)
How the Brain takes Light
1.retina2.optic nerve3.visual cortex4.RetinoHypothalamicTract (RHT)
melatoninsecretion
12
36
4
5
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
.
6.pineal gland (melatonin secretion)7.spinal cord8.superior cervical ganglion
(sympathic nervous system)
78
visual pathway
photobiologicalpathway
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mood
Photo biological Effects
performance
well being
biological clock
immune system
communication
performance
comfort
safety
+vision
=
direct stimulation
therapies
Located in the SCN
The Body Clock and Light
ntrane y g t t roug t e eye
Controls body rhythms
- ultradian (min./hour cycles)
- circadian (daily)
- circalunar (monthly)
- circannual (seasonal)
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Mood, performance, alertness
Body temperature
Circadian Rythms
Hormone production by pineal gland (melatonin,seratonin)
Hormone production by pituitary gland (prolactine, growthhormone)
Hormone production by adrenaline cortex (cortisol)
Structure of EEG
Urination and composition
Sleep/wake pattern
Relationship between Lamp and EnergyConsumption!
Lamp Ba astLoss
TotalWatts
Life Energyconsumed
Bulb 75W
TLD 36W
Nil
9W
75W
45W
1000 hrs
14000 hrs
75 kW Hrs
630 kW Hrs
Cost oEnergy @SS$0.25
kWHr
r ce oLamp(approx)
$ 1.00
$ 3.50
$ 18. 75
$ 157.50
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
A Lamp consumes about 15-45 times more Energy thanits own price !
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CFL replacing the GLS incandescent lamp (retro-fit)
Masterline 35W Halogen replacing standard 50W Halogen
Energy saving the Sense & Simplicity
(retro-fit)
CDM lamp replacing the Halogen lamp itself(new points)
Super 80 replacing the Cool Daylight tube (retro-fit)
Use of TL5 super 80 tubes for new installations (new points)
Electronic Ballast replacing Magnetic ballast (new points)
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
Lighting Control & Daylight-linking (new points)
LED White light for special applications (new points)
Integrated CFL
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
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Equivalent CFL for GLS
(example)
CFL 11W = GLS 60W
CFL 15W = GLS 75W
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
Load reduction per point (60W - 11W) = 49W
Savings with CFL Energy-saver
Saving for 8000hrs life= 8000 x 49 Watt Hrs
= 392 kw Hrs
At S$ 0.25 / kW Hr, money saved = $ 98.0
Avoiding 8 X GLS lamps @$ 1.0 each = $ 8.0
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
Total savings by each Lamp = $ 106.0
CFL price = ?
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1) A 100W bulb consumes for 1000 hours =100 Kwhrs
2) CFL 20W consumes for 1000 hours = 20 Kwhrs
CFL Environmental Benefit
3) Energy saved per year = 80 Kwhrs
4) Energy saved for 1 Mln CFL 20W = 80 Mln Kwhrs !
5) CO2 Reduction = 33, 600 Tonnes!
One KWHr of energy is known to produce 0.50 Kg of CO2 in thermal generation
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
ome coun res ave announce pans o p ase ou eIncandescent lamp from 2010. But some caution is
advisable !
Halogen Technology with Masterline 35W
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
Traditional Double ended support
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Load reduction per point(50W - 35W) = 15W
Energy Saving with Masterline 35W Halogen
Saving for 5000hrs life= 5000 x 15 Watt Hrs
= 75 kw Hrs
At S$ 0.25 / kW Hr, money saved = $ 18.75
Avoiding 2 X Std Halogen lamp = $ 6.00
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
.
Masterline Halogen price = $ 5.00
Energy Saving with Masterline Halogen
Air Con load saving
Less Heat in Interior and more comfort
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
Benefit to User : Happier Customers & Staff
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High beam intensities,high light output
CDM Lamp
Choice in 3000-4200K
Long life
Colour stability
High CRI
UV-block
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
Best substitute for halogen !
CDM-R
The CDM Family
CDM-T
-TC
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
CDM-TT
CDM-TD CDM-TP
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CDM Vs Halogen at a Department Store
New Number Total load Halogen Total Load Energy
Ballastloss
pointsreplaced
loadincludingGearloss
Due toCDM
4000 hrsper yearKW Hrs
CDM-R 35W
1500 67.5 KW 3000 180 KW 112.5 KW 450,000
CDM- 1000 80.0 KW 3500 210 KW 130.0 520 000
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
R70W
KW
2500 147.5 KW 6500 390 KW 242.5KW
970,000KW Hrs !
30 % increase in illuminance ( Lux) !
