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The Exploration of the
Mysterious World of WCDMA
05.2009
UMTS Custom Service
Department
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2
Nowadays, information exists everywhere in the world. Largeamount of multimedia such as pictures, voices and data makesthe present 2G telecom network overloaded, and it has quite along way to go to meet more and more service demand of theusers.
In such conditionthe 3rd mobile telecom system(3G), whichcan provide many types of multimedia service with high quality,cover the whole world seamlessly with the ability of globe-roaming , be compatible with the fixed net and make any kindof telecom anywhere at anytime with the small-size portableterminal.
WCDMA has become one of the main-stream standard of 3rdtelecom system.
BackgroundBackground
The Origin of WCDMA«
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For Internal
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Summary
Summary of
the system
Basic
Theories
Network
StructureConcept of
Channel
Key Tech
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Welcome to the Mysterious World of WCDMA
First, please allow me to introduce myself . My name is
WCDMAWideband Code Division Multiple Access
and it is my honor to become one of the major standards of
the 3rd mobile telecom with TDSCDMACDMA2000 and
Wimax.
In the following part, I will lead you to explore my world
and unveil WCDMAAre you ready?
Let¶s roll out!
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System with
Bigger Capacity
System with
Bigger Capacity
Lower Terminal
Transmitting
Power
Lower Terminal
Transmitting
Power
TDMA:FDMA=5:1
CDMA:TDMA=4:1
CDMA:FDMA=20:1
20mW inside
300mW outside
Low radiationgreenlonger standby time of the
terminal.
Smooth
Transition
from 2G to 3G
Smooth
Transition
from 2G to 3G
Based on the net transition of GSM/GPRS, the core net
can keep the compatibility with GSM/GPRS.
Reducing the net-building cost of the carriers
efficiently
The Advancement of WCDMA
Reducing the
operating cost of
the carriers
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Faster DataFaster Data
TransitionTransition TateTate
Faster DataFaster Data
TransitionTransition TateTate
Various kinds of Various kinds of
servicesservices
Various kinds of Various kinds of
servicesservices
High speed move(120km/h): 144 kbps
Walking rate(3km/h) : 384
kbpsinside: 2 Mbps
HSDPA : 14.4 Mbps
HSUPA : 5.76Mbps
Audio phone, video phone, multimedia message service, SMS«
Video on-demandmobile Email, mobile internet access«
Let you enjoy the noblest 3G life and meet your demanding for
mobile life!
Telecom withTelecom with
Better QualityBetter Quality
Telecom withTelecom with
Better QualityBetter Quality
Adopting the AMR speech code, it provides the voice
quality as good as that provided by fixed network.
Improving the phone experience of the user, up-level the
users' acceptance of WCDMA network and meet the Qos
operating demand of the carrier
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Infinite Imagination
Infinite Possibility
W
CD
M
A
Let you be
a owner
Who says distance obstruct love?
Who says bedroom is not meeting room?
Who says child can¶t accompany me all the time?
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For Internal
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Summary
Summary of
the System
Basic
Theories
Network
StructureConcept of
Channel
Key Tech
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The Transition Direction of Mobile Telecom Technology
1999-2002 2003-2005 2006-2008 2009-2010 2011-2012 2013-????
16K~144K
(bps)
16K~144K
(bps)
GSM
UL: 384K
DL:384K
(bps)
UL: 384K
DL:384K
(bps)
GPRS /
EDGE
UL:384KDL:3.6M
(bps)
UL:384KDL:3.6M
(bps)
WCDMA
/HSDPA
UL:5.76M
DL:14.4M
(bps)
UL:5.76M
DL:14.4M
(bps)
HSPA
UL:11.5M
DL:43.2M
(bps)
UL:11.5M
DL:43.2M
(bps)
HSPA+
UL:86.4M
DL: 326M
(bps)
UL:86.4M
DL: 326M
(bps)
LTE
GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS WCDMAWCDMA FDD
TDD
LTELTE
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The Standardization Association of WCDMA²²3GPP3GPP2
3G
PP3G
PP 3th Generation Partner Project
3GPP23GPP2 3th Generation Partnership Project 2
3GPP was built up in December,1998, formed by ETSI of
Europe, ARIB of Japan, TT A of Korea and T1 of US A and soon.
Later, in Jan.1999,3GPP2 was built up officially too, formed
by TI A of USA, ARIB of Japan and TT A of Korea and so on.
