[email protected] Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries
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Exchange Points, Route Servers and Registries
Abha [email protected]
[email protected] Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries
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Objectives
To be able to explain what an exchange point isTo be able to explain why people use XPsTo understand why they are importantTo review some current exchange point designs
used todayTo think about how to set up an exchange point in
your environmentTo understand why Route Servers are usefulTo be able to explain what routing registries do
and why you should use one
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Introduction to Exchange Points
a bit of historyWhat are they?Why use them?
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A Bit of History…End of NSFnet - one major backbonemove towards commercial Internet
private companies selling their bandwidthneed for coordination of routing
exchange between providers Traffic from ISP A needs to get to ISP B
Routing Arbiter project created to facilitate this
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What is an Exchange Point?Network Access Points (NAPs)
established at end of NSFnet Major providers connect their
networks and exchange trafficHigh-speed network or switchSimple concept - where providers
come together to exchange traffic
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Exchange points
ISPs connect at Exchange Points or Network Access Points
to exchange traffic
XP 1 XP 2
ISP A
ISP B
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Conceptual Diagram of XP
Customer Router
Customer Router
Customer Router
Exchange Point Medium
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Why use an Exchange Point?Routers are attached to exchange trafficMLPA, bilateral, customer/transit
relationshipsExamples in U.S:
AADS Mae-East/Mae-West Pacbell PAIX
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Why XPs?Multiple service providersEach with Internet connectivity
InternetInternet
AA BB
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Why XPs?
Is not cost effectiveBackhaul issue causes cost to both
partiesInternetInternet
AA BB
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Why XPs?Domestic Interconnection
InternetInternet
AA BB
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Exchange Structures layer 2 models (the NAP or IX)
tailored bilateral policies
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Why use an Exchange Point?Peering
Shared medium vs. point-to-point Shared
can exchange traffic with multiple peers at one location via one interface
Point-to-Pointfor high volumes of traffic
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The Need for Exchanges
AS 2
AS 1
US
ASIA
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The Need for Exchanges
AS 2
AS 1
US
ASIA
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Why use an Exchange Point?KEEP LOCAL TRAFFIC LOCAL!!!
ISPs within a region peer with each other at local exchange
No need to have traffic go overseas only to come back
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Exchange Point DesignEthernetFDDIATMDesigns range from the simple to the
complex Fddi gigaswitches to ethernet switches
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When can an XP be a bad thing?
Too many exchange points in one region competing exchanges defeats the
purposeBecomes expensive for ISPs to
connect to all of them
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Exchange Point policies/politics
AUPsNobody is obliged to peerdon’t spoof
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Exchange Point etiquetteDon’t point defaultThird-party next-hopFilter! Filter! Filter!
Or do reverse path check
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Exchange Point examples
AADS (Ameritech) in Chicago, USA ATM switches
Pacbell in California, USA trunked (geographically diverse) ATM
switchesPAIX in Palo Alto, California, USA
Fddi gigaswitchesMAE West in California, USA
trunked Fddi gigaswitches
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Exchange Point examplesLINX in London, UK
Ethernet switchesAMS-IX in Amsterdam
Ethernet switchesNSPIXP-2 in Tokyo, Japan
Ethernet switches
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Features of XPsRedundancy
multiple switchessupport
NOC to provide 24x7 support for problems at the exchange
DNS, Routing Registries, NTP servers servers often colocated at these
centralized points
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Features of XPslocation
neutral colocation facilitiesaddress spaceASRoute serversstatistics
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More info about IXshttp://www.ep.nethttp://www.rsng.net
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Things to think about...Do you need to be at an Exchange
Point?Would you want to start an
Exchange Point?Would keeping local traffic local
benefit your ISP?Would your environment (politically,
etc.) support an Exchange Point?
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DiscussionHow would you build an exchange
point in your environment?Who would connect?What services would you provide?What policies would you enforce?What does your environment look
like? Is it feasible to set up an XP?
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Route Server BackgroundWhat is a Route Server?Features of a Route ServerAdvantages of using a Route ServerExchange Point Design with a Route
Server
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What is a Route Server?Unix box which runs Route Server
softwareExchanges routing information with
service provider routers at a NAP based on policy
Does not forward packets
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Route Server at an XP
NAP R3R2
R1
ROUTE SERVER
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Features of a Route ServerScalable RoutingSimplified Routing Processes on ISP
RoutersInsertion of RS Autonomous System
Number in the Routing Path
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Features of a Route Server (con)
Handling of Multi-Exit DiscriminatorRoute Flap Dampening MechanismUses Policy registered in IRR
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Diagram of N-squared Mesh
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RS Exchange Point Routing Flow
TRAFFIC FLOW
ROUTING INFORMATION FLOW
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Advantages of Using a Route Server
Scalable RoutingSeparation of Routing and
ForwardingSimplify Routing Configuration
Management on ISPs routersEnforce Good Routing Engineering
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Advantages of Using a Route Server (con)
PREVENTS SPREAD OF BOGUS ROUTING INFORMATION!
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Peering with the Route Servers
Any ISP attached to a NAP can peer with the Route Servers
ISP must register their policy in the Internet Routing Registry
Must use BGP
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RSdRoute Server DaemonOriginally developed by ISI during RA
projectDeveloped from GateDMulti-vieweBGP onlyUses import-from only
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Things to think about...How would using a route server
benefit you?Consider setting one up yourself for
your community, or talk to Merit...