Energy Saving with Super 840instead of Cool Daylight tube
Visual satisfaction and Colour appreciation will
be superior
You can use 30 % less luminaires
Electrical reduction air-con reduction and
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
savings in capital and energy costs
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Advantages of TL5 28W
Instead of 36W tube
Longer life Environment-friendlyCompact luminaires
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
T12 - 40 W
Advantages of TL5 tube
T8 36W
T5 28W
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
9 Fully recyclable fluorescent lamp (with no loss of quality)
9 Lowest mercury content in the market
9 Maximum of 10% light-output loss over entire lifespan
9 Useful life: 18,000 hours with electronic ballast
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Saves energy & running costEasy to dim for flexible lighting level
Why Electronic ballast ?
sua comor w ess eye- a gueCooler operation of lamp & ballastLess Air-conditioning loadLonger lamp life
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
Also referred to as CELMA ratingPresent Status on the banning of Electromagnetic ballast:
Ballast Energy Efficiency
Phase 2b (
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Daylight l inking : a green tool
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
LED & White light
Blue Peak
Green Peak
Red Peak
Blue LED
Spectrum
PhosphorEmission
CombinedSpectrum
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
By mixing Red, Green and Blue(RGB) sources any colour light,including White, can be made
Blue emission is converted to yellow by thephosphor coating over the chip and reflector cup.
The mixture of blue and yellow light appears white
470 525 590 630 (nm) 470 525 590 630 (nm)
Above methods are quite expensive at present and individual lamppower is limited to 1-5 W only !
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No Type of usage Maximumlighting
SS 530: 2006 Power densities allowed
Watts/M2
1 Offices 15
2 Class rooms 15
3 Lecture theatres 15
4 Auditoriums / Concert halls 10
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
ops upermar e sDepartmental Stores (including
general, accent & display lighting6 Restaurants 15
No Type of usage Maximumlighting
SS 530: 2006 Power densities allowed(Continued)
power budgetWatts/M2
7 Lobbies / Atriums / Concourse 10
8 Stairs / Corridors 10
9 Car parks 5
10 Electronic manufacturin and fine 20
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
detail / Assembly industries
11 Medium and heavy industries 15
12 Warehouses / Storage areas 10
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Total Cost Of Ownership (TCOO)
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
A Customers decision when based only onthe initial price, can lead to:
Why TCOO?
Long term high energy expenditure
Frequent lamp replacements &
Defects & Maintenance !
TCOO is one way of highlighting such costs tohelp understand the most economic and most
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
durable solution
Financial Decision-makers often prefer to knowwhat is the long term costs (=TCOO) !
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What is Total Cost-of-Ownership
= +
MAINTENANCE)
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
Total Cost-Of-OwnershipAnnualised Investment = Taken at 10% of ini tial
investment to create the Light points . Eg. forOffice lighting, the investment for each point wi llinclude the following:
A.Cost of Transformer,switch gear, Miniature Circuit
breakers and their installation
B.Cabling up to each luminaire point + installation
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
. um na re seUsually, (A+B) would be S$ 500 per point !
C. is usually about S$ 100 for 2x 36W TL fitting
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Annual Maintenance =
Total Cost-of-Ownership
9 Energy / yr = (Load KW x Burning hrs per year)
9 Lamp cost = Pro-rated for each year =
( No.of lamps x price per lamp x Burning hrs per year)
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
Lamp life in hours
9 cleaning charges
How to reduce other Maintenance costs?
Total Cost-of-Ownership
lamp with long life and low early failure rate
ballast with low loss & long life
luminaire with correct IP rating
luminaire which is easy to maintain
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
-- Group replacement of lamps
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Life Cycle study of same luminaire with
EM or EL ballast2 X EM ballast 1 X EL (Twin) ballast
1. No. of luminaires (say) 100 100
2. Price of Luminaire S$ 80 S$ 100
3. Luminaire cost S$ 8000 S$ 10000
4. 10% depreciation / yr S$ 800 S$ 1000
5. Two lamps load 72W 64W
6. Two lamps Ballast loss 18W 8W
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
7. Total luminaire load 90W 72W
8. Load for 100 lums 9.0 KW 7.2 KW
Life Cycle study of same luminaire withEM or EL ballast
2 X EM ballast 1 X EL (Twin) ballast
Energy for 4000 hrs / yr 36000 KW hrs 28800 KW hrs
@ 25 cents / KW hr S$ 9000 S$ 7200
Lamp life 12000 hrs 15000 hrs
Lamp replacements / yr 67 53
Price of spare lamp S$ 4 S$ 4
Lamp replacement cost S$ 268 S$212
BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009
TCOO (4 +10 +14) S$ 10068 S$ 8412
Annual savings with EL --- S$ 1656
Initial Lums extra cost --- S$ 2000
Time to recover it --- 1Yr 2 Months !
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