UpUp--gradegrade
WCDMAWCDMA
VersionVersion
R99R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
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WCDMA Physical Layer Solution²²CDMA
Tim
e
Freq
uenc
y
FDMA
Fre
quency
Time
Code
wor d CDMA
Freq
uenc
y
Tim
eTDMA
FDMA
Talkers enter the sameroom to communicate,not disturbing peopletalking in other rooms
Image the channel asdifferent rooms
Low utilization ratio of radio
resource
Complex hand-off exchange
Bad adoptability for new
technology
TDMA
All the talkers enter one
room, and everyone speaksone sentence each timewithout any disturbance.
High utilization ratio of radio
resource
Easy hand-off exchange
(roaming)
Be adopted in mobiletelecom widely
Image the channel asonly one big room
CDMA
All the talkers enter one
room, and speak in differentlanguages (code). They cantalk clearly although theexistence of the disturbance.
Highest utilization ratio of radio
resource
The attribute of soft hand-off
and soft capacity
ApplicationTACS AMPS Application: GSM DAMPS Application CDMA WCDMA
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WCDMA Duplex Technology
FDDFDD
TDDTDD
Message from NodeB to MS and inverse message are transmitted in
different timeslot. This duplex way can allocate the forward and
reverse channel, especially suitable for the system with antisymmetric
forward and reverse service.
TDD is formed by two bands. One of them provides message
transmission from Node B to MS, while another one offers the inverse
message transmission. Actually, the two bands are used at intervals as
pairs.
WCDMA system in our country adopts FDD duplex technology.
Tips: MC is formed by USIM card and UE.
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Signal Bandwidth5MHz
Chip Rate3.84Mcps
Power C
ontrol:C
losed loop and external ring power control of up anddown link
Band Used19201980MHz at up link, 21102170MHz at down
link
Mode of Operationsupporting synchronous/asynchronous
NodeB operating mode.
Encoding ModeConvolution code and Turbo code
Modulating ModeBPSK at up link, QPSK at down link
Brief Introduction of WCDMA System
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For Internal
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Summary
Summary
of System
Basic
Theories
Network
StructureConcept of
Channel
Key Tech
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Network Structure of WCDMA System
RNS
RNC
RNS
RNC
Core Network
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Iu Iu
Iur
Iub IubIub Iub
UE UE
Uu
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WCDMA Air InterfaceUu
L3
c o n t r o l
c o n t r o l
c o n t r o l
c o n t r o l
LogicalChannels
TransportChannels
C-plane signalling U-plane information
PHY
L2/MAC
L1
RLC
DC NtGC
L2/R LC
MAC
RLCRLC
RLCRLC
RLCRLC
RLC
Duplication avoidance
UuS boundary
BMCL2/BMC
control
PDCPPDCP L2/PDCP
DC NtGC
RadioBearers
RRC
Uu can be divided intothree layers of protocols
L1
physical layerL2data link layer
L3Network layer
Media Access Controller
RadioLink Controller
Packet Data Convergence
Protocol
Broadcast/Multicast Controller
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Major Function of Uu
Management of broadcasting, paging
and RNS connection.
Decision and enforcement of handoffand power
Management of radio resource and
message-control
Handle the message of base band and
radio frequency
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The Interface of WCDMA SystemIub
Node B
Application Part(NBAP)
AALType 2
ALCAP
Transport
Layer
Physical Layer
Radio
Network
Layer
Radio Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
ATM
AALType 5
User Plane
SSCF-UNI
SSCOP
AALType 5
SSCF-UNI
SSCOP
Q.2630.1
Q.2150.2
Interface Protocol
Horizontally, it is divided intoradio network layer and transportnetwork layer.
Vertically, it is divided intoradio network control plane,transport network control plane and
user plane. The major function of NB AP protocol areCommonNB APC-NB APandDedicatedNB APD-NB AP
FP protocol is frame protocol which isapplied in user plane of lub, and it is dividedinto CFP, associating Common TransportChannel and DFP, associating dedicatedtransport Channel.