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Route Server Referenceshttp://www.rsng.nethttp://www.merit.edu/ipmahttp://www.isi.edu/ra
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What is the Routing Registry? contact names, email addresses and
telephone numbers for an AS routing policy for an AS (what other
ASes does it connect to, which routes do they exchange)
information about routes (most important is which AS originates the route)
several other types of information
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What is the Routing Registry?Distributed database collectively
known as Internet Routing Registry (IRR) RADB, RIPE, CW, ANS, Canet
Providers register routing policyUsed for planning, debugging and
generating backbone router configshttp://www.radb.net/
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What is the Routing Registry?Can be used by anyone worldwide
debugging configuring engineering routing addressing
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What happens if I don’t use a database?
Routing Horror Stories AS7007 announcing bogus routes
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So, I need to use the database because…..
Filters generated off the IRR protect against inaccurate routing information
Makes troubleshooting and debugging easier
Keep track of policySecurityFilter! Filter! Filter!!
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Why Bother with all of this?View of global routing policy in a single
cooperatively maintained databaseto improve integrity of Internet’s
routinggenerate router configs
protect against inaccurate routing info distribution
verification of Internet routing
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Why Bother using the database (con)
Many providers require that you register your policy (or they won’t peer with you)
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Policy Languagesexpress policy with aut-num objects,
route objects, AS-MACROScurrently RIPE-181moving to RPSL
more policy control
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What is RPSL?Routing Policy Specification
LanguageDesigned to replace current
language (RIPE-181)Enhanced and more generalized
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How does the language work?
Object-orientedExpress policy in objects
person mntner role aut-num route
Can make sets of objects
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Describing PolicyUse the language to describe your
relationship with other Peers routes importing routes exporting specific policies
interfaces, MEDs, communities
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Querying the Databasewhois -h whois.radb.net AS237whois -h whois.radb.net MAINT-
AS237whois -h whois.radb.net
198.108.60.0
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How to Register your IRR policy
Register one or more maintainersRegister AS and policy informationRegister RoutesDescribes your import and export
policy At the very least, provides contact
information
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Register your maintainer
mntner: MAINT-AS237descr: Maintainer for AS 237admin-c: Abha Ahujaupd-to: [email protected]: [email protected]: MAINT-AS237auth: MAIL-FROM [email protected]: [email protected] 941219source: RADB
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Register your Routes
route: 35.0.0.0/8descr: Merit Network, Inc.descr: University of Michigandescr: 4251 Plymouth Road, Suite Cdescr: Ann Arbordescr: MI 48105-2785, USAorigin: AS237mnt-by: MAINT-AS237changed: [email protected] 931113source: RADB
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Register your aut-numDescribe your policy!Peering relationshipsimport-fromexport-tocan use AS-sets
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Register your aut-num (con)aut-num: AS237as-name: MICHNET-ASNdescr: MichNet Primary ASdescr: Merit Network Inc.descr: Ann Arbor, MI USAas-in: AS3561 accept ANYas-out: AS3561 announce AS237admin-c: JMD24tech-c: JMD24notify: [email protected]: MERIT-MAINT-MCIchanged: [email protected] 980202source: CW
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Register your aut-num (con)
as-set: AS237:AS-CUSTOMERSdescr: ASs for which MichNet provides descr: transit servicemembers: AS229,AS237,AS238,AS7016,AS10330tech-c: MichNet NOCadmin-c: MichNet NOCremark: transit ASs of MichNetnotify: [email protected]: MAINT-AS237changed: [email protected] 990222source: RADB
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Router ConfigurationCurrently configs by hand - slow and
inaccurateConfiguring routers using the IRR
lots of tools available!!! RtConfig by ISI
route and Aspath filters.Import and export
Filtering is a good thing...
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Router ConfigurationCurrently configs by hand - slow and
inaccurateConfiguring routers using the IRR
lots of tools available!!!Filtering is a good thing... Plans for some routers to support
RPSL directly
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Router Configuration
SD
GRF 400
IR R
IRR Database Server
Configuration Machine
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How do I use the IRR to generate configs?
Tools available to generate config files gated rsd Cisco
RAToolSet http://www.isi.edu/ra/RAToolSet RtConfig Aoe, Roe
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RIPE181 whois queries, flags, objects RPSL whois queries, flags, objects Complete support for RAToolSet
queries (fast!) Cisco configuration and management
interface Complete automated mirroring support
What does the RADB support now?
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How do I participate?Set up your own registry
Private for your ISP? Community for the region? Download the software (IRRd)
Use the RADB
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Things to think about...How would you register your policy?
Try to describe it in an aut-num objectHow would registering your policy
benefit you? The community?
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Resourceshttp://www.radb.nethttp://www.irrd.nethttp://www.isi.edu/ra/rpshttp://www.isi.edu/ra/RAToolSethttp://www.ietf.org/html.charters/rps-
charter.htmlhttp://www.rsng.nethttp://www.ripe.net
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SpecificsRegister your policy in the RADB
Merit can assist ([email protected])Questions? Need help?
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