SSCOPService Specific ConnectionOriented Protocol support simple and reliabletransport connection from point to point, onlyused for control, not for data transportation
ALCAP Access Link Control ApplicationProtocol
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Q.2150.1
Q.2630.1
RANAP Iu UP Protocol
Layer
Transport Network
Layer
Physical Layer
TransportUser
Network Plane
Control Plane User Plane
TransportUser
Network Plane
Transport Network Control Plane
Radio Network
Layer
ATM
SSCOP
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-NNI
AAL2AAL5
MTP3bMTP3b
SCCP
SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
AAL5
IP
SCTP
SCCP
SSCF-NNI
MTP3-B
M3UA
RANAPIu UP Protocol
Layer
Transport
Network
Layer
Physical Layer
Transport
User
Network
Plane
Control Plane User Plane
Transport
User
Network
PlaneTransport Network
Control Plane
Radio
Network
Layer
ATM
AAL5
IP
UDP
GTP-U
Physical Layer
ATM
Interface of WCDMA SystemIu-CS, Iu-PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS
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Interface of WCDMA SystemIur
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
MTP3-B
AAL5
IP
SCTP
SCCP
AAL5
SSCF-NNI
STC (Q.2150.1)
RNS AP Iur DataStream(s)
TransportNetwork
Layer
Physical Layer
TransportUser
NetworkPlane
Control Plane User Plane
TransportUser
NetworkPlane
Transport NetworkControl Plane
RadioNetwork
Layer
ATM
ALCAP(Q.2630.1)
AAL2
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
MTP3-B
IP
SCTPSSCF-NNI
M3U A M3U A
The protocol Function of The protocol Function of Iur Iur
Management of transport
network
Service management of
common transport channel
preparation of common
transport channel resource,
paging.
Service management of
dedicated transport channelreport of establishment
,addition, deletion and
measurement of radio link
Service management of
downlink shared transport
channel establishment
,addition, deletion of radiolink and capacity allocating
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For Internal
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Summary
Summary
of System
Basic
Theories
Network
StructureConcept of
Channel
Key Tech
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Key Tech of WCDMABand Spreading
The Feature of Band Spreading
Strong ability to resist multipathinterference
Resisting the disturbance from
burst
High level security
Low transmitting power
Easily to achieve telecom with
large capacity and multiple access
Occupying wider band
Complicated procedure
Hard to achieve synchrony in time
vary channel
Band Spreading is a tech to spread the spectrum of the signal and transport
Based on the formula of channelcapacity (shammon formula)
C = W×Log2(1+S/N)
Basic feature of band spreadingtelecom
CMessage transport rateS/NSNR
W²width of band
Cspread W
raising SNR
Using the tech of broad band
transmission to improve the SNR
The basic idea and theories of band spreading telecom
The width of band of messagetransported is much wider than that of
the message itself
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WCDMA System Adopts DSSS to Spread and Despread the Spectrum
f
Sf
f0The signal spectrum before spreading
signal
Sf
f f0
The signal spectrum after spreading
signal
Sf
f f0
The signal spectrum after despreading
signal
Disturbing
f
Sf
f0
The signal spectrum before despreading
signal
Disturbing noise
Signal Purse Jamming White noise
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The key Tech of WCDMASpectrum Spreading
Spectrum spreading is used on physical layer
Spectrum spreading has two steps
Channelizing changes data symbols into series of code,
which widens the width of signal.
Data scrambling put scrambling on the spectrum spreading
signal.
OVSF code Data Scrambling
Data Bit Chips
after
Spectrum
Spreadi
ng
Symbol rate× SF = 3.84Mcps
WCDMASF of uplink channel code is 4~256
SF of unlink channel code is 4~512
Tips: OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
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Key Tech of WCDMA²Power Control
Power control, based on CDMA, is not a new tech
Power control plays pivotal role in WCDMA.
In order to realize the wide business usage of WCDMA telecomthe
issue of power control should be solved.
CDMA is a co-channel and self-disturbing
system, so any unnecessary power
shouldn¶t be transmitted. This is a general
principle that must be obeyed.
Types of power
control
Open loop power controlaccording to the fading condition of the
received link signal, it estimates fading of self-transmitted
signal, and determines the transmission power.
Closed loop power controlThe transmitter increase or lower the
transmission power according to the response of the quality measuring
result of the receiver link
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Open loop
It measures the disturbing condition in channel and adjust
transmission power.
Closed loopInner loop
It measures the SIR and target SIR. After comparison, it orders the
MS to adjust its transmission power.
The frequency of the inner loop power control of CDMA is 1500Hz
If measured SIR>target SIR reduce the transmission power of
MS
If measured SIR<target SIR increase the transmission powerof MS
Closed loopExternal loop
It measures frame error rate block error rate) and adjusts the
target SNR.
Key Tech of WCDMAPower Control
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Key Tech of WCDMAPower controlWithout
powercontrol
With power
control
Principal of Power Control Objection of Power Control
Reducing multiple disturbance
Solving far and near effect
Solving shade effect
Saving the power of battery
Compensating partly fading
WCDMA system adopts the judgingprinciple with SIR balance and
quality balance, that is the
judging principle based on the
SIR balance, but the instant
target SIR is decided by quality
FER and BLER.
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Hard handoff
Soft handoff
Key Tech of WCDMAHandoff
Hard
handoff
handoff between
frequency
Handoff between
different 3G system
Handoff between
different interface
techs
Hard Handoff in the
same frequency without
lur
Soft
handoff
Handoff between
different NodeB withone frequency
Handoff between LUR in
the same frequency
Softer
handoff
Handoff between different cells
with one NodeB and frequency
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ARNC sends measurementcontrol message to UE
BUE measures according
to the requirement of and
hand in measurement report
CIn view of different
UE, RNC stores measurement
result of cells of carrier
frequencies
D) It estimates the signal
quality of frequencies
according to measurement
report. (including
frequencies and systems )
Ehandoff decision
Gallocate
resources to
associative cell
with virtual
active set and
preparefor
handoff
Fmaintain
the active set
and the
monitoring set
(including
present carrier
frequency and
alien frequency)
Hallocate
resource and
prepare for
handoff in
associative cell
with aliensystem
Unable to
meet the
demand of
handoff Able to meet the
demand of handoff
Able to meet the
demand ofhandoff
Iif handoff neededlocate destination cell and
send corresponding order of handoff.
Flow Graph of Handoff
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)XQFWLRQRI+DQGRII
Improve voice quality
Controlling cell phone disturbance
Reducing call drop rate
Increasing the capacity and widening coverage
area
6KRUWDJHRI+DQGRII The equipment investment and complexity of back
board of system are increased because of several
channel resources are occupied.
Key Tech of WCDMAHandoff
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WCDMAHSPA
The full name of HSPA is High Speed Packet Access. It is thegeneral name of two techs: HSDPAHigh Speed Downlink Packet
Accessand HSUPAHigh Speed Uplink packet Access). As a
new tech for 3GPP to meet the antisymmetrical demand of data
service of up/down link in R5 protocol, it solve the conflict between
system coverage and capacity perfectly, increase the systemcapacity greatly and satisfy users¶ demand of high-speed service.
HSDPA introduce a progamme called Adaptive Modulation and CodingAMC.
Choosing modulating method and coding rate according to the information of
channel condition provided by terminal and NodeB can achieve the rate as high as
14.4Mbit/s on down link.
HSUPA can achieve the speed as high as 5.76Mbit/s on uplink. More effective
uplink dispatch and faster control of retransmission in NodeB cause USUPA to have
excellent attribute.
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Key Tech of WCDMAHSDPA
A new transmitting channel called HSDSCH is introducedreferring to Graph1 and
Table1with two up and down controlling channels. NaturallyHSDSCH is a
shared channel which can be used by several users at the same time, with a
Adaptive Modulation and Coding programmeAMC) introduced.
HSDPA
UE NodeB
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Key Tech of WCDMAHSUPA
HSUPA
The target of HSUPA is to improve capacity and data throughout, and
reduce the delay of dedicated channel at the up direction. The major
enhancing function provided by 3GPP defines a new transmitting
channel, called E-DCH. Same with HSDPA, E-DCH depends on PHY and MAC
layer to achieve improvement.
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For Internal
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Summary
Summary
of System
Basic
Theories
Network
StructureConcept of
Channel
Key Tech
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Concept of WCDMA Channel
Common physical Channel
Dedicated Physical ChannelDedicated Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel
Physical Common Packet Channel
Common Pilot Channel
Sync Channel
Supplement Common Control PhysicalChannel
Principal Common Control Physical Channel
Paging Indicator Channel
Physical down shared Channel
(Acquisition Indicator Channel
Access preamble AICH
Collision Detection/Channel AssignmentIndicator Channel
CPCH Status Channel
C
a t e g or i e s o
f
P h y
s i c al Ch an
n e l
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Broadingcasting Control Channel
Paging Control Channel
Dedicated Control Channel
Common Control Channel
Control Channel
Dedicated TCHTCH
Common TCH
Shared Channel Control Channel
Concept of WCDMA Channel
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Categories of TransportChannel
Broadcasting Channel
Paging Channel
Random-Access Channel
Forward Access Channel
Common Transport CH
Dedicated CHDedicatedT
ransport CH
Down Shared Channel
Common Packge Channel
Concept of WCDMA Channel